PMC:2700745 / 31840-34563 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"19176218-17428885-100518357","span":{"begin":322,"end":326},"obj":"17428885"},{"id":"19176218-17428885-100518357","span":{"begin":322,"end":326},"obj":"17428885"},{"id":"19176218-16192482-100518358","span":{"begin":343,"end":347},"obj":"16192482"},{"id":"19176218-16192482-100518358","span":{"begin":343,"end":347},"obj":"16192482"},{"id":"19176218-16400021-100518359","span":{"begin":608,"end":612},"obj":"16400021"},{"id":"19176218-16400021-100518359","span":{"begin":608,"end":612},"obj":"16400021"},{"id":"19176218-16556800-100518360","span":{"begin":631,"end":635},"obj":"16556800"},{"id":"19176218-16556800-100518360","span":{"begin":631,"end":635},"obj":"16556800"},{"id":"19176218-16556800-3579246","span":{"begin":674,"end":678},"obj":"16556800"},{"id":"19176218-16556800-3579246","span":{"begin":674,"end":678},"obj":"16556800"},{"id":"19176218-15070767-3579247","span":{"begin":912,"end":916},"obj":"15070767"},{"id":"19176218-15070767-3579247","span":{"begin":912,"end":916},"obj":"15070767"},{"id":"19176218-17428885-3579242","span":{"begin":322,"end":326},"obj":"17428885"},{"id":"19176218-17428885-3579242","span":{"begin":322,"end":326},"obj":"17428885"},{"id":"19176218-16192482-3579243","span":{"begin":343,"end":347},"obj":"16192482"},{"id":"19176218-16192482-3579243","span":{"begin":343,"end":347},"obj":"16192482"},{"id":"19176218-16400021-3579244","span":{"begin":608,"end":612},"obj":"16400021"},{"id":"19176218-16400021-3579244","span":{"begin":608,"end":612},"obj":"16400021"},{"id":"19176218-16556800-3579245","span":{"begin":631,"end":635},"obj":"16556800"},{"id":"19176218-16556800-3579245","span":{"begin":631,"end":635},"obj":"16556800"},{"id":"T20342","span":{"begin":674,"end":678},"obj":"16556800"},{"id":"T1996","span":{"begin":674,"end":678},"obj":"16556800"},{"id":"T82498","span":{"begin":912,"end":916},"obj":"15070767"},{"id":"T90906","span":{"begin":912,"end":916},"obj":"15070767"},{"id":"19176218-17662125-3579248","span":{"begin":1463,"end":1467},"obj":"17662125"},{"id":"19176218-17662125-3579248","span":{"begin":1463,"end":1467},"obj":"17662125"},{"id":"19176218-17922570-3579249","span":{"begin":1515,"end":1519},"obj":"17922570"},{"id":"19176218-17922570-3579249","span":{"begin":1515,"end":1519},"obj":"17922570"},{"id":"19176218-16308530-3579250","span":{"begin":1733,"end":1737},"obj":"16308530"},{"id":"19176218-16308530-3579250","span":{"begin":1733,"end":1737},"obj":"16308530"},{"id":"19176218-16502281-3579251","span":{"begin":1980,"end":1984},"obj":"16502281"},{"id":"19176218-16502281-3579251","span":{"begin":1980,"end":1984},"obj":"16502281"},{"id":"19176218-10627555-3579253","span":{"begin":2178,"end":2182},"obj":"10627555"},{"id":"19176218-10627555-3579253","span":{"begin":2178,"end":2182},"obj":"10627555"},{"id":"19176218-11932409-3579255","span":{"begin":2363,"end":2367},"obj":"11932409"},{"id":"19176218-11932409-3579255","span":{"begin":2363,"end":2367},"obj":"11932409"},{"id":"19176218-16400021-3579257","span":{"begin":2576,"end":2580},"obj":"16400021"},{"id":"19176218-16400021-3579257","span":{"begin":2576,"end":2580},"obj":"16400021"},{"id":"19176218-12724572-3579258","span":{"begin":2674,"end":2678},"obj":"12724572"},{"id":"19176218-12724572-3579258","span":{"begin":2674,"end":2678},"obj":"12724572"},{"id":"19176218-14575089-3579259","span":{"begin":2718,"end":2722},"obj":"14575089"},{"id":"19176218-14575089-3579259","span":{"begin":2718,"end":2722},"obj":"14575089"}],"text":"In contrast to the human-adapted influenza A viruses that cause benign seasonal influenza in the majority of patients, the recently emerged Southeast Asian H5N1 virus causes acute viral pneumonia aggravated by ARDS, toxic shock and multiple organ failure in previously healthy, immunocompetent individuals (Peiris et al., 2007, Beigel et al., 2005). Its markedly enhanced virulence for humans appears at least in part to reflect a difference in viral tropism for cells of the lower respiratory tract, but until recently, those target cells were unknown for both humans and other mammals (Rimmelzwaan et al., 2006, van Riel et al., 2006). In a recent study (van Riel et al., 2006), an H5N1 virus was found to preferentially bind to type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, and nonciliated bronchiolar cells in the lower respiratory tract of cats, similar to the clinical scenario in humans (Matrosovich et al., 2004). How well various animal models resemble human disease may thus reflect the difference in distribution of infection in the respiratory tract. Because the H5N1 virus infects a wide range of mammalian species without prior adaptation, a number of animal models are available for study (Table 5 ).\nTable 5 Summary of current animal models available for studying human disease caused by highly pathogenic H5N1 avian viruses.\nVirus Disease Model Animal Model References\nA/duck/Tuva/01/06 (H5N1) Interstitial pneumonia Mouse (BALB/c) Evseenko et al. (2007)\n\u2028\u2028\nA/Vietnam/1203/2004 (BALB/c) Hatta et al. (2007)\nVN1204PB2-627Lys (mutant)\nA/Vietnam/1204/2004\nVN1203PB2-627Glu (mutant)\nA/chicken/Vietnam/NCVD5/2003\nA/muscovy/duck/Vietnam/NCVD18/2003\n\u2028\u2028\nA/Vietnam/1194/04 (BALB/c)\nA/Vietnam/1203/04 (VN1203) Hatta and Kawaoka (2005)\nA/Vietnam/1204/04 (VN1204)\nA/duck/Vietnam/NCVD-5/03\nA/duck/Vietnam/NCVD-18/03\nA/duck/Vietnam/NCVD-25/03\nA/chicken/Vietnam/NCVD-8/03\nA/chicken/Vietnam/NCVD-15/03\nA/chicken/Vietnam/NCVD-30/03\n\u2028\u2028\nA/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (BALB/c) Isoda et al. (2006)\n\u2028\u2028\nH5N1 viruses\nA/Hong Kong/481/97\nA/HongKong/483/97 (BALB/c) Katz et al. (2000b)\nA/Hong Kong/485197\nA/Hong Kong1486197\nA/Hong Kong/507/97\n\u2028\u2028\nH5N1 viruses\nA/ck/HK/220/97 BALB/c Dybing et al. (2000)\nA/ck/HK/728/97\nA/HK/156/97\nA/ck/Scotland/59\nA/tk/England/91\n\u2028\u2028\nA/HongKong/156/97 (BALB/c) Gubareva et al. (1998a)\n\u2028\u2028\nInfluenza A H5N1 Pathogenesis/Pneumonia Ferret Zitzow et al. (2002)\nA/Hong Kong/486/97\nA/Hong Kong/483/97\n\u2028\u2028\nInfluenza B clinical isolate related to B/Beijing/184/93 and B/Guangdong/8/93 Gubareva et al. (1998b)\nInfluenza A H5N1 Pathogenesis/Pneumonia Cat Rimmelzwaan et al. (2006)\nA/Vietnam/1194/04\nInfluenza A H5N1 Pathogenesis/Pneumonia Cynomolgus macaque Kuiken et al. (2003)\nA/HongKong/156/97 Rimmelzwaan et al. (2003)"}