PMC:1271393 / 2073-3262 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"16252244-10471694-2049555","span":{"begin":145,"end":149},"obj":"10471694"},{"id":"16252244-11701634-2049556","span":{"begin":173,"end":177},"obj":"11701634"},{"id":"16252244-11733749-2049557","span":{"begin":194,"end":198},"obj":"11733749"},{"id":"16252244-15358731-2049558","span":{"begin":619,"end":623},"obj":"15358731"},{"id":"16252244-1862096-2049559","span":{"begin":769,"end":773},"obj":"1862096"},{"id":"16252244-7708830-2049560","span":{"begin":789,"end":793},"obj":"7708830"},{"id":"16252244-10872472-2049561","span":{"begin":808,"end":812},"obj":"10872472"},{"id":"16252244-10762551-2049562","span":{"begin":836,"end":840},"obj":"10762551"},{"id":"16252244-11423617-2049563","span":{"begin":858,"end":862},"obj":"11423617"},{"id":"16252244-12149450-2049564","span":{"begin":879,"end":883},"obj":"12149450"},{"id":"16252244-12397357-2049565","span":{"begin":899,"end":903},"obj":"12397357"},{"id":"16252244-12378426-2049566","span":{"begin":921,"end":925},"obj":"12378426"}],"text":"Infectious diseases have been paramount among the threats to health and survival for most of human evolutionary history (Haldane 1949; Lederberg 1999; Harpending and Rogers 2000; Cooke and Hill 2001). The interaction of the human host with a wide variety of pathogens has been accompanied by genetic adaptations to spatially and temporally fluctuating selective pressures imposed by the infectious agents. Numerous studies have sought the genetic imprint of natural selection imposed by pathogen pressures in human genes involved in immune response or, more generally, in host-pathogen interactions (Vallender and Lahn 2004). For example, natural selection has acted on such genes as MHC, β-globin, G6PD, IL-2, IL-4, TNFSF5, the Duffy blood group genes, and CCR5 (Ohta 1991; Hughes et al. 1994; Flint et al. 1998; Hamblin and Di Rienzo 2000; Tishkoff et al. 2001; Bamshad et al. 2002; Sabeti et al. 2002; Verrelli et al. 2002). However, little is known about genetic variation of genes involved in direct recognition of pathogens, or pathogens' products, and virtually no studies have investigated the extent to which pathogens have exerted selective pressures on the innate immune system."}