PubMed:2569282 JSON TXT

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PubmedHPO

{"project":"PubmedHPO","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"HP_0010547"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"HP_0002063"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":288,"end":296},"obj":"HP_0002063"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"HP_0002063"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"HP_0002063"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":594,"end":602},"obj":"HP_0002063"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"HP_0002063"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1473,"end":1481},"obj":"HP_0002063"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-experiment

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-experiment","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":872,"end":877},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1248},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1733,"end":1740},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-nr-ng-experiment

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-nr-ng-experiment","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-nr-g-experiment

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-nr-g-experiment","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-ng-experiment

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-ng-experiment","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":72,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":385,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1061,"end":1067},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1410,"end":1416},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-g-experiment

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-g-experiment","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":72,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":385,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-m30

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-m30","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":94,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":217,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":594,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1473,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-m20

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-m20","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-nr-ng

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-nr-ng","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":288,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":594,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gemini-r-g

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gemini-r-g","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gemini-nr-ng

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gemini-nr-ng","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":72,"end":78},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":232,"end":242},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":269,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":337,"end":343},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":385,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":634,"end":644},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1061,"end":1067},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1458,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1660,"end":1666},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gemini-nr-g

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gemini-nr-g","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":72,"end":78},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":232,"end":242},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":337,"end":343},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":634,"end":644},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1061,"end":1067},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1457,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1660,"end":1666},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":872,"end":877},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1248},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1733,"end":1740},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gemini-r-ng

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-nr-ng

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-nr-ng","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":72,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":385,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1061,"end":1067},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-g

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-g","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":72,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":385,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-nr-g

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-nr-g","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-ng

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-ng","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":72,"end":78},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":337,"end":343},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1061,"end":1067},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1410,"end":1416},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1660,"end":1666},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-r-ng

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-r-ng","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":40,"end":61},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":72,"end":78},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":337,"end":343},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":385,"end":391},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1061,"end":1067},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gemini-r-m

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gemini-r-m","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-m2

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-m2","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-r-g

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-r-g","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-nr-g

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-nr-g","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":72,"end":78},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":337,"end":343},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":385,"end":391},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-r-m

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-deepseek-r-m","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}

bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-m

{"project":"bc5cdr-valid-gpt-r-m","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":87,"end":102},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":163,"end":178},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":180,"end":185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":210,"end":227},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":281,"end":296},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":568,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":587,"end":602},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":623,"end":633},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":748,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":780,"end":792},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":816,"end":821},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":844,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":940,"end":948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":964,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1223},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1228},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1436},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1481},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1558,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1687},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1701,"end":1708},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1710,"end":1718},"obj":"Disease"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.\nThe highly-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (D-MED) is capable of inducing muscle flaccidity and anesthesia in rats and dogs. Intense generalized muscle rigidity is an undesirable side effect of potent opiate agonists. Although the neurochemistry of opiate-induced rigidity has yet to be fully elucidated, recent work suggests a role for a central adrenergic mechanism. In the present study, the authors determined if treatment with D-MED prevents the muscle rigidity caused by high-dose alfentanil anesthesia in the rat. Animals (n = 42) were treated intraperitoneally with one of the following six regimens: 1) L-MED (the inactive L-isomer of medetomidine), 30 micrograms/kg; 2) D-MED, 10 micrograms/kg; 3) D-MED, 30 micrograms/kg; 4) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the central-acting alpha-2 antagonist, idazoxan [10 mg/kg]; 5) D-MED [30 micrograms/kg] and the peripheral-acting alpha-2 antagonist DG-5128 [10 mg/kg], or; 6) saline. Baseline electromyographic activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after drug treatment. Each rat was then injected with alfentanil (ALF, 0.5 mg/kg sc). ALF injection resulted in a marked increase in hindlimb EMG activity in the L-MED treatment group which was indistinguishable from that seen in animals treated with saline. In contrast, D-MED prevented alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in a dose-dependent fashion. The small EMG values obtained in the high-dose D-MED group were comparable with those recorded in earlier studies from control animals not given any opiate. The high-dose D-MED animals were flaccid, akinetic, and lacked a startle response during the entire experimental period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}