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LitCovid-OGER-BB

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 23-36 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes Coronaviruses
T2 63-74 CHEBI:37886 denotes Angiotensin
T3 63-74 CHEBI:37886 denotes Angiotensin
T4 63-94 PG_10 denotes Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2
T5 63-94 PR:000003622 denotes Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2
T6 110-114 CHEBI:23888 denotes Drug
T7 110-114 CHEBI:23888 denotes Drug
T8 139-152 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes Coronaviruses
T9 154-158 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes CoVs
T10 171-180 GO:0031975 denotes enveloped
T11 182-188 SO:0000984 denotes single
T12 190-207 SO:0000984 denotes positive-stranded
T13 212-218 SO:0001026 denotes genome
T14 242-250 GO:0016020 denotes membrane
T15 279-287 GO:0031975 denotes envelope
T16 293-301 GO:0016020 denotes membrane
T17 310-322 GO:0000786 denotes nucleocapsid
T18 360-373 BV_19 denotes pathogenicity
T19 404-409 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T20 404-415 GO:0035376 denotes viral entry
T21 440-448 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T22 462-491 PR:000001322 denotes angiotensin-converting enzyme
T23 493-496 PR:000001322 denotes ACE
T24 519-528 UBERON:0002405 denotes nonimmune
T25 544-555 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T26 544-555 CL:0000082 denotes respiratory
T27 544-555 GO:0045333 denotes respiratory
T28 560-570 UBERON:0000160 denotes intestinal
T29 560-587 CL:0002563 denotes intestinal epithelial cells
T30 571-581 UBERON:0000483 denotes epithelial
T31 589-600 UBERON:0001986 denotes endothelial
T32 589-600 CL:0000115 denotes endothelial
T33 601-606 CL:1000497 denotes cells
T34 608-614 UBERON:0002113 denotes kidney
T35 608-620 CL:1000497 denotes kidney cells
T36 622-635 UBERON:0009773 denotes renal tubules
T37 641-649 UBERON:0001893 denotes cerebral
T38 650-657 CL:0000540 denotes neurons
T39 662-668 UBERON:0002405 denotes immune
T40 662-674 CL:0000738 denotes immune cells
T41 684-692 UBERON:0003215 denotes alveolar
T42 684-692 CL:0002062 denotes alveolar
T43 693-702 CL:0000576 denotes monocytes
T44 703-714 CL:0000235 denotes macrophages
T45 731-737 G_1 denotes CD209L
T46 731-737 PR:000001294 denotes CD209L
T47 741-746 UBERON:0002107 denotes liver
T48 747-757 UBERON:0000029 denotes lymph node
T49 766-799 PR:000001468 denotes intercellular adhesion molecule-3
T50 789-797 CHEBI:36357 denotes molecule
T51 789-797 CHEBI:36357 denotes molecule
T52 833-842 GO:0030425 denotes dendritic
T53 833-847 CL:0000451 denotes dendritic cell
T54 888-896 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T55 941-949 SP_9 denotes MERS-CoV
T56 1004-1015 PR:000012546 denotes peptidase 4
T57 1017-1021 PR:000001341 denotes DPP4
T58 1017-1021 PG_7 denotes DPP4
T59 1025-1029 PR:000001341 denotes CD26
T60 1025-1029 PG_7 denotes CD26
T61 1048-1057 GO:0010467 denotes expressed
T62 1061-1071 UBERON:0000160 denotes intestinal
T63 1073-1081 UBERON:0003215 denotes alveolar
T64 1083-1088 UBERON:0002113 denotes renal
T65 1090-1097 UBERON:0002107 denotes hepatic
T66 1090-1097 CL:0000182 denotes hepatic
T67 1102-1110 UBERON:0002367 denotes prostate
T68 1131-1140 CL:0002629 denotes activated
T69 1141-1151 CL:0000738 denotes leukocytes
T70 1163-1170 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viruses
T71 1171-1180 GO:0006260 denotes replicate
T72 1220-1227 GO:0019012 denotes virions
T73 1327-1334 MOP:0000780 denotes cleaved
T74 1448-1454 SO:0000417 denotes domain
T75 1476-1480 G_3 denotes ACE2
T76 1476-1480 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T77 1476-1480 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T78 1637-1641 G_3 denotes ACE2
T79 1637-1641 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T80 1637-1641 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T81 1719-1724 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T82 1800-1804 PG_7 denotes DPP4
T83 1800-1804 PR:000001341 denotes DPP4
T84 1879-1887 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T85 1992-2000 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T86 2029-2038 SP_7 denotes 2019-nCoV
T87 2118-2126 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T88 2185-2189 G_3 denotes ACE2
T89 2185-2189 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T90 2185-2189 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T91 2230-2238 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T92 2271-2279 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T93 2316-2321 SP_6 denotes human
T94 2316-2321 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T95 2316-2326 PG_10 denotes human ACE2
T96 2322-2326 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T97 2365-2370 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T98 2381-2386 SP_6 denotes human
T99 2381-2386 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T100 2453-2461 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T101 2471-2476 SP_6 denotes human
T102 2471-2476 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T103 2471-2481 PG_10 denotes human ACE2
T104 2477-2481 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T105 2512-2517 SP_6 denotes human
T106 2512-2517 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T107 2518-2526 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T108 2564-2569 SP_6 denotes human
T109 2564-2569 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T110 2570-2578 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T111 2682-2690 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T112 2715-2720 SP_6 denotes human
T113 2715-2720 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T114 2715-2725 PG_10 denotes human ACE2
T115 2721-2725 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T116 3031-3039 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T117 3045-3049 SP_2 denotes bats
T118 3045-3049 NCBITaxon:9397 denotes bats
T119 3138-3142 G_3 denotes ACE2
T120 3138-3142 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T121 3138-3142 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T122 3197-3201 UBERON:0002048 denotes lung
T123 3226-3234 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T124 3270-3274 G_3 denotes ACE2
T125 3270-3274 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T126 3270-3274 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T127 3373-3376 PR:000004020 denotes ANG
T128 3395-3399 PR:000001251 denotes AT1R
T129 3414-3418 UBERON:0002048 denotes lung
T130 3506-3510 G_3 denotes ACE2
T131 3506-3510 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T132 3506-3510 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T133 3540-3544 UBERON:0002048 denotes lung
T134 3555-3559 NCBITaxon:10088 denotes mice
T135 3654-3658 G_3 denotes ACE2
T136 3654-3658 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T137 3654-3658 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T138 3676-3684 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T139 3756-3760 G_3 denotes ACE2
T140 3756-3760 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T141 3756-3760 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T142 3764-3770 UBERON:0002405 denotes immune
T143 3764-3776 CL:0000738 denotes immune cells
T144 3817-3827 UBERON:0000483 denotes epithelial
T145 3817-3833 CL:0000066 denotes epithelial cells
T146 3886-3891 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T147 3886-3897 GO:0035376 denotes viral entry
T148 3926-3932 NCBITaxon:33208 denotes animal
T149 3956-3962 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes humans
T150 4029-4039 GO:0010467 denotes expression
T151 4043-4047 G_3 denotes ACE2
T152 4043-4047 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T153 4043-4047 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T154 4051-4057 UBERON:0002405 denotes immune
T155 4051-4063 CL:0000738 denotes immune cells
T156 4091-4099 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T157 4123-4129 UBERON:0002405 denotes immune
T158 4269-4273 SP_10 denotes SARS
T159 4328-4332 NCBITaxon:10088 denotes mice
T160 4347-4360 CL:0000084 denotes T lymphocytes
T161 4390-4402 UBERON:0005169 denotes interstitial
T162 4440-4448 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T163 4538-4546 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T164 4551-4559 SP_9 denotes MERS-CoV
T165 4586-4592 CL:0000084 denotes T cell
T166 4586-4602 GO:0070231 denotes T cell apoptosis
T167 4684-4690 GO:0007613 denotes memory
T168 4696-4703 CL:0000084 denotes T cells
T169 4717-4725 SP_10 denotes SARS-CoV
T170 4816-4822 UBERON:0002405 denotes immune
T171 4900-4908 SP_9 denotes MERS-CoV
T172 4919-4930 CHEBI:60816 denotes immunogenic
T173 4919-4930 CHEBI:60816 denotes immunogenic
T174 4934-4938 NCBITaxon:10088 denotes mice
T175 4966-4976 GO:0042571 denotes antibodies
T176 5027-5035 SP_9 denotes MERS-CoV
T177 5036-5047 GO:0006260 denotes replication
T178 5108-5112 NCBITaxon:10088 denotes mice
T179 5123-5128 SP_6 denotes Human
T180 5123-5128 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes Human
T181 5142-5152 GO:0042571 denotes antibodies
T182 5256-5263 GO:0065007 denotes control
T183 5323-5326 GO:0071735 denotes IgG
T184 5405-5410 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T185 5492-5496 UBERON:0001977 denotes sera
T186 5502-5506 SP_10 denotes SARS
T187 5567-5575 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T188 5631-5635 GO:0016265 denotes died
T189 5641-5649 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T190 5660-5670 CL:0000542 denotes lymphocyte
T191 5739-5749 CL:0000542 denotes lymphocyte
T192 5764-5769 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T193 5807-5815 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T194 5926-5930 PR:000001393 denotes IL-6
T195 5970-5981 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T196 5994-6001 SP_7 denotes COVID19
T197 6105-6113 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T198 6315-6321 GO:0007568 denotes ageing
T199 6338-6346 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T200 6377-6394 UBERON:0000065 denotes respiratory tract
T201 6450-6454 G_3 denotes ACE2
T202 6450-6454 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T203 6450-6454 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T204 6482-6486 UBERON:0002048 denotes lung
T205 6539-6544 PR:000013883 denotes renin
T206 6602-6608 PR:000036009 denotes ANG II
T207 6631-6635 PR:000001251 denotes AT1R
T208 6705-6728 CHEBI:70982 denotes reactive oxygen species
T209 6705-6728 CHEBI:70982 denotes reactive oxygen species
T210 6714-6728 GO:1903409 denotes oxygen species
T211 6758-6764 GO:0031012 denotes matrix
T212 6783-6787 G_3 denotes ACE2
T213 6783-6787 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T214 6783-6787 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T215 6837-6843 PR:000036009 denotes ANG II
T216 6848-6852 PR:000001251 denotes AT1R
T217 6871-6875 PR:000001191 denotes AT2R
T218 6890-6894 GO:0030154 denotes cell
T219 7006-7014 CHEBI:6541 denotes losartan
T220 7006-7014 CHEBI:6541 denotes losartan
T221 7044-7052 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T222 7073-7081 CHEBI:6541 denotes losartan
T223 7073-7081 CHEBI:6541 denotes losartan
T224 7093-7103 CHEBI:25675 denotes olmesartan
T225 7093-7103 CHEBI:25675 denotes olmesartan
T226 7171-7175 G_3 denotes ACE2
T227 7171-7175 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T228 7171-7175 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T229 7176-7186 GO:0010467 denotes expression
T230 7214-7218 NCBITaxon:10114 denotes rats
T231 7224-7234 UBERON:0002349 denotes myocardial
T232 7311-7319 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T233 7376-7380 PR:000001251 denotes AT1R
T234 7407-7415 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T235 7451-7455 PR:000001251 denotes AT1R
T236 7504-7512 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T237 7631-7636 G_3 denotes ACE-2
T238 7631-7636 PG_10 denotes ACE-2
T239 7631-7636 PR:000003622 denotes ACE-2
T240 7660-7681 UBERON:0004535 denotes cardiovascular system
T241 7699-7707 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T242 7822-7826 G_3 denotes ACE2
T243 7822-7826 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T244 7822-7826 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T245 7867-7873 UBERON:0000062 denotes organs
T246 7883-7888 UBERON:0000170 denotes lungs
T247 7907-7911 SP_10 denotes SARS
T248 7987-7991 G_3 denotes ACE2
T249 7987-7991 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T250 7987-7991 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T251 8002-8013 GO:0045333 denotes respiratory
T252 8002-8024 UBERON:0000115 denotes respiratory epithelial
T253 8002-8030 CL:0002368 denotes respiratory epithelial cells
T254 8173-8183 CHEBI:26195 denotes polyphenol
T255 8173-8183 CHEBI:26195 denotes polyphenol
T256 8292-8300 UBERON:0001637 denotes arterial
T257 8301-8307 GO:0007568 denotes ageing
T258 8409-8413 G_3 denotes ACE2
T259 8409-8413 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T260 8409-8413 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T261 8432-8437 UBERON:0000062 denotes organ
T262 8454-8459 UBERON:0002107 denotes liver
T263 8474-8479 UBERON:0000947 denotes aorta
T264 8480-8485 UBERON:0005432 denotes media
T265 8512-8526 UBERON:0001013 denotes adipose tissue
T266 8607-8617 CHEBI:26195 denotes polyphenol
T267 8607-8617 CHEBI:26195 denotes polyphenol
T268 8672-8677 PR:000014888 denotes Sirt1
T269 8693-8697 PR:000001251 denotes AT1R
T270 8698-8708 GO:0010467 denotes expression
T271 8713-8717 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T272 8713-8717 G_3 denotes ACE2
T273 8713-8717 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T274 8838-8846 SP_9 denotes MERS-CoV
T275 8860-8864 CL_6 denotes Vero
T276 9085-9093 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T277 9178-9182 G_3 denotes ACE2
T278 9178-9182 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T279 9178-9182 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T280 9210-9216 NCBITaxon:33208 denotes animal
T281 9357-9368 CHEBI:26195 denotes polyphenols
T282 9357-9368 CHEBI:26195 denotes polyphenols
T283 9392-9398 NCBITaxon:33208 denotes animal
T284 9438-9443 SP_6 denotes human
T285 9438-9443 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T286 9664-9672 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T287 9684-9698 UBERON:0004535 denotes cardiovascular
T288 9713-9726 GO:0065007 denotes dysregulation
T289 9734-9739 PR:000013883 denotes Renin
T290 9773-9786 CHEBI:52217 denotes pharmacologic
T291 9773-9786 CHEBI:52217 denotes pharmacologic
T292 9842-9846 G_3 denotes ACE2
T293 9842-9846 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T294 9842-9846 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T295 9872-9883 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T296 9897-9908 UBERON:0002349 denotes myocarditis
T297 9912-9920 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T298 9964-9968 G_3 denotes ACE2
T299 9964-9968 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T300 9964-9968 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T301 9969-9979 GO:0010467 denotes expression
T302 10023-10031 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T303 10304-10312 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T304 10384-10394 CHEBI:35222 denotes inhibitors
T305 10384-10394 CHEBI:35222 denotes inhibitors
T306 10439-10447 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T307 10477-10481 G_3 denotes ACE2
T308 10477-10481 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T309 10583-10587 G_3 denotes ACE2
T310 10583-10587 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T311 10583-10587 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T312 10601-10610 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV2
T313 10655-10665 GO:0010467 denotes expressing
T314 10666-10670 G_3 denotes ACE2
T315 10666-10670 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T316 10666-10670 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T317 10696-10701 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T318 10723-10727 G_3 denotes ACE2
T319 10723-10727 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T320 10723-10727 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2
T321 10746-10755 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV2
T322 10756-10761 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T323 10831-10839 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T324 10868-10872 G_3 denotes ACE2
T325 10868-10872 PG_10 denotes ACE2
T326 10868-10872 PR:000003622 denotes ACE2

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 208-211 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T2 212-218 Body_part denotes genome http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116
T3 251-259 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T4 327-335 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T5 377-385 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T6 426-431 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T7 529-534 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T8 560-570 Body_part denotes intestinal http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7199
T9 571-587 Body_part denotes epithelial cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768
T10 582-587 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T11 589-606 Body_part denotes endothelial cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66772
T12 601-606 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T13 608-614 Body_part denotes kidney http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7203
T14 615-620 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T15 622-635 Body_part denotes renal tubules http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma15627
T16 650-657 Body_part denotes neurons http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54527
T17 669-674 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T18 684-692 Body_part denotes alveolar http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264783
T19 693-702 Body_part denotes monocytes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864
T20 703-714 Body_part denotes macrophages http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261
T21 741-746 Body_part denotes liver http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7197
T22 747-757 Body_part denotes lymph node http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma5034
T23 813-821 Body_part denotes integrin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67222
T24 833-847 Body_part denotes dendritic cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma273565
T25 843-847 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T26 849-851 Body_part denotes DC http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma273565
T27 953-961 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T28 979-983 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T29 1061-1071 Body_part denotes intestinal http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7199
T30 1073-1081 Body_part denotes alveolar http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264783
T31 1102-1110 Body_part denotes prostate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9600
T32 1111-1116 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T33 1141-1151 Body_part denotes leukocytes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T34 1191-1196 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T35 1263-1268 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T36 1314-1322 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T37 1387-1398 Body_part denotes amino acids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739
T38 1575-1586 Body_part denotes amino acids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739
T39 2387-2392 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T40 3197-3201 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T41 3414-3418 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T42 3540-3544 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T43 3771-3776 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T44 3817-3833 Body_part denotes epithelial cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768
T45 3828-3833 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T46 4058-4063 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T47 4347-4360 Body_part denotes T lymphocytes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62870
T48 4501-4506 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T49 4588-4592 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T50 4698-4703 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T51 4734-4742 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T52 5323-5326 Body_part denotes IgG http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872
T53 5660-5670 Body_part denotes lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T54 5739-5749 Body_part denotes lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T55 5892-5901 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T56 5903-5914 Body_part denotes interleukin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T57 5915-5921 Body_part denotes (IL)-1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583
T58 5916-5918 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T59 5926-5928 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T60 6377-6394 Body_part denotes respiratory tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma265130
T61 6482-6486 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T62 6890-6894 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T63 7660-7681 Body_part denotes cardiovascular system http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7161
T64 7883-7888 Body_part denotes lungs http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68877
T65 8014-8030 Body_part denotes epithelial cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768
T66 8025-8030 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T67 8432-8437 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67498
T68 8454-8459 Body_part denotes liver http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7197
T69 8474-8479 Body_part denotes aorta http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma3734
T70 8512-8526 Body_part denotes adipose tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma20110
T71 8868-8873 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T72 8892-8896 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T73 10649-10654 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T74 10709-10714 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 608-614 Body_part denotes kidney http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113
T2 622-635 Body_part denotes renal tubules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0009773
T3 741-746 Body_part denotes liver http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107
T4 747-757 Body_part denotes lymph node http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000029
T5 747-752 Body_part denotes lymph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002391
T6 3197-3201 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T7 3414-3418 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T8 3540-3544 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T9 6377-6394 Body_part denotes respiratory tract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065
T10 6482-6486 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T11 6539-6563 Body_part denotes renin-angiotensin system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229
T12 6565-6568 Body_part denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229
T13 7660-7681 Body_part denotes cardiovascular system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0004535
T14 7837-7840 Body_part denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229
T15 7867-7873 Body_part denotes organs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000062
T16 8237-8240 Body_part denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229
T17 8432-8437 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000062
T18 8454-8459 Body_part denotes liver http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107
T19 8474-8479 Body_part denotes aorta http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000947
T20 8512-8526 Body_part denotes adipose tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013
T21 8520-8526 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T22 9734-9758 Body_part denotes Renin Angiotensin System http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229
T23 9760-9763 Body_part denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229
T24 9802-9805 Body_part denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229
T25 10132-10135 Body_part denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229
T26 10274-10277 Body_part denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 440-448 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T2 888-896 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T3 1879-1887 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T4 1992-2000 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T5 2118-2126 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T6 2230-2238 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 2271-2279 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T8 2453-2461 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T9 2518-2526 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T10 2570-2578 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T11 2682-2690 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T12 3031-3039 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T13 3226-3244 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T14 3235-3244 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T15 3534-3551 Disease denotes acute lung injury http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015796
T17 3545-3551 Disease denotes injury http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021178
T18 3676-3684 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T19 3701-3710 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T20 4091-4109 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T21 4100-4109 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T22 4123-4139 Disease denotes immune disorders http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005046
T23 4269-4273 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T24 4403-4414 Disease denotes pneumonitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0043905
T25 4440-4448 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T26 4538-4546 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T27 4717-4725 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T28 4782-4791 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T29 5352-5361 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T30 5502-5506 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T31 5567-5575 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T32 5576-5585 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T33 5602-5613 Disease denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003783
T34 5641-5649 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T35 5807-5815 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T36 5825-5836 Disease denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003783
T37 5994-6001 Disease denotes COVID19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T38 6105-6113 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T39 6338-6346 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T40 6741-6753 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T41 6903-6915 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T42 7044-7052 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T43 7053-7062 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T44 7123-7135 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T45 7224-7245 Disease denotes myocardial infarction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005068
T46 7311-7319 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T47 7407-7415 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T48 7504-7512 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T49 7565-7577 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T50 7699-7707 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T51 7907-7911 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T52 7920-7929 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T53 8847-8856 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T54 9085-9093 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T55 9246-9255 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T56 9664-9672 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T57 9897-9908 Disease denotes myocarditis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004496
T58 9912-9920 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T59 10023-10031 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T60 10304-10312 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T61 10313-10322 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T62 10439-10447 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T63 10448-10457 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T64 10601-10605 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T65 10746-10750 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T66 10831-10839 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T67 10840-10849 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes Focus
T2 98-99 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T3 124-125 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T4 242-250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T5 293-301 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T6 336-342 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001310 denotes 3-5 [1
T7 426-431 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T8 529-534 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T9 560-570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000160 denotes intestinal
T10 560-570 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000834 denotes intestinal
T11 571-581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000066 denotes epithelial
T12 582-587 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T13 589-606 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000115 denotes endothelial cells
T14 608-614 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113 denotes kidney
T15 608-614 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000927 denotes kidney
T16 608-614 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000929 denotes kidney
T17 615-620 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T18 622-635 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0009773 denotes renal tubules
T19 669-674 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T20 693-702 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576 denotes monocytes
T21 741-746 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107 denotes liver
T22 741-746 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000887 denotes liver
T23 747-757 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000029 denotes lymph node
T24 833-847 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000451 denotes dendritic cell
T25 849-851 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000451 denotes DC
T26 979-983 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T27 1061-1071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000160 denotes intestinal
T28 1061-1071 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000834 denotes intestinal
T29 1111-1116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T30 1131-1140 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activated
T31 1163-1170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T32 1191-1196 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T33 1263-1268 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T34 1283-1286 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T35 1354-1356 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050 denotes S1
T36 1361-1363 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008922 denotes S2
T37 1361-1363 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050052 denotes S2
T38 1414-1416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050 denotes S1
T39 1486-1488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T40 1643-1645 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T41 1719-1724 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T42 1754-1756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T43 1901-1902 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T44 2002-2003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45 2316-2321 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T46 2365-2370 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T47 2381-2392 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053065 denotes human cells
T48 2471-2476 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T49 2487-2488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50 2512-2517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T51 2564-2569 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T52 2628-2629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T53 2715-2720 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T54 3045-3049 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397 denotes bats
T55 3061-3062 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T56 3098-3101 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T57 3132-3134 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008922 denotes S2
T58 3132-3134 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050052 denotes S2
T59 3197-3201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T60 3197-3201 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T61 3414-3418 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T62 3414-3418 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T63 3442-3444 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T64 3540-3544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T65 3540-3544 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T66 3561-3563 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T67 3771-3776 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T68 3777-3780 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T69 3817-3827 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000066 denotes epithelial
T70 3828-3833 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T71 3926-3932 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T72 3956-3962 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T73 4010-4011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T74 4058-4063 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T75 4111-4112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76 4303-4305 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T77 4467-4468 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T78 4501-4506 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T79 4586-4592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084 denotes T cell
T80 4691-4694 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053438 denotes CD8
T81 4696-4703 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084 denotes T cells
T82 4768-4770 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T83 4861-4864 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T84 4884-4886 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050 denotes S1
T85 4940-4942 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T86 5123-5128 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes Human
T87 5182-5183 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T88 5405-5410 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T89 5770-5778 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T90 5932-5935 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T91 6071-6073 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 34
T92 6258-6260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T93 6422-6424 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T94 6482-6486 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T95 6482-6486 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T96 6511-6512 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T97 6571-6573 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T98 6613-6623 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activation
T99 6857-6867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activation
T100 6890-6894 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T101 7019-7020 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T102 7247-7249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T103 7660-7681 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0004535 denotes cardiovascular system
T104 7660-7681 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000791 denotes cardiovascular system
T105 7827-7836 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activates
T106 7867-7873 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003103 denotes organs
T107 7883-7888 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lungs
T108 8014-8024 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000066 denotes epithelial
T109 8025-8030 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T110 8171-8172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T111 8282-8285 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes fat
T112 8292-8300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001637 denotes arterial
T113 8292-8300 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000814 denotes arterial
T114 8317-8320 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes fat
T115 8432-8437 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003103 denotes organ
T116 8454-8459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107 denotes liver
T117 8454-8459 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000887 denotes liver
T118 8474-8479 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000265 denotes aorta
T119 8512-8526 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes adipose tissue
T120 8629-8637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activate
T121 8655-8657 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 45
T122 8737-8739 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001382 denotes 48
T123 8777-8779 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001382 denotes 48
T124 8860-8873 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051719 denotes Vero E6 cells
T125 8892-8896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T126 8971-8972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T127 9164-9174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activators
T128 9210-9216 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T129 9392-9398 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T130 9438-9443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T131 9771-9772 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T132 10078-10079 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T133 10515-10517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001407 denotes 52
T134 10588-10596 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T135 10649-10654 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T136 10696-10701 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T137 10709-10714 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T138 10756-10761 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 63-74 Chemical denotes Angiotensin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_2719
T2 251-259 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T3 327-335 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T4 377-385 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T5 462-473 Chemical denotes angiotensin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T6 789-797 Chemical denotes molecule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T7 953-961 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T8 1314-1322 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T9 1361-1363 Chemical denotes S2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29387
T10 1387-1398 Chemical denotes amino acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33709
T11 1387-1392 Chemical denotes amino http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46882
T12 1393-1398 Chemical denotes acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T13 1575-1586 Chemical denotes amino acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33709
T14 1575-1580 Chemical denotes amino http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46882
T15 1581-1586 Chemical denotes acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T16 2056-2061 Chemical denotes bases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T17 2900-2906 Chemical denotes Muster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145553
T18 3132-3134 Chemical denotes S2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29387
T19 3306-3317 Chemical denotes angiotensin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T20 3319-3322 Chemical denotes ANG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T21 3324-3326 Chemical denotes II http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74067
T22 3373-3376 Chemical denotes ANG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T23 4222-4232 Chemical denotes interferon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T24 4234-4237 Chemical denotes IFN http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T25 4284-4287 Chemical denotes IFN http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T26 4288-4298 Chemical denotes antagonist http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48706
T27 4734-4742 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T28 5916-5918 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T30 5926-5928 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T32 6545-6556 Chemical denotes angiotensin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T33 6565-6568 Chemical denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63620
T34 6602-6605 Chemical denotes ANG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T35 6606-6608 Chemical denotes II http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74067
T36 6705-6728 Chemical denotes reactive oxygen species http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26523
T37 6714-6720 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T38 6837-6840 Chemical denotes ANG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T39 6841-6843 Chemical denotes II http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74067
T40 7006-7014 Chemical denotes losartan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6541
T41 7073-7081 Chemical denotes losartan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6541
T42 7093-7103 Chemical denotes olmesartan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48416
T43 7837-7840 Chemical denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63620
T44 8173-8183 Chemical denotes polyphenol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26195
T45 8185-8196 Chemical denotes resveratrol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T46 8198-8201 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T47 8237-8240 Chemical denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63620
T48 8383-8386 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T49 8584-8587 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T50 8607-8617 Chemical denotes polyphenol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26195
T51 8757-8760 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T52 8814-8817 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T53 8980-8989 Chemical denotes antiviral http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587
T54 9008-9011 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T55 9078-9081 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T56 9153-9156 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T57 9286-9297 Chemical denotes antioxidant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22586
T58 9357-9368 Chemical denotes polyphenols http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26195
T59 9428-9431 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881
T60 9740-9751 Chemical denotes Angiotensin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_2719
T61 9760-9763 Chemical denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63620
T62 9802-9805 Chemical denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63620
T63 10132-10135 Chemical denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63620
T64 10274-10277 Chemical denotes RAS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63620
T65 10380-10394 Chemical denotes ACE inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35457
T66 10384-10394 Chemical denotes inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222
T67 10398-10401 Chemical denotes ANG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T68 10402-10404 Chemical denotes II http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74067
T69 10816-10819 Chemical denotes RES http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27881

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 404-431 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046718 denotes viral entry into host cells
T2 410-425 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0044409 denotes entry into host
T3 1741-1748 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009606 denotes tropism
T4 3170-3180 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007 denotes regulation
T5 3256-3266 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007 denotes regulation
T6 4233-4251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0072647 denotes (IFN)- production
T7 4586-4602 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0070231 denotes T cell apoptosis
T8 4593-4602 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097194 denotes apoptosis
T9 4593-4602 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006915 denotes apoptosis
T10 4684-4690 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007613 denotes memory
T11 4808-4837 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006959 denotes humoral immune responsiveness
T12 6315-6321 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes ageing
T13 6687-6703 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042310 denotes vasoconstriction
T14 6705-6739 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_1903409 denotes reactive oxygen species generation
T15 6741-6753 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T16 6890-6901 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016049 denotes cell growth
T17 6895-6901 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T18 6903-6915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T19 7642-7652 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007 denotes regulation
T20 7808-7818 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007 denotes regulation
T21 8301-8307 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes ageing
T22 8721-8731 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007 denotes regulation

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 23-36 Species denotes Coronaviruses Tax:11118

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 3534-3551 Phenotype denotes acute lung injury http://www.orpha.net/ORDO/Orphanet_178320
T2 4390-4414 Phenotype denotes interstitial pneumonitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0006515
T3 5468-5475 Phenotype denotes viremia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020071
T4 5602-5613 Phenotype denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001888
T5 5825-5836 Phenotype denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001888
T6 7123-7135 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T7 7224-7245 Phenotype denotes myocardial infarction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001658
T8 7565-7577 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T9 7920-7929 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T10 8454-8469 Phenotype denotes liver steatosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001397
T11 8500-8526 Phenotype denotes decrease of adipose tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0040063
T12 9246-9255 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T13 9897-9908 Phenotype denotes myocarditis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012819

PubMed_ArguminSci

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 139-344 DRI_Approach denotes Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess an enveloped, single, positive-stranded RNA genome which encodes for four membrane proteins, namely spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins 3-5 [1].
T2 345-439 DRI_Approach denotes With regard to pathogenicity, S proteins are essential for viral entry into host cells [2, 3].
T3 440-721 DRI_Background denotes SARS-CoV binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 which is present on nonimmune cells, such as respiratory and intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, kidney cells (renal tubules) and cerebral neurons and immune cells, such as alveolar monocytes/macrophages [4-6].
T4 722-788 DRI_Outcome denotes Of note, CD209L or liver/lymph node special intercellular adhesion
T5 822-925 DRI_Outcome denotes (SIGN) and dendritic cell (DC)-SIGN are alternative receptors for SARS-CoV but with lower affinity [7].
T6 926-1156 DRI_Background denotes In the case of MERS-CoV, S proteins bind to the host cell receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4 or CD26) which is broadly expressed on intestinal, alveolar, renal, hepatic and prostate cells as well as on activated leukocytes [8].
T7 1157-1273 DRI_Approach denotes Then, viruses replicate in target cells with release of mature virions, which, in turn, invade new target cells [9].
T8 1274-1490 DRI_Approach denotes Evidence has been provided that SARSCoV proteins are cleaved into two subunits, S1 and S2, respectively, and the amino acids 318-510 of the S1 represent the receptor-binding domain (RBD) which binds to ACE2 [10, 11].
T9 1491-1647 DRI_Outcome denotes Quite importantly, in the context of RBD there is the receptor-binding motif (RBM) (amino acids 424- 494), which accounts for complete binding to ACE2 [11].
T10 1648-1758 DRI_Approach denotes Moreover, by means of two residues at positions 479 and 487 RBD allows virus progression and tropism [10, 11].
T11 1759-1897 DRI_Approach denotes In the case of MERSCoV, its RBM binds to DPP4 with residues 484-567, thus, suggesting that its RBD differs from that of SARS-CoV [12, 13].
T12 1898-2084 DRI_Background denotes In a very recent paper, Wan and associates [14] have investigated the receptor recognition by COVID-19 (a new term to indicate the 2019-nCoV in Wuhan) on the bases of structural studies.
T13 2085-2239 DRI_Approach denotes In this respect, the sequence of COVID-19 RBM is similar to that of SARSCoV, thus, implicating that ACE2 may represent the binding receptors for COVID-19.
T14 2240-2393 DRI_Outcome denotes Furthermore, gln493 residue of COVID-19 RBM seems to allow interaction with human ACE2, thus, suggesting the ability of this virus to infect human cells.
T15 2394-2586 DRI_Background denotes According, to Wan and associates structural analysis [14], COVID-19 binds to human ACE2 with a lesser efficiency than human SARS-CoV (2002) but with higher affinity than human SARS-CoV (2003).
T16 2587-2791 DRI_Challenge denotes Furthermore, same authors predicted that a single mutation at the 501 position may enhance the COVID-19 RBD binding capacity to human ACE2 and this evolution should be monitored in infected patients [14].
T17 2792-2941 DRI_Background denotes These predictive findings by Wan and associates [14] are confirmed by two contemporary studies by Letko and Muster [15] and Peng and associates [16].
T18 2942-3055 DRI_Background denotes In particular, the report by Peng and associates [16], points out the possible origin of COVID-19 from bats [16].
T19 3056-3250 DRI_Outcome denotes From a pathogenic point of view, evidence has been provided that binding of S2 to ACE2 receptor leads to its down-regulation with subsequent lung damage in the course of SARS-CoV infection [17].
T20 3251-3446 DRI_Background denotes Down-regulation of ACE2 causes excessive production of angiotensin (ANG) II by the related enzyme ACE with stimulation of ANG type 1a receptor (AT1R) and enhanced lung vascular permeability [18].
T21 3447-3565 DRI_Background denotes In particular, same authors have reported that recombinant ACE2 could attenuate severe acute lung injury in mice [18].
T22 3566-3711 DRI_Background denotes Moreover, Battle and associates [19] also proposed to use already available recombinant ACE2 for intercepting COVID-19 and attenuating infection.
T23 3712-3898 DRI_Approach denotes In the previous paragraphs, the presence of ACE2 on immune cells has been pointed out and, by analogy to epithelial cells, this receptor may also be down-regulated following viral entry.
T24 3899-4064 DRI_Background denotes Therefore, in CoV-infected animal models and in infected humans further investigations are required to clarify a possible reduced expression of ACE2 on immune cells.
T25 4065-4159 DRI_Challenge denotes In fact, in the course of SARS-CoV infection, a number of immune disorders have been detected.
T26 4160-4307 DRI_Outcome denotes Three reports have demonstrated the ability of CoV to inhibit interferon (IFN)- production in the course of SARS acting as IFN antagonist [20-22].
T27 4308-4512 DRI_Background denotes In senescent Balb/c mice, depletion of T lymphocytes is associated to more severe interstitial pneumonitis and delayed clearance of SARS-CoV, thus, suggesting a protective role played by these cells [23].
T28 4513-4662 DRI_Outcome denotes In this connection, both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have been shown to induce T cell apoptosis, thus, aggravating the clinical course of disease [24, 25].
T29 4663-4797 DRI_Approach denotes Quite interestingly, memory CD8+ T cells specific for SARS-CoV M and N proteins have been detected up to 11 years post-infection [26].
T30 4798-4944 DRI_Background denotes As far as humoral immune responsiveness is concerned, evidence has been provided that S1 subunit from MERS-CoV is highly immunogenic in mice [27].
T31 4945-5122 DRI_Background denotes Moreover, monoclonal antibodies have been shown to be highly neutralizing against MERS-CoV replication and endowed with post exposure effectiveness in susceptible mice [28, 29].
T32 5123-5307 DRI_Background denotes Human neutralizing antibodies have also been isolated from a recovered patient, thus, suggesting the role of humoral immunity in the control of the persistence of CoV in the host [30].
T33 5308-5521 DRI_Background denotes In particular, IgG response occurs early in infection and its prolonged production may serve for virus clearance during recovery also in view of the absence of viremia in convalescent sera from SARS patients [31].
T34 5522-5714 DRI_Background denotes According to current literature, severity of COVID-19 infection correlates with lymphopenia and patients who died from COVID-19 had lower lymphocyte counts when compared to survivors [32, 33].
T35 5715-5816 DRI_Background denotes These data suggest that lymphocyte-mediated anti-viral activity is poorly effective against COVID-19.
T36 5817-6075 DRI_Background denotes Despite lymphopenia, evidence for an exaggerate release of proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6] has been reported in the course acute respiratory syndrome in COVID19 infected patients, thus, aggravating the clinical course of disease [34].
T37 6076-6262 DRI_Background denotes As recently reported, during COVID-19 pandemic in both Italy and China higher frequency of fatalities have been observed in the frail elderly population with previous comorbidities [35].
T38 6263-6426 DRI_Background denotes It is well known that decline of immunity occurs in ageing and, therefore, COVID-19 may gain easier access to the respiratory tract in frail elderly patients [36].
T39 6427-6579 DRI_Background denotes There is evidence that ACE2 protects from severe acute lung failure and operates as a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) [18, 37].
T40 6580-6782 DRI_Outcome denotes It is well known that ANG II via activation of the AT1R promotes detrimental effects on the host, such as, vasoconstriction, reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation and matrix remodelling [38].
T41 6783-6934 DRI_Background denotes ACE2 counterbalances the noxious effects exhibited by ANG II and AT1R via activation of AT2R which arrests cell growth, inflammation and fibrosis [39].
T42 6935-7063 DRI_Background denotes In this framework, Gurwitz [40] proposed to use AT1R blockers, such as losartan, as a potential treatment of COVID-19 infection.
T43 7064-7251 DRI_Background denotes In fact, losartan as well as olmesartan, used for treating hypertension in patients, were able to increase ACE2 expression after 28 days treatment of rats with myocardial infarction [41].
T44 7252-7470 DRI_Background denotes Then, Gurwitz suggests to evaluate severity of symptoms in COVID-19 infected patients under previous chronic treatment with AT1R blockers in comparison to COVID-19 infected patients who did not take AT1R blockers [40].
T45 7598-7745 DRI_Outcome denotes However, the putative effects of ACE-2 down-regulation on the cardiovascular system in the course of COVID-19 pandemic need more intensive studies.
T46 7746-7930 DRI_Outcome denotes Taken together, these evidences suggest that CoV-induced down-regulation of ACE2 activates RAS with collateral damage to organs, such as lungs, in the course of SARS-related pneumonia.
T47 7931-8074 DRI_Background denotes Then, putative therapeutic measures aimed at increasing ACE2 levels on respiratory epithelial cells should be taken into serious consideration.
T48 8075-8348 DRI_Outcome denotes Quite interestingly, over the past few years, three key papers have demonstrated the ability of a polyphenol, resveratrol (RES), to experimentally deactivate the RAS system in maternal and post-weaning high fat diet, arterial ageing and high fat diet, respectively [42-44].
T49 8349-8546 DRI_Background denotes In all these experimental models, RES led to an increase of ACE2 with reduction of organ damage, such as liver steatosis and aorta media thickness and decrease of adipose tissue mass, respectively.
T50 8547-8662 DRI_Background denotes As far as the mechanism of action of RES is concerned, this polyphenol is able to activate sirtuin (Sirt)1 [45-47].
T51 8663-8677 DRI_Background denotes In turn, Sirt1
T52 8698-8741 DRI_Background denotes expression via ACE2 up-regulation [43, 48].
T53 8742-8947 DRI_Background denotes Of importance, Lin and associates [48] have demonstrated the ability of RES to in vitro inhibit MERS-CoV infection of Vero E6 cells, thus, prolonging cell survival in virtue of an anti-apoptotic mechanism.
T54 8948-9012 DRI_Background denotes These findings suggest a direct antiviral effect exerted by RES.
T55 9013-9104 DRI_Outcome denotes It would be very interestingly to evaluate the direct effects of RES on COVID-19, in vitro.
T56 9105-9374 DRI_Outcome denotes The data above discussed strongly suggest, that RES, as an activators of ACE2, should be investigated in animal models of CoV-induced severe pneumonia, also taking into account the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects exerted by polyphenols [49].
T57 9375-9478 DRI_Background denotes Then, successful animal studies may pave the way for RES-based human trials in COVID-infected patients.
T58 9479-9589 DRI_Outcome denotes Note added in proof During the reviewing process of this perspective other related papers have been published.
T59 9590-9765 DRI_Background denotes Hanff and associates [50] have discussed the possible association between COVID-19-associated cardiovascular mortality and dysregulation of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS).
T60 9766-9939 DRI_Challenge denotes From a pharmacologic point of view, RAS inhibition leads to upregulation of ACE2, thus, attenuating acute respiratory syndrome and myocarditis in COVID-19-infected patients.
T61 9940-10072 DRI_Approach denotes Conversely, increase in ACE2 expression may facilitate the access into the host of COVID-19, thus, aggravating the clinical picture.
T62 10073-10190 DRI_Challenge denotes Such a dilemma would be solved by clinical trials based on RAS blockade or initiation and monitoring related effects.
T63 10191-10323 DRI_Background denotes Contemporarily, Danser and associates [51] claim that there is no evidence to stop RAS blockers in the course of COVID-19 infection.
T64 10324-10482 DRI_Outcome denotes In fact, there are no available data which support that ACE inhibitors or ANG II type I receptor blockers increase COVID-19 infection via its binding to ACE2.
T65 10483-10621 DRI_Approach denotes Finally, Kuster and associates [52] write that there are no data on the strict relationship between ACE2 activity and SARS-CoV2 mortality.
T66 10622-10767 DRI_Approach denotes Moreover, in the SARSCoV2, cells expressing ACE2 were not attacked by the virus, while cells lacking ACE2 were bound by the SARS-CoV2 virus [53].
T67 10768-10916 DRI_Challenge denotes These findings suggest that also in the case of RES effects on COVID-19 infection, the dual role of ACE2 should be taken into serious consideration.

LitCovid_AGAC_only

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
p11099s14 2670-2677 PosReg denotes enhance
p11099s16 2682-2687 Protein denotes COVID
p11099s17 2687-2688 Protein denotes -
p11099s18 2688-2694 Protein denotes 19 RBD
p11099s20 2695-2711 MPA denotes binding capacity
p11099s24 2721-2725 Protein denotes ACE2
p11102s12 3121-3128 Var denotes binding
p11102s21 3165-3169 NegReg denotes down
p11111s17 4586-4602 CPA denotes T cell apoptosis

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-138 Sentence denotes Focus on Receptors for Coronaviruses with Special Reference to Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 as a Potential Drug Target - A Perspective.
T2 139-344 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess an enveloped, single, positive-stranded RNA genome which encodes for four membrane proteins, namely spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins 3-5 [1].
T3 345-439 Sentence denotes With regard to pathogenicity, S proteins are essential for viral entry into host cells [2, 3].
T4 440-721 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 which is present on nonimmune cells, such as respiratory and intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, kidney cells (renal tubules) and cerebral neurons and immune cells, such as alveolar monocytes/macrophages [4-6].
T5 722-925 Sentence denotes Of note, CD209L or liver/lymph node special intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (SIGN) and dendritic cell (DC)-SIGN are alternative receptors for SARS-CoV but with lower affinity [7].
T6 926-1156 Sentence denotes In the case of MERS-CoV, S proteins bind to the host cell receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4 or CD26) which is broadly expressed on intestinal, alveolar, renal, hepatic and prostate cells as well as on activated leukocytes [8].
T7 1157-1273 Sentence denotes Then, viruses replicate in target cells with release of mature virions, which, in turn, invade new target cells [9].
T8 1274-1490 Sentence denotes Evidence has been provided that SARSCoV proteins are cleaved into two subunits, S1 and S2, respectively, and the amino acids 318-510 of the S1 represent the receptor-binding domain (RBD) which binds to ACE2 [10, 11].
T9 1491-1647 Sentence denotes Quite importantly, in the context of RBD there is the receptor-binding motif (RBM) (amino acids 424- 494), which accounts for complete binding to ACE2 [11].
T10 1648-1758 Sentence denotes Moreover, by means of two residues at positions 479 and 487 RBD allows virus progression and tropism [10, 11].
T11 1759-1897 Sentence denotes In the case of MERSCoV, its RBM binds to DPP4 with residues 484-567, thus, suggesting that its RBD differs from that of SARS-CoV [12, 13].
T12 1898-2084 Sentence denotes In a very recent paper, Wan and associates [14] have investigated the receptor recognition by COVID-19 (a new term to indicate the 2019-nCoV in Wuhan) on the bases of structural studies.
T13 2085-2239 Sentence denotes In this respect, the sequence of COVID-19 RBM is similar to that of SARSCoV, thus, implicating that ACE2 may represent the binding receptors for COVID-19.
T14 2240-2393 Sentence denotes Furthermore, gln493 residue of COVID-19 RBM seems to allow interaction with human ACE2, thus, suggesting the ability of this virus to infect human cells.
T15 2394-2586 Sentence denotes According, to Wan and associates structural analysis [14], COVID-19 binds to human ACE2 with a lesser efficiency than human SARS-CoV (2002) but with higher affinity than human SARS-CoV (2003).
T16 2587-2791 Sentence denotes Furthermore, same authors predicted that a single mutation at the 501 position may enhance the COVID-19 RBD binding capacity to human ACE2 and this evolution should be monitored in infected patients [14].
T17 2792-2941 Sentence denotes These predictive findings by Wan and associates [14] are confirmed by two contemporary studies by Letko and Muster [15] and Peng and associates [16].
T18 2942-3055 Sentence denotes In particular, the report by Peng and associates [16], points out the possible origin of COVID-19 from bats [16].
T19 3056-3250 Sentence denotes From a pathogenic point of view, evidence has been provided that binding of S2 to ACE2 receptor leads to its down-regulation with subsequent lung damage in the course of SARS-CoV infection [17].
T20 3251-3446 Sentence denotes Down-regulation of ACE2 causes excessive production of angiotensin (ANG) II by the related enzyme ACE with stimulation of ANG type 1a receptor (AT1R) and enhanced lung vascular permeability [18].
T21 3447-3565 Sentence denotes In particular, same authors have reported that recombinant ACE2 could attenuate severe acute lung injury in mice [18].
T22 3566-3711 Sentence denotes Moreover, Battle and associates [19] also proposed to use already available recombinant ACE2 for intercepting COVID-19 and attenuating infection.
T23 3712-3898 Sentence denotes In the previous paragraphs, the presence of ACE2 on immune cells has been pointed out and, by analogy to epithelial cells, this receptor may also be down-regulated following viral entry.
T24 3899-4064 Sentence denotes Therefore, in CoV-infected animal models and in infected humans further investigations are required to clarify a possible reduced expression of ACE2 on immune cells.
T25 4065-4159 Sentence denotes In fact, in the course of SARS-CoV infection, a number of immune disorders have been detected.
T26 4160-4307 Sentence denotes Three reports have demonstrated the ability of CoV to inhibit interferon (IFN)- production in the course of SARS acting as IFN antagonist [20-22].
T27 4308-4512 Sentence denotes In senescent Balb/c mice, depletion of T lymphocytes is associated to more severe interstitial pneumonitis and delayed clearance of SARS-CoV, thus, suggesting a protective role played by these cells [23].
T28 4513-4662 Sentence denotes In this connection, both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have been shown to induce T cell apoptosis, thus, aggravating the clinical course of disease [24, 25].
T29 4663-4797 Sentence denotes Quite interestingly, memory CD8+ T cells specific for SARS-CoV M and N proteins have been detected up to 11 years post-infection [26].
T30 4798-4944 Sentence denotes As far as humoral immune responsiveness is concerned, evidence has been provided that S1 subunit from MERS-CoV is highly immunogenic in mice [27].
T31 4945-5122 Sentence denotes Moreover, monoclonal antibodies have been shown to be highly neutralizing against MERS-CoV replication and endowed with post exposure effectiveness in susceptible mice [28, 29].
T32 5123-5307 Sentence denotes Human neutralizing antibodies have also been isolated from a recovered patient, thus, suggesting the role of humoral immunity in the control of the persistence of CoV in the host [30].
T33 5308-5521 Sentence denotes In particular, IgG response occurs early in infection and its prolonged production may serve for virus clearance during recovery also in view of the absence of viremia in convalescent sera from SARS patients [31].
T34 5522-5714 Sentence denotes According to current literature, severity of COVID-19 infection correlates with lymphopenia and patients who died from COVID-19 had lower lymphocyte counts when compared to survivors [32, 33].
T35 5715-5816 Sentence denotes These data suggest that lymphocyte-mediated anti-viral activity is poorly effective against COVID-19.
T36 5817-6075 Sentence denotes Despite lymphopenia, evidence for an exaggerate release of proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6] has been reported in the course acute respiratory syndrome in COVID19 infected patients, thus, aggravating the clinical course of disease [34].
T37 6076-6262 Sentence denotes As recently reported, during COVID-19 pandemic in both Italy and China higher frequency of fatalities have been observed in the frail elderly population with previous comorbidities [35].
T38 6263-6426 Sentence denotes It is well known that decline of immunity occurs in ageing and, therefore, COVID-19 may gain easier access to the respiratory tract in frail elderly patients [36].
T39 6427-6579 Sentence denotes There is evidence that ACE2 protects from severe acute lung failure and operates as a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) [18, 37].
T40 6580-6782 Sentence denotes It is well known that ANG II via activation of the AT1R promotes detrimental effects on the host, such as, vasoconstriction, reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation and matrix remodelling [38].
T41 6783-6934 Sentence denotes ACE2 counterbalances the noxious effects exhibited by ANG II and AT1R via activation of AT2R which arrests cell growth, inflammation and fibrosis [39].
T42 6935-7063 Sentence denotes In this framework, Gurwitz [40] proposed to use AT1R blockers, such as losartan, as a potential treatment of COVID-19 infection.
T43 7064-7251 Sentence denotes In fact, losartan as well as olmesartan, used for treating hypertension in patients, were able to increase ACE2 expression after 28 days treatment of rats with myocardial infarction [41].
T44 7252-7470 Sentence denotes Then, Gurwitz suggests to evaluate severity of symptoms in COVID-19 infected patients under previous chronic treatment with AT1R blockers in comparison to COVID-19 infected patients who did not take AT1R blockers [40].
T45 7471-7597 Sentence denotes Quite interestingly, 75% of aged COVID-19 infected patients admitted to Italian hospitals had hypertension [unpublished data].
T46 7598-7745 Sentence denotes However, the putative effects of ACE-2 down-regulation on the cardiovascular system in the course of COVID-19 pandemic need more intensive studies.
T47 7746-7930 Sentence denotes Taken together, these evidences suggest that CoV-induced down-regulation of ACE2 activates RAS with collateral damage to organs, such as lungs, in the course of SARS-related pneumonia.
T48 7931-8074 Sentence denotes Then, putative therapeutic measures aimed at increasing ACE2 levels on respiratory epithelial cells should be taken into serious consideration.
T49 8075-8348 Sentence denotes Quite interestingly, over the past few years, three key papers have demonstrated the ability of a polyphenol, resveratrol (RES), to experimentally deactivate the RAS system in maternal and post-weaning high fat diet, arterial ageing and high fat diet, respectively [42-44].
T50 8349-8546 Sentence denotes In all these experimental models, RES led to an increase of ACE2 with reduction of organ damage, such as liver steatosis and aorta media thickness and decrease of adipose tissue mass, respectively.
T51 8547-8662 Sentence denotes As far as the mechanism of action of RES is concerned, this polyphenol is able to activate sirtuin (Sirt)1 [45-47].
T52 8663-8741 Sentence denotes In turn, Sirt1 down-regulates AT1R expression via ACE2 up-regulation [43, 48].
T53 8742-8947 Sentence denotes Of importance, Lin and associates [48] have demonstrated the ability of RES to in vitro inhibit MERS-CoV infection of Vero E6 cells, thus, prolonging cell survival in virtue of an anti-apoptotic mechanism.
T54 8948-9012 Sentence denotes These findings suggest a direct antiviral effect exerted by RES.
T55 9013-9104 Sentence denotes It would be very interestingly to evaluate the direct effects of RES on COVID-19, in vitro.
T56 9105-9374 Sentence denotes The data above discussed strongly suggest, that RES, as an activators of ACE2, should be investigated in animal models of CoV-induced severe pneumonia, also taking into account the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects exerted by polyphenols [49].
T57 9375-9478 Sentence denotes Then, successful animal studies may pave the way for RES-based human trials in COVID-infected patients.
T58 9479-9589 Sentence denotes Note added in proof During the reviewing process of this perspective other related papers have been published.
T59 9590-9765 Sentence denotes Hanff and associates [50] have discussed the possible association between COVID-19-associated cardiovascular mortality and dysregulation of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS).
T60 9766-9939 Sentence denotes From a pharmacologic point of view, RAS inhibition leads to upregulation of ACE2, thus, attenuating acute respiratory syndrome and myocarditis in COVID-19-infected patients.
T61 9940-10072 Sentence denotes Conversely, increase in ACE2 expression may facilitate the access into the host of COVID-19, thus, aggravating the clinical picture.
T62 10073-10190 Sentence denotes Such a dilemma would be solved by clinical trials based on RAS blockade or initiation and monitoring related effects.
T63 10191-10323 Sentence denotes Contemporarily, Danser and associates [51] claim that there is no evidence to stop RAS blockers in the course of COVID-19 infection.
T64 10324-10482 Sentence denotes In fact, there are no available data which support that ACE inhibitors or ANG II type I receptor blockers increase COVID-19 infection via its binding to ACE2.
T65 10483-10621 Sentence denotes Finally, Kuster and associates [52] write that there are no data on the strict relationship between ACE2 activity and SARS-CoV2 mortality.
T66 10622-10767 Sentence denotes Moreover, in the SARSCoV2, cells expressing ACE2 were not attacked by the virus, while cells lacking ACE2 were bound by the SARS-CoV2 virus [53].
T67 10768-10916 Sentence denotes These findings suggest that also in the case of RES effects on COVID-19 infection, the dual role of ACE2 should be taken into serious consideration.