PMC:2700745 / 50187-52187 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"19176218-17600390-100518406","span":{"begin":269,"end":273},"obj":"17600390"},{"id":"19176218-17600390-100518406","span":{"begin":269,"end":273},"obj":"17600390"},{"id":"19176218-14516917-100518407","span":{"begin":996,"end":1000},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"19176218-14516917-100518407","span":{"begin":996,"end":1000},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"19176218-14516917-3579344","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1691},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"19176218-14516917-3579344","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1691},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"19176218-17600390-3579340","span":{"begin":269,"end":273},"obj":"17600390"},{"id":"19176218-17600390-3579340","span":{"begin":269,"end":273},"obj":"17600390"},{"id":"19176218-14516917-3579341","span":{"begin":693,"end":697},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"19176218-14516917-3579341","span":{"begin":693,"end":697},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"19176218-16479509-3579342","span":{"begin":816,"end":820},"obj":"16479509"},{"id":"19176218-16479509-3579342","span":{"begin":816,"end":820},"obj":"16479509"},{"id":"19176218-14516917-3579343","span":{"begin":996,"end":1000},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"19176218-14516917-3579343","span":{"begin":996,"end":1000},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"T75227","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1691},"obj":"14516917"},{"id":"T29807","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1691},"obj":"14516917"}],"text":"8 Models of influenza in the immunocompromised host\nInfluenza can be particularly serious in individuals with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency because of aging, cancer treatment, organ transplantation, or human immunodeficiency virus infection (Lee and Barton, 2007). It is therefore important to have models in which to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy on influenza virus infections in immunosuppressed animals (Table 9 ).\nTable 9 Summary of current animal models available for studying the immunocompromised host infected with influenza virus.\nVirus Disease Model Animal Model References\nInfluenza A H1N1, NWS/33 Cyclophosphamide immunosuppression Mouse (BALB/c) Sidwell et al. (2003)\nImmunocompromised mouse SCID Mouse\n\u2028\u2028\nInfluenza A H2N2, Japan/305/57 Immunocompromised mouse SCID Mouse Ison et al. (2006)\nCyclophosphamide treatment has been used to immunosuppress mice to assess the efficacy of a neuraminidase inhibitor (peramivir) in an immunocompromised host (Sidwell et al., 2003). Cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg every 4 days for varying lengths of time. Peramivir was capable of significantly ameliorating the influenza virus infection in mice immunosuppressed by short-term or prolonged cyclophosphamide therapy.\nSevere, combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice also provide a model for evaluating anti-influenza treatments in an immunocompromised host. In a recent study, SCID mice infected with an influenza A virus and treated with either oral oseltamivir or the experimental compound A-322278 showed reduced viral replication, limited weight loss and prolonged survival, so long as the treatments persisted (Sidwell et al., 2003). However, once treatment was discontinued, the animals had detectable, progressive viral replication with subsequent clinical decline. More importantly, drug-resistant virus was detected in the chronically infected, drug-treated mice, but not in the placebo-treated animals that died rapidly from infection."}