PMC:2678986 / 33643-35176 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"19176219-18845919-99578384","span":{"begin":256,"end":260},"obj":"18845919"},{"id":"19176219-18845919-99578384","span":{"begin":256,"end":260},"obj":"18845919"},{"id":"19176219-18508884-99578385","span":{"begin":453,"end":457},"obj":"18508884"},{"id":"19176219-18508884-99578385","span":{"begin":453,"end":457},"obj":"18508884"},{"id":"19176219-17115046-99578386","span":{"begin":762,"end":766},"obj":"17115046"},{"id":"19176219-17115046-99578386","span":{"begin":762,"end":766},"obj":"17115046"},{"id":"19176219-18508884-99578387","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1078},"obj":"18508884"},{"id":"19176219-18508884-99578387","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1078},"obj":"18508884"},{"id":"19176219-15962513-99578388","span":{"begin":1505,"end":1509},"obj":"15962513"},{"id":"19176219-15962513-99578388","span":{"begin":1505,"end":1509},"obj":"15962513"},{"id":"19176219-15167283-99578389","span":{"begin":1527,"end":1531},"obj":"15167283"},{"id":"19176219-15167283-99578389","span":{"begin":1527,"end":1531},"obj":"15167283"},{"id":"19176219-18845919-3577013","span":{"begin":256,"end":260},"obj":"18845919"},{"id":"19176219-18845919-3577013","span":{"begin":256,"end":260},"obj":"18845919"},{"id":"19176219-18508884-3577014","span":{"begin":453,"end":457},"obj":"18508884"},{"id":"19176219-18508884-3577014","span":{"begin":453,"end":457},"obj":"18508884"},{"id":"19176219-17115046-3577015","span":{"begin":762,"end":766},"obj":"17115046"},{"id":"19176219-17115046-3577015","span":{"begin":762,"end":766},"obj":"17115046"},{"id":"19176219-18508884-3577016","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1078},"obj":"18508884"},{"id":"19176219-18508884-3577016","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1078},"obj":"18508884"},{"id":"19176219-15962513-3577017","span":{"begin":1527,"end":1531},"obj":"15962513"},{"id":"19176219-15962513-3577017","span":{"begin":1527,"end":1531},"obj":"15962513"},{"id":"19176219-15167283-3577017","span":{"begin":1527,"end":1531},"obj":"15167283"},{"id":"19176219-15167283-3577017","span":{"begin":1527,"end":1531},"obj":"15167283"}],"text":"HIV infection is also associated with a wide range of vasculitides including that affecting small, medium and large vessels and one common feature amongst all vasculitides seen in HIV infection is the underlying inflammation of the vessel wall (Guillevin, 2008). A recent study has also indicated that HIV-1 increases the sensitivity of the BBB to disruption by systemic lipopolysaccharide, which is elevated in HIV-1-infected individuals (Wang et al., 2008). Furthermore, monocytes that were infected with HIV-1 provirus were more able to cross the BBB particularly after lipopolysaccharide administration. Interestingly, HAART has been shown to reduce the elevated systemic levels of lipopolysaccharide present in HIV-1-infected individuals (Brenchley et al., 2006). It has thus been suggested that HAART may reduce the incidence of HAD by not only reducing HIV-1 replication but also by reducing circulating lipopolysaccharide and thereby reducing compromise of the BBB and migration of HIV-1-infected monocytes from the systemic circulation into the brain (Wang et al., 2008). However, it may also be that disruption of the brain barriers facilitates the entry of drugs into the CNS and consequently alleviates the symptoms of HAD. The potential toxic effects this may have due to excessive drug concentrations accessing the brain (see below) or other unknown effects precipitated by higher concentrations of anti-HIV drugs in the CNS are important factors that remain to be explored (Toborek et al., 2005; Gimenez et al., 2004)."}