PMC:8275828 / 9048-11372 JSONTXT

{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"34268331-127-133-887364","span":{"begin":186,"end":188},"obj":"[\"21852888\"]"},{"id":"34268331-197-203-887365","span":{"begin":618,"end":620},"obj":"[\"7114305\"]"},{"id":"34268331-159-165-887366","span":{"begin":782,"end":784},"obj":"[\"1202204\"]"},{"id":"34268331-228-234-887367","span":{"begin":861,"end":863},"obj":"[\"8274108\"]"},{"id":"34268331-234-240-887368","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1076},"obj":"[\"1608726\"]"},{"id":"34268331-236-242-887369","span":{"begin":1286,"end":1288},"obj":"[\"16009893\"]"},{"id":"34268331-229-235-887370","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1292},"obj":"[\"5089457\"]"},{"id":"34268331-178-184-887371","span":{"begin":1473,"end":1475},"obj":"[\"2738312\"]"},{"id":"34268331-110-116-887372","span":{"begin":1588,"end":1590},"obj":"[\"9310507\"]"},{"id":"34268331-136-142-887373","span":{"begin":1729,"end":1731},"obj":"[\"31177211\"]"},{"id":"34268331-229-235-887374","span":{"begin":1998,"end":2000},"obj":"[\"22205763\"]"}],"text":"Cognitive Assessment and Cognitive Domain Composite Scores\nAfter enrollment in the GCS, cognitive assessment was performed every 6 months at the subject's residence as reported earlier (34). Cognitive data were obtained from the visit closest to death (\u003c1 year for all subjects). Dementia status was assessed by geriatric psychiatrists using Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and subjects were grouped based on GDS score. A score of 1–2 on GDS was clinically defined as no dementia; a score of 3 represented mild cognitive impairment; and a score of 4–7 represented increasing severity of dementia from mild to severe (41). Cognitive tests included Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, 24–30 = normal cognition; 19–23 = mild; 10–18 = moderate; or ≤ 9 = severe cognitive impairment) (42), Severe Impairment Battery (SIB, \u003c 63 = very severely impaired cognition) (43), Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME) (44), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) (45), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition (WAIS-III) Similarities (46), Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale (BDS) (47), and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) battery which included Verbal Fluency (VF), Boston Naming Test (BNT), Constructional Praxis (CP), and Word List Memory Test (WLMT) (48, 49). Depression was assessed using Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDSSF) (50), and activities of daily living were assessed using Direct Assessment of Function Status (DAFS) (51). All subtests have been validated and are considered reliable measures of cognition in normal aging and in AD (52).\nTo calculate cognitive domain composite scores, scores from each cognitive test were normalized using z-scoring as previously reported (53). Composite scores of five cognitive domains (memory, executive function, language, visuospatial function, attention), depression, and activities of daily living were then calculated by averaging the z-scores of tests based on the method adapted from Bowman et al. (15). The calculation method has also previously been reported and shown in Supplementary Table 1. Global cognition composite scores were also derived by combining total cognitive testing z-scores, MMSE, and SIB. Missing test scores were excluded and the denominator changed accordingly for the calculation of composite scores."}