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PubMed_ArguminSci

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 139-294 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 is a copper chelated dye used for cellulose, acetate, nylon, silk, wool, tissue, papers, and textile goods with a urea-formaldehyde finish.
T2 300-570 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 is one of five chemicals/dyes that are part of the National Toxicology Program's Benzidine Dye Initiative, established to determine the toxicity and carcinogenicity of representative benzidine congeners, congener-derived dyes, and benzidine-derived dyes.
T3 593-662 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 was selected for study because of its widespread use.
T4 663-731 DRI_Background denotes Because of the high salt content, the dye was desalted prior to use.
T5 732-806 DRI_Background denotes Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering C.I.
T6 807-923 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 in feed to groups of male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 14 days, 13 weeks, and 2 years.
T7 924-1059 DRI_Background denotes Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, and Drosophila melanogaster.
T8 1060-1206 DRI_Background denotes 14-DAY STUDY IN RATS: Groups of five male and five female F344/N rats were fed diets containing 0, 1,000, 3,000, 7,000, 15,000, or 30,000 ppm C.I.
T9 1224-1269 DRI_Approach denotes All rats survived until the end of the study.
T10 1270-1419 DRI_Outcome denotes Rats receiving 30,000 ppm lost weight, and the mean body weight gain of males receiving 15,000 ppm was significantly lower than that of the controls.
T11 1503-1617 DRI_Background denotes Decreased organ weights at the 30,000 ppm level were related to the decreased body weights at this exposure level.
T12 1618-1757 DRI_Background denotes 14-DAY STUDY IN MICE: Groups of five male and five female mice were fed diets containing 0, 1,000, 3,000, 7,000, 15,000, or 30,000 ppm C.I.
T13 1775-1820 DRI_Approach denotes All mice survived until the end of the study.
T14 1821-1981 DRI_Outcome denotes The final mean body weight of males receiving 30,000 ppm was 25% lower than that of controls and that of 30,000 ppm females was 20% lower than that of controls.
T15 1982-2085 DRI_Background denotes Feed consumption by exposed and control groups was similar except for the 15,000 and 30,000 ppm groups.
T16 2086-2207 DRI_Outcome denotes Feed spillage, due to reduced palatability, precluded the accurate determination of feed consumption by these two groups.
T17 2208-2319 DRI_Background denotes Male and female mice receiving 30,000 ppm appeared hyperactive and emaciated during the last week of the study.
T18 2320-2447 DRI_Background denotes Decreased organ weights were noted at 30,000 ppm and were attributed to the decreased mean body weights at this exposure level.
T19 2448-2570 DRI_Background denotes 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 3,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm C.I.
T20 2588-2649 DRI_Approach denotes All male and female rats survived until the end of the study.
T21 2650-2698 DRI_Background denotes Rats exposed to 3,000,10,000, or 20,000 ppm C.I.
T22 2699-2838 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 received approximate daily doses of 200, 600 or 1,300 mg dye/kg body weight (males) and 200, 800, or 1,400 mg/kg (females).
T23 2839-3047 DRI_Outcome denotes The final mean body weight of male rats receiving 20,000 ppm was 24% lower than that of the controls and the final mean body weight of female rats receiving 20,000 ppm was 15% lower than that of the controls.
T24 3048-3169 DRI_Background denotes Feed consumption by exposed and control groups was similar except in the 20,000 ppm groups where feed spillage was noted.
T25 3170-3296 DRI_Background denotes Absolute and relative kidney weights of rats receiving 10,000 or 20,000 ppm were significantly greater than those of controls.
T26 3297-3460 DRI_Background denotes Significantly decreased organ weights were noted, particularly in the 20,000 ppm groups, and were attributed to the lower mean body weights at this exposure level.
T27 3461-3657 DRI_Outcome denotes The hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume, and mean erythrocyte hemoglobin values in male and female rats receiving 10,000 and 20,000 ppm were significantly lower than those of controls.
T28 3658-3868 DRI_Background denotes Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in male and female rats receiving 20,000 ppm were significantly higher than those of controls, which is consistent with hepatocellular injury.
T29 3869-4181 DRI_Background denotes Male rats receiving 10,000 ppm and male and female rats receiving 20,000 ppm had hepatic lesions consisting of intracytoplasmic pigment in periportal Kupffer cells, minimal to mild individual hepatocyte necrosis, increased numbers of binucleated and multinucleated hepatocytes, and minimal bile duct hyperplasia.
T30 4182-4343 DRI_Background denotes Male and female rats receiving 20,000 ppm had ys receiving 20,000 ppm had yellow-green pigment within the cytoplasm of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney.
T31 4344-4563 DRI_Background denotes Microconcretions of mineral were observed along the corticomedullary junction of the kidney in most female rats, but the numbers of microconcretions in kidney sections were increased in females that received 20,000 ppm.
T32 4564-4693 DRI_Background denotes 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice were fed diets containing 0, 3,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm C.I.
T33 4711-4750 DRI_Background denotes There were no deaths attributed to C.I.
T34 4768-4817 DRI_Background denotes Mice exposed to 3,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm C.I.
T35 4818-4962 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 received approximate daily doses of 400, 1,500, or 3,600 mg dye/kg body weight (males) and 400, 1,800, or 4,000 mg/kg (females).
T36 4963-5182 DRI_Outcome denotes The final mean body weight of males that received 20,000 ppm was 24% lower than that of the controls, and the final mean body weight of females that received 20,000 ppm was 14% lower than that of controls.
T37 5183-5310 DRI_Background denotes Feed consumption by exposed mice was similar to that by controls except in the 20,000 ppm groups where feed spillage was noted.
T38 5311-5465 DRI_Background denotes Significant differences in organ weights were noted at 20,000 ppm which were attributed primarily to the lower mean body weights in these exposure groups.
T39 5466-5665 DRI_Outcome denotes The hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume, and mean erythrocyte volume, and mean erythrocyte hemoglobin values were significantly lower in males and females receiving 10,000 and 20,000 ppm.
T40 5666-5866 DRI_Background denotes Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in male and female mice receiving 10,000 and 20,000 ppm were significantly higher than those of controls, indicating hepatic injury.
T41 5867-6124 DRI_Background denotes Male and female mice receiving 20,000 ppm had hepatic lesions consisting of centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy and karyomegaly, multifocal individual hepatocyte necrosis, oval cell proliferation, and periportal Kupffer cells with intracytoplasmic pigment.
T42 6125-6250 DRI_Outcome denotes Males and females receiving 20,000 ppm also had increased numbers of pigmented macrophages within the red pulp of the spleen.
T43 6251-6320 DRI_Approach denotes 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: The doses selected for the 2-year study of C.I.
T44 6321-6469 DRI_Approach denotes Direct Blue 218 were based on the lower final mean body weights and the occurrence of hepatic lesions in the 20,000 ppm groups in the 13-week study.
T45 6470-6568 DRI_Background denotes Groups of 60 male and 60 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm C.I.
T46 6600-6663 DRI_Approach denotes Nine or 10 rats from each group were evaluated after 15 months.
T47 6664-6856 DRI_Background denotes Survival, Body Weights, Feed and Compound Consumption, and Clinical Findings: Survival of female rats receiving 10,000 ppm was slightly, but not significantly, lower than that of the controls.
T48 6857-7162 DRI_Outcome denotes Mean body weights of male and female rats in the 10,000 ppm groups were approximately 5% to 14% lower than those of the controls after week 15, and the final mean body weights of male and female rats at this level were 11% and 9% lower than those of the controls, respectively.
T49 7163-7378 DRI_Background denotes Feed consumption by exposed male and female rats was similar to that by the controls and was estimated to deliver daily doses of 40, 120, and 440 mg dye/kg body weight to males and 50, 140, and 470 mg/kg to females.
T50 7379-7437 DRI_Outcome denotes No chemical-related clinical signs of toxicity were noted.
T51 7438-7722 DRI_Outcome denotes Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: The hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume, and mean erythrocyte hemoglobin values in 10,000 ppm female rats were significantly lower than those of controls, while in males only the mean erythrocyte hemoglobin value was significantly lower.
T52 7723-7924 DRI_Background denotes Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in male and female rats receiving 10,000 ppm were significantly higher than those of the controls at the 15-month interim evaluation.
T53 7925-8095 DRI_Background denotes Pathology Findings: Squamous cell papillomas of the oral mucosa (pharynx) occurred in five males receiving 10,000 ppm but not in the lower exposure groups or in controls.
T54 8096-8210 DRI_Background denotes A squamous cell carcinoma occurred in one 10,000 ppm male and a benign basosquamous tumor was observed in another.
T55 8211-8439 DRI_Outcome denotes The incidence of oral mucosal neoplasms in the 10,000 ppm males was significantly greater than that in controls and exceeded the range observed in untreated historical controls (lO/l,253, 0.8%; range 0%-4%).
T56 8440-8489 DRI_Background denotes These neoplasms were considered chemical related.
T57 8513-8787 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 to rats produced significantly increased incidences of forestomach basal cell hyperplasia in males receiving 3,000 or 10,000 ppm (0 ppm, 0/50; 1,000 ppm, 2/50; 3,000 ppm, 10/50;10,000 ppm, 19/50) and in females receiving 10,000 ppm (1/50, 1/49, 5/50, 11/49).
T58 8788-8926 DRI_Outcome denotes Further, there were marginal increased incidences of focal squamous hyperplasia in the 3,000 and 10,000 ppm males (1/50,1/50, 6/50, 4/50).
T59 8927-9076 DRI_Approach denotes Squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach were seen in two 3,000 ppm males and in one 10,000 ppm male; no papillomas were observed in the controls.
T60 9077-9139 DRI_Background denotes A squamous cell carcinoma was also seen in one 3,000 ppm male.
T61 9140-9391 DRI_Background denotes Because of the uncommon occurrence of forestomach neoplasms in untreated control male rats (4/1,253, 0.3%; range 0%-2%) and the slight increase in the incidence of focal hyperplasia, these neoplasms may have been chemical related.
T62 9392-9559 DRI_Outcome denotes The incidence of uterine endometrial stromal polyps in each exposed group of female rats was significantly greater than that of the controls (1/50,12/50,10/50, 10/50).
T63 9560-9872 DRI_Outcome denotes Because the incidences in the exposed groups did not increase in a dose-related manner and the incidence in the controls was unusually low (historical incidence: 205/1,251,16.4%; range 2%-30%), the higher incidence of stromal polyps in the exposed groups was not considered chemical related.
T64 9873-10058 DRI_Approach denotes 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: The dose selection for the 2-year study was based on the lower final mean body weights and the liver lesions observed at the 20,000 ppm level in the 13-week study.
T65 10059-10157 DRI_Background denotes Groups of 60 male and 60 female mice were fed diets containing 0, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm C.I.
T66 10189-10261 DRI_Background denotes Nine or 10 mice from each exposure group were evaluated after 15 months.
T67 10262-10417 DRI_Background denotes Survival, Body Weights, Feed and Compound Consumption, and Clinical Findings: Survival of exposed male and female mice was similar to that of the controls.
T68 10418-10735 DRI_Outcome denotes Mean body weights of male and female mice receiving 10,000 ppm were 10% to 29% lower than those of the controls during most of the study, and the final mean body weights in these groups were 19% lower than that of the controls for males and 27% lower than that of the controls for females.
T69 10736-10965 DRI_Background denotes Feed consumption by exposed mice was similar to that by controls and the diets were estimated to deliver daily doses of approximately 120, 360, and 1,520 mg of dye/kg body weight to males and 140, 470, and 2,050 mg/kg to females.
T70 10966-11024 DRI_Outcome denotes No chemical-related clinical signs of toxicity were noted.
T71 11025-11213 DRI_Background denotes Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Hematocrit, hemoglobin, and mean erythrocyte volume values in males and females receiving 10,000 ppm were significantly lower than those of the controls.
T72 11214-11438 DRI_Background denotes Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and/or sorbitol dehydrogenase values in male and female mice that received 10,000 ppm were significantly higher than those of controls, which is consistent with hepatocellular damage.
T73 11486-11870 DRI_Outcome denotes Direct Blue 218 to mice produced significantly increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma (0 ppm, 16/50; 1,000 ppm, 19/50; 3,000 ppm, 17/50; 10,000 ppm, 40/50) and hepatocellular carcinoma (7/50, 3/50, 8/50,17/50) in males receiving 10,000 ppm, and a significantly increased incidence of hepatocellular adenoma in females receiving 3,000 or 10,000 ppm (7/49, 12/50, 17/49, 41/49).
T74 11871-11975 DRI_Outcome denotes In females that received 10,000 ppm, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was marginally increased.
T75 11976-12159 DRI_Outcome denotes Consistent with these findings, the incidence of hepatocellular foci of cytologic alteration, a preneoplastic lesion, was also increased in males and females in the 10,000 ppm groups.
T76 12160-12267 DRI_Background denotes The increased incidences of hepatocellular foci, adenomas, and carcinomas were considered chemical related.
T77 12268-12359 DRI_Background denotes Uncommon renal tubule neoplasms also occurred at low incidences in male mice receiving C.I.
T78 12360-12397 DRI_Approach denotes Direct Blue 218, but not in controls.
T79 12398-12528 DRI_Outcome denotes Renal tubule adenomas were seen in two males receiving 1,000 ppm, one male receiving 3,000 ppm, and one male receiving 10,000 ppm.
T80 12529-12604 DRI_Background denotes A renal tubule carcinoma was also seen in one male that received 1,000 ppm.
T81 12605-12760 DRI_Background denotes Because renal tubule neoplasms are uncommon in male mice (4/1,366, 0.3%; range 0%-2%), these neoplasms may have been chemical related.
T82 12761-12843 DRI_Outcome denotes Carcinomas of the small intestine occurred in four male mice receiving 10,000 ppm.
T83 12844-12965 DRI_Background denotes One was observed at the 15-month interim evaluation, while the other three were observed in mice at the end of the study.
T84 12966-13033 DRI_Background denotes One control male mouse also had a carcinoma of the small intestine.
T85 13034-13283 DRI_Background denotes Because of the uncommon occurrence of small intestine neoplasms in untreated male mice (12/1,374, 0.9%; range 0%-4%), the slightly higher incidence of these neoplasms in males receiving 10,000 ppm may have been chemical related.
T86 13284-13461 DRI_Outcome denotes Carcinomas of the small intestine also occurred in one 3,000 ppm and one 10,000 ppm female, but the low incidences precluded drawing an association with chemical administration.
T87 13462-13645 DRI_Background denotes GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: C.I Direct Blue 218 was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 tested with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9).
T88 13646-13891 DRI_Background denotes It was also tested in a modified Salmonella test protocol which employed reductive metabolism supplied by flavin mononucleotide or rat cecal bacteria, followed by oxidative metabolism; results of this test using strain TA1538 were also negative.
T89 13897-14053 DRI_Approach denotes Direct Blue 218 induced a small but significant increase in sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells at the highest dose tested without S9.
T90 14054-14157 DRI_Background denotes No increase in chromosomal aberrations were observed in Chinese hamster ovary cells with or without S9.
T91 14163-14278 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 did not induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in germ cells of male Drosophila melanogaster.
T92 14279-14399 DRI_Background denotes CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of C.I.
T93 14400-14484 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 in male F344/N rats based on the occurrence of pharyngeal neoplasms.
T94 14485-14559 DRI_Background denotes Squamous cell neoplasms of the forestomach may have been chemical related.
T95 14560-14686 DRI_Background denotes There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of C.I Direct Blue 218 in female F344/N rats given 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm.
T96 14687-14744 DRI_Background denotes There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of C.I.
T97 14745-14864 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 in male and female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas.
T98 14865-14975 DRI_Background denotes The occurrence of a few neoplasms of the kidney and small intestine in male mice may have been related to C.I.
T99 15030-15180 DRI_Background denotes Direct Blue 218 produced an increased incidence of forestomach basal cell hyperplasia in rats and hepatocellular foci of cytologic alteration in mice.