| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| TextSentencer_T1 |
0-123 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Conformational changes and translocation of tissue-transglutaminase to the plasma membranes: role in cancer cell migration. |
| TextSentencer_T2 |
124-135 |
Sentence |
denotes |
BACKGROUND: |
| TextSentencer_T3 |
136-248 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Tissue-transglutaminase (TG2), a dual function G-protein, plays key roles in cell differentiation and migration. |
| TextSentencer_T4 |
249-335 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In our previous studies we reported the mechanism of TG2-induced cell differentiation. |
| TextSentencer_T5 |
336-425 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In present study, we explored the mechanism of how TG2 may be involved in cell migration. |
| TextSentencer_T6 |
426-434 |
Sentence |
denotes |
METHODS: |
| TextSentencer_T7 |
435-681 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To study the mechanism of TG2-mediated cell migration, we used neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) which do not express TG2, neuroblastoma cells expressing exogenous TG2 (SHYTG2), and pancreatic cancer cells which express high levels of endogenous TG2. |
| TextSentencer_T8 |
682-869 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Resveratrol, a natural compound previously shown to inhibit neuroblastoma and pancreatic cancer in the animal models, was utilized to investigate the role of TG2 in cancer cell migration. |
| TextSentencer_T9 |
870-1012 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Immunofluorescence assays were employed to detect expression and intracellular localization of TG2, and calcium levels in the migrating cells. |
| TextSentencer_T10 |
1013-1159 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Native gel electrophoresis was performed to analyze resveratrol-induced cellular distribution and conformational states of TG2 in migrating cells. |
| TextSentencer_T11 |
1160-1252 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Data are presented as the mean and standard deviation of at least 3 independent experiments. |
| TextSentencer_T12 |
1253-1345 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Comparisons were made among groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer ad hoc test. |
| TextSentencer_T13 |
1346-1535 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RESULTS: TG2 containing cells (SHYTG2 and pancreatic cancer cells) exhibit increased cell migration and invasion in collagen-coated and matrigel-coated transwell plate assays, respectively. |
| TextSentencer_T14 |
1536-1605 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Resveratrol (1 μM-10 μM) prevented migration of TG2-expressing cells. |
| TextSentencer_T15 |
1606-1753 |
Sentence |
denotes |
During the course of migration, resveratrol increased the immunoreactivity of TG2 without affecting the total TG2 protein level in migrating cells. |
| TextSentencer_T16 |
1754-1930 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In these cells, resveratrol increased calcium levels, and depletion of intracellular calcium by a calcium chelator, BAPTA, attenuated resveratrol-enhanced TG2 immunoreactivity. |
| TextSentencer_T17 |
1931-2078 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In native-polyacrylamide gels, we detected an additional TG2 protein band with slower migration in total cell lysates of resveratrol treated cells. |
| TextSentencer_T18 |
2079-2282 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This TG2 form is non-phosphorylated, exclusively present in plasma membrane fractions and sensitive to intracellular Ca(2+) concentration suggesting a calcium requirement in TG2-regulated cell migration. |
| TextSentencer_T19 |
2283-2295 |
Sentence |
denotes |
CONCLUSIONS: |
| TextSentencer_T20 |
2296-2521 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Taken together, we conclude that resveratrol induces conformational changes in TG2, and that Ca(2+)-mediated TG2 association with the plasma membrane is responsible for the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on cell migration. |
| T1 |
0-123 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Conformational changes and translocation of tissue-transglutaminase to the plasma membranes: role in cancer cell migration. |
| T2 |
124-135 |
Sentence |
denotes |
BACKGROUND: |
| T3 |
136-248 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Tissue-transglutaminase (TG2), a dual function G-protein, plays key roles in cell differentiation and migration. |
| T4 |
249-335 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In our previous studies we reported the mechanism of TG2-induced cell differentiation. |
| T5 |
336-425 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In present study, we explored the mechanism of how TG2 may be involved in cell migration. |
| T6 |
426-434 |
Sentence |
denotes |
METHODS: |
| T7 |
435-681 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To study the mechanism of TG2-mediated cell migration, we used neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) which do not express TG2, neuroblastoma cells expressing exogenous TG2 (SHYTG2), and pancreatic cancer cells which express high levels of endogenous TG2. |
| T8 |
682-869 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Resveratrol, a natural compound previously shown to inhibit neuroblastoma and pancreatic cancer in the animal models, was utilized to investigate the role of TG2 in cancer cell migration. |
| T9 |
870-1012 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Immunofluorescence assays were employed to detect expression and intracellular localization of TG2, and calcium levels in the migrating cells. |
| T10 |
1013-1159 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Native gel electrophoresis was performed to analyze resveratrol-induced cellular distribution and conformational states of TG2 in migrating cells. |
| T11 |
1160-1252 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Data are presented as the mean and standard deviation of at least 3 independent experiments. |
| T12 |
1253-1345 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Comparisons were made among groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer ad hoc test. |
| T13 |
1346-1535 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RESULTS: TG2 containing cells (SHYTG2 and pancreatic cancer cells) exhibit increased cell migration and invasion in collagen-coated and matrigel-coated transwell plate assays, respectively. |
| T14 |
1536-1605 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Resveratrol (1 μM-10 μM) prevented migration of TG2-expressing cells. |
| T15 |
1606-1753 |
Sentence |
denotes |
During the course of migration, resveratrol increased the immunoreactivity of TG2 without affecting the total TG2 protein level in migrating cells. |
| T16 |
1754-1930 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In these cells, resveratrol increased calcium levels, and depletion of intracellular calcium by a calcium chelator, BAPTA, attenuated resveratrol-enhanced TG2 immunoreactivity. |
| T17 |
1931-2078 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In native-polyacrylamide gels, we detected an additional TG2 protein band with slower migration in total cell lysates of resveratrol treated cells. |
| T18 |
2079-2282 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This TG2 form is non-phosphorylated, exclusively present in plasma membrane fractions and sensitive to intracellular Ca(2+) concentration suggesting a calcium requirement in TG2-regulated cell migration. |
| T19 |
2283-2295 |
Sentence |
denotes |
CONCLUSIONS: |
| T20 |
2296-2521 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Taken together, we conclude that resveratrol induces conformational changes in TG2, and that Ca(2+)-mediated TG2 association with the plasma membrane is responsible for the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on cell migration. |