PubMed:23851285 JSONTXT

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    silkwormbase

    {"project":"silkwormbase","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":15,"end":38},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":433,"end":436},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":470,"end":504},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C029569"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":506,"end":511},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C029569"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":573,"end":589},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":591,"end":594},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":607,"end":611},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":659,"end":663},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":672,"end":675},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":745,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C056165"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":813,"end":817},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":42,"end":46},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":829,"end":832},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":902,"end":910},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D012402"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":912,"end":923},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000968"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":939,"end":989},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":991,"end":995},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1002,"end":1022},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1024,"end":1027},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1055,"end":1058},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1085},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1249},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":107,"end":115},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1261,"end":1264},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1294},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1373,"end":1376},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1406,"end":1414},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D012402"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1416,"end":1427},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000968"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1429,"end":1433},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1439,"end":1442},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":1458,"end":1466},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C056165"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1560,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":1590,"end":1594},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":117,"end":128},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":1629,"end":1632},"obj":"Chemical:-"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1636,"end":1643},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":180,"end":203},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":205,"end":208},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":241,"end":245},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":281,"end":292},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":356,"end":360},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":42,"end":46},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":213,"end":239},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":241,"end":245},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":356,"end":360},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":607,"end":611},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":659,"end":663},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":813,"end":817},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1085},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1249},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1294},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":1590,"end":1594},"obj":"BMO_00114"}],"text":"Involvement of reactive oxygen species in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.\nIn the present study, the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of Bombyx mori prothoracic glands (PGs) was investigated. Results showed that PTTH treatment resulted in a rapidly transient increase in the intracellular ROS concentration, as measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), abolished PTTH-induced increase in fluorescence. Furthermore, PTTH-induced ROS production was partially inhibited by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, indicating that NAD(P)H oxidase is one of the sources for PTTH-stimulated ROS production. Four mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI)) significantly attenuated ROS production induced by PTTH. These data suggest that the activity of complexes I and III in the electron transport chain and the mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ) contribute to PTTH-stimulated ROS production. In addition, PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis was greatly inhibited by treatment with either NAC or mitochondrial inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, FCCP, and DPI), but not with apocynin. These results indicate that mitochondria-derived, but not membrane NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated ROS signaling, is involved in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of PGs in B. mori."}

    silkworm_phenotype

    {"project":"silkworm_phenotype","denotations":[{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":1590,"end":1594},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1294},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1249},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1085},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":813,"end":817},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":659,"end":663},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":607,"end":611},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":356,"end":360},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":241,"end":245},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":213,"end":239},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":42,"end":46},"obj":"BMO_00114"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":356,"end":360},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":281,"end":292},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":241,"end":245},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":205,"end":208},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":180,"end":203},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1636,"end":1643},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":1629,"end":1632},"obj":"Chemical:-"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":117,"end":128},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":1590,"end":1594},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1560,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":1458,"end":1466},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C056165"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1439,"end":1442},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1429,"end":1433},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1416,"end":1427},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000968"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1406,"end":1414},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D012402"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1373,"end":1376},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1294},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1261,"end":1264},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":107,"end":115},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1249},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1085},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1055,"end":1058},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1024,"end":1027},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1002,"end":1022},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":991,"end":995},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":939,"end":989},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":912,"end":923},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000968"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":902,"end":910},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D012402"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":829,"end":832},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":42,"end":46},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":813,"end":817},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":745,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C056165"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":672,"end":675},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":659,"end":663},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":607,"end":611},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":591,"end":594},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":573,"end":589},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":506,"end":511},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C029569"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":470,"end":504},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C029569"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":433,"end":436},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":15,"end":38},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"}],"text":"Involvement of reactive oxygen species in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.\nIn the present study, the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of Bombyx mori prothoracic glands (PGs) was investigated. Results showed that PTTH treatment resulted in a rapidly transient increase in the intracellular ROS concentration, as measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), abolished PTTH-induced increase in fluorescence. Furthermore, PTTH-induced ROS production was partially inhibited by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, indicating that NAD(P)H oxidase is one of the sources for PTTH-stimulated ROS production. Four mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI)) significantly attenuated ROS production induced by PTTH. These data suggest that the activity of complexes I and III in the electron transport chain and the mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ) contribute to PTTH-stimulated ROS production. In addition, PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis was greatly inhibited by treatment with either NAC or mitochondrial inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, FCCP, and DPI), but not with apocynin. These results indicate that mitochondria-derived, but not membrane NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated ROS signaling, is involved in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of PGs in B. mori."}

    silkworm

    {"project":"silkworm","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":15,"end":38},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":42,"end":46},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":107,"end":115},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":117,"end":128},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":180,"end":203},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":205,"end":208},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":241,"end":245},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":281,"end":292},"obj":"Species:7091"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":356,"end":360},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":433,"end":436},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":470,"end":504},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C029569"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":506,"end":511},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C029569"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":573,"end":589},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":591,"end":594},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":607,"end":611},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":659,"end":663},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":672,"end":675},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":745,"end":753},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C056165"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":813,"end":817},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":829,"end":832},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":902,"end":910},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D012402"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":912,"end":923},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000968"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":939,"end":989},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":991,"end":995},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1002,"end":1022},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1024,"end":1027},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1055,"end":1058},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1085},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1249},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1261,"end":1264},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1294},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1373,"end":1376},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000111"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1406,"end":1414},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D012402"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1416,"end":1427},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D000968"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1429,"end":1433},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D002259"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1439,"end":1442},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C007517"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":1458,"end":1466},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:C056165"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1560,"end":1563},"obj":"Chemical:MESH:D017382"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":1590,"end":1594},"obj":"Gene:692767"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":1629,"end":1632},"obj":"Chemical:-"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1636,"end":1643},"obj":"Species:7091"}],"text":"Involvement of reactive oxygen species in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.\nIn the present study, the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of Bombyx mori prothoracic glands (PGs) was investigated. Results showed that PTTH treatment resulted in a rapidly transient increase in the intracellular ROS concentration, as measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), abolished PTTH-induced increase in fluorescence. Furthermore, PTTH-induced ROS production was partially inhibited by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, indicating that NAD(P)H oxidase is one of the sources for PTTH-stimulated ROS production. Four mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI)) significantly attenuated ROS production induced by PTTH. These data suggest that the activity of complexes I and III in the electron transport chain and the mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ) contribute to PTTH-stimulated ROS production. In addition, PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis was greatly inhibited by treatment with either NAC or mitochondrial inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, FCCP, and DPI), but not with apocynin. These results indicate that mitochondria-derived, but not membrane NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated ROS signaling, is involved in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of PGs in B. mori."}

    Allie

    {"project":"Allie","denotations":[{"id":"SS1_23851285_1_0","span":{"begin":180,"end":203},"obj":"expanded"},{"id":"SS2_23851285_1_0","span":{"begin":205,"end":208},"obj":"abbr"},{"id":"SS1_23851285_1_1","span":{"begin":213,"end":239},"obj":"expanded"},{"id":"SS2_23851285_1_1","span":{"begin":241,"end":245},"obj":"abbr"},{"id":"SS1_23851285_1_2","span":{"begin":293,"end":311},"obj":"expanded"},{"id":"SS2_23851285_1_2","span":{"begin":313,"end":316},"obj":"abbr"},{"id":"SS1_23851285_2_0","span":{"begin":470,"end":504},"obj":"expanded"},{"id":"SS2_23851285_2_0","span":{"begin":506,"end":511},"obj":"abbr"},{"id":"SS1_23851285_3_0","span":{"begin":573,"end":589},"obj":"expanded"},{"id":"SS2_23851285_3_0","span":{"begin":591,"end":594},"obj":"abbr"},{"id":"SS1_23851285_5_0","span":{"begin":1002,"end":1022},"obj":"expanded"},{"id":"SS2_23851285_5_0","span":{"begin":1024,"end":1027},"obj":"abbr"}],"relations":[{"id":"AE1_23851285_1_0","pred":"abbreviatedTo","subj":"SS1_23851285_1_0","obj":"SS2_23851285_1_0"},{"id":"AE1_23851285_1_1","pred":"abbreviatedTo","subj":"SS1_23851285_1_1","obj":"SS2_23851285_1_1"},{"id":"AE1_23851285_1_2","pred":"abbreviatedTo","subj":"SS1_23851285_1_2","obj":"SS2_23851285_1_2"},{"id":"AE1_23851285_2_0","pred":"abbreviatedTo","subj":"SS1_23851285_2_0","obj":"SS2_23851285_2_0"},{"id":"AE1_23851285_3_0","pred":"abbreviatedTo","subj":"SS1_23851285_3_0","obj":"SS2_23851285_3_0"},{"id":"AE1_23851285_5_0","pred":"abbreviatedTo","subj":"SS1_23851285_5_0","obj":"SS2_23851285_5_0"}],"text":"Involvement of reactive oxygen species in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.\nIn the present study, the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of Bombyx mori prothoracic glands (PGs) was investigated. Results showed that PTTH treatment resulted in a rapidly transient increase in the intracellular ROS concentration, as measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), abolished PTTH-induced increase in fluorescence. Furthermore, PTTH-induced ROS production was partially inhibited by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, indicating that NAD(P)H oxidase is one of the sources for PTTH-stimulated ROS production. Four mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI)) significantly attenuated ROS production induced by PTTH. These data suggest that the activity of complexes I and III in the electron transport chain and the mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ) contribute to PTTH-stimulated ROS production. In addition, PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis was greatly inhibited by treatment with either NAC or mitochondrial inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, FCCP, and DPI), but not with apocynin. These results indicate that mitochondria-derived, but not membrane NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated ROS signaling, is involved in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of PGs in B. mori."}

    PubmedHPO

    {"project":"PubmedHPO","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":850,"end":863},"obj":"HP_0001427"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":1187,"end":1200},"obj":"HP_0001427"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":1380,"end":1393},"obj":"HP_0001427"}],"text":"Involvement of reactive oxygen species in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.\nIn the present study, the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of Bombyx mori prothoracic glands (PGs) was investigated. Results showed that PTTH treatment resulted in a rapidly transient increase in the intracellular ROS concentration, as measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), abolished PTTH-induced increase in fluorescence. Furthermore, PTTH-induced ROS production was partially inhibited by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, indicating that NAD(P)H oxidase is one of the sources for PTTH-stimulated ROS production. Four mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI)) significantly attenuated ROS production induced by PTTH. These data suggest that the activity of complexes I and III in the electron transport chain and the mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ) contribute to PTTH-stimulated ROS production. In addition, PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis was greatly inhibited by treatment with either NAC or mitochondrial inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, FCCP, and DPI), but not with apocynin. These results indicate that mitochondria-derived, but not membrane NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated ROS signaling, is involved in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of PGs in B. mori."}