PMC:2944670 / 4132-5437 JSONTXT

{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"20877434-184-192-475960","span":{"begin":1069,"end":1073},"obj":"[\"16838014\"]"},{"id":"20877434-228-236-475961","span":{"begin":1113,"end":1117},"obj":"[\"15876624\"]"},{"id":"20877434-235-243-475962","span":{"begin":1135,"end":1139},"obj":"[\"18022247\"]"},{"id":"20877434-232-240-475963","span":{"begin":1180,"end":1184},"obj":"[\"16413826\"]"},{"id":"20877434-233-241-475964","span":{"begin":1204,"end":1208},"obj":"[\"17475511\"]"},{"id":"20877434-235-243-475965","span":{"begin":1233,"end":1237},"obj":"[\"15188865\"]"},{"id":"20877434-231-239-475966","span":{"begin":1251,"end":1255},"obj":"[\"15232289\"]"},{"id":"20877434-231-239-475967","span":{"begin":1277,"end":1281},"obj":"[\"17873424\"]"},{"id":"20877434-235-243-475968","span":{"begin":1299,"end":1303},"obj":"[\"17196832\"]"}],"text":"Most BCIs for human subjects rely on non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG) signals; i.e., the electrical brain activity recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. The reason is that EEG is a practical modality if we want to bring BCI technology to a large population2. For this reason, in this review, we focus on EEG-based BCIs and how to combine them with AT. We also identify and review some principles and research challenges that we consider fundamental to bring BCI technology out of the lab. These principles include the development of hybrid BCI (hBCI) architectures, the design of user–machine adaptation algorithms, the exploitation of users’ mental states for BCI reliability and confidence measures, the incorporation of principles in human–computer interaction (HCI) to improve BCI usability, and the development of novel BCI technology including better EEG devices. Note, however, that most of the principles we put forward here can also be applied to other types of BCI, either invasive (single-unit activity, Carmena et al., 2003; Hochberg et al., 2006; electrocorticogram, Leuthardt et al., 2004; Pistohl et al., 2008) or non-invasive (MEG, Kauhanen et al., 2006; Mellinger et al., 2007; fMRI, Weiskopf et al., 2004; Yoo et al., 2004; NIRS, Coyle et al., 2007; Sitaram et al., 2007)."}

{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"20877434-16838014-475960","span":{"begin":1069,"end":1073},"obj":"16838014"},{"id":"20877434-15876624-475961","span":{"begin":1113,"end":1117},"obj":"15876624"},{"id":"20877434-18022247-475962","span":{"begin":1135,"end":1139},"obj":"18022247"},{"id":"20877434-16413826-475963","span":{"begin":1180,"end":1184},"obj":"16413826"},{"id":"20877434-17475511-475964","span":{"begin":1204,"end":1208},"obj":"17475511"},{"id":"20877434-15188865-475965","span":{"begin":1233,"end":1237},"obj":"15188865"},{"id":"20877434-15232289-475966","span":{"begin":1251,"end":1255},"obj":"15232289"},{"id":"20877434-17873424-475967","span":{"begin":1277,"end":1281},"obj":"17873424"},{"id":"20877434-17196832-475968","span":{"begin":1299,"end":1303},"obj":"17196832"}],"text":"Most BCIs for human subjects rely on non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG) signals; i.e., the electrical brain activity recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. The reason is that EEG is a practical modality if we want to bring BCI technology to a large population2. For this reason, in this review, we focus on EEG-based BCIs and how to combine them with AT. We also identify and review some principles and research challenges that we consider fundamental to bring BCI technology out of the lab. These principles include the development of hybrid BCI (hBCI) architectures, the design of user–machine adaptation algorithms, the exploitation of users’ mental states for BCI reliability and confidence measures, the incorporation of principles in human–computer interaction (HCI) to improve BCI usability, and the development of novel BCI technology including better EEG devices. Note, however, that most of the principles we put forward here can also be applied to other types of BCI, either invasive (single-unit activity, Carmena et al., 2003; Hochberg et al., 2006; electrocorticogram, Leuthardt et al., 2004; Pistohl et al., 2008) or non-invasive (MEG, Kauhanen et al., 2006; Mellinger et al., 2007; fMRI, Weiskopf et al., 2004; Yoo et al., 2004; NIRS, Coyle et al., 2007; Sitaram et al., 2007)."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20877434-16838014-38386943","span":{"begin":1069,"end":1073},"obj":"16838014"},{"id":"20877434-15876624-38386944","span":{"begin":1113,"end":1117},"obj":"15876624"},{"id":"20877434-18022247-38386945","span":{"begin":1135,"end":1139},"obj":"18022247"},{"id":"20877434-16413826-38386946","span":{"begin":1180,"end":1184},"obj":"16413826"},{"id":"20877434-17475511-38386947","span":{"begin":1204,"end":1208},"obj":"17475511"},{"id":"20877434-15188865-38386948","span":{"begin":1233,"end":1237},"obj":"15188865"},{"id":"20877434-15232289-38386949","span":{"begin":1251,"end":1255},"obj":"15232289"},{"id":"20877434-17873424-38386950","span":{"begin":1277,"end":1281},"obj":"17873424"},{"id":"20877434-17196832-38386951","span":{"begin":1299,"end":1303},"obj":"17196832"}],"text":"Most BCIs for human subjects rely on non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG) signals; i.e., the electrical brain activity recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. The reason is that EEG is a practical modality if we want to bring BCI technology to a large population2. For this reason, in this review, we focus on EEG-based BCIs and how to combine them with AT. We also identify and review some principles and research challenges that we consider fundamental to bring BCI technology out of the lab. These principles include the development of hybrid BCI (hBCI) architectures, the design of user–machine adaptation algorithms, the exploitation of users’ mental states for BCI reliability and confidence measures, the incorporation of principles in human–computer interaction (HCI) to improve BCI usability, and the development of novel BCI technology including better EEG devices. Note, however, that most of the principles we put forward here can also be applied to other types of BCI, either invasive (single-unit activity, Carmena et al., 2003; Hochberg et al., 2006; electrocorticogram, Leuthardt et al., 2004; Pistohl et al., 2008) or non-invasive (MEG, Kauhanen et al., 2006; Mellinger et al., 2007; fMRI, Weiskopf et al., 2004; Yoo et al., 2004; NIRS, Coyle et al., 2007; Sitaram et al., 2007)."}