PubMed:31275246 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PubMed/sourceid/31275246","sourcedb":"PubMed","sourceid":"31275246","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31275246","text":"Clinical Use of DPP-4 Inhibitors.\nDPP-4 inhibitors were introduced for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in 2006. They stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion by elevating endogenous GLP-1 concentrations without an intrinsic hypoglycaemia risk. Their efficacy potential to lower HbA1c is in the range between 0.5 and 1.0% and their safety profile is favorable. DPP-4 inhibitors are body weight neutral and they have demonstrated cardiovascular safety. Most compounds can be used in impaired renal function. Guidelines suggest the additional use of DPP-4 inhibitors after metformin failure in patients that do not require antidiabetic therapy with proven cardiovascular benefit. Recently, DPP-4 inhibitors have increasingly replaced sulfonylureas as second line therapy after metformin failure and many metformin/DPP-4 inhibitor fixed dose combinations are available. In later stages of type 2 diabetes, DPP-4 inhibitors are also recommended in the guidelines in triple therapies with metformin and SGLT-2 inhibitors or with metformin and insulin. A treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors should be stopped when GLP-1 receptor agonists are used. DPP-4 inhibitors can be used as monotherapy when metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated. Some studies have shown value of initial metformin-DPP-4 inhibitor combination therapy in special populations. This article gives an overview on the clinical use of DPP-4 inhibitors.","tracks":[{"project":"sonoma2","denotations":[{"id":"T0","span":{"begin":16,"end":21},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":34,"end":39},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":75,"end":84},"obj":"REG"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":95,"end":103},"obj":"DISEASE"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":118,"end":127},"obj":"POSREG"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":128,"end":145},"obj":"MPA"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":128,"end":145},"obj":"DISEASE"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":150,"end":157},"obj":"NEGREG"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":158,"end":176},"obj":"MPA"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":180,"end":189},"obj":"POSREG"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":201,"end":206},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":207,"end":221},"obj":"MPA"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":233,"end":256},"obj":"DISEASE"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":291,"end":296},"obj":"NEGREG"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":297,"end":302},"obj":"MPA"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":379,"end":384},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":500,"end":523},"obj":"DISEASE"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":566,"end":571},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":706,"end":711},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":820,"end":835},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":911,"end":919},"obj":"DISEASE"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":921,"end":926},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":947,"end":958},"obj":"REG"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1016,"end":1022},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1016,"end":1022},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1056,"end":1063},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1087},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1122,"end":1127},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1122,"end":1136},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1156,"end":1161},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1293,"end":1308},"obj":"GENE"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1417,"end":1422},"obj":"GENE"}],"relations":[{"id":"R0","pred":"ThemeOf","subj":"T5","obj":"T4"},{"id":"R1","pred":"ThemeOf","subj":"T8","obj":"T7"},{"id":"R2","pred":"CauseOf","subj":"T9","obj":"T7"},{"id":"R3","pred":"ThemeOf","subj":"T11","obj":"T9"},{"id":"R4","pred":"ThemeOf","subj":"T14","obj":"T13"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T0","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T16","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T17","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T18","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T19","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T20","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T21","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T22","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T23","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T24","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T25","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T26","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T27","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T28","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T29","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T30","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"},{"subj":"T31","pred":"source","obj":"sonoma2"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"sonoma2","color":"#93ecad","default":true}]}]}}