PubMed:30356168 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PubMed/sourceid/30356168","sourcedb":"PubMed","sourceid":"30356168","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30356168","text":"Effect of natural products on the production and activity of Clostridium difficile toxins in vitro.\nClostridium difficile infection is a toxin-mediated disease of the colon. C. difficile virulence is primarily attributed to the production of toxin A and toxin B; thus this study was aimed to investigate the effect of a range of natural products on the production and activity of C. difficile toxins in vitro. Twenty-two natural products were investigated against four C. difficile strains. The activity of products against toxins was determined using Vero and HT-29 cells cytotoxicity and neutral red uptake assays. The indirect effect of products on toxin-mediated cytotoxicity was determined using the same cell lines. The effect of seven products on toxin production by C. difficile was determined using ELISA. Zingerone (0.3 mg/ml) protected both cell lines from C. difficile cytopathic effects, confirmed by the neutral red uptake assay (P \u003c 0.05). Three Leptospermum honeys (4% w/v), fresh onion bulb extract (12.5% v/v) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (0.005% v/v) all reduced toxin production and activity significantly (P ≤ 0.023). Garlic clove powder (4.7 mg/ml) only reduced toxin activity (P ≤ 0.047). Overall, several natural products had activity against C. difficile toxins in vitro encouraging further investigation against C. difficile toxins in vivo.","tracks":[{"project":"NCBITAXON","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":61,"end":82},"obj":"OrganismTaxon"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":100,"end":121},"obj":"OrganismTaxon"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":961,"end":973},"obj":"OrganismTaxon"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"db_id","subj":"T1","obj":"1496"},{"id":"A2","pred":"db_id","subj":"T2","obj":"1496"},{"id":"A3","pred":"db_id","subj":"T3","obj":"106047"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"NCBITAXON"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"NCBITAXON"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"NCBITAXON"}]},{"project":"mondo_disease","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":100,"end":131},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":152,"end":172},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000705"},{"id":"A2","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003409"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"mondo_disease"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"mondo_disease"}]},{"project":"Anatomy-MAT","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":167,"end":172},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":1003,"end":1007},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"mat_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000526"},{"id":"A2","pred":"mat_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000367"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"Anatomy-MAT"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"Anatomy-MAT"}]},{"project":"Anatomy-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":167,"end":172},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001155"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"Anatomy-UBERON"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"NCBITAXON","color":"#bcec93","default":true},{"id":"mondo_disease","color":"#ec93d6"},{"id":"Anatomy-MAT","color":"#93ece7"},{"id":"Anatomy-UBERON","color":"#eccd93"}]}]}}