PMC:7799378 / 21783-24021 JSONTXT

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between G6PD deficiency and COVID-19\nThe severity of COVID-19 is influenced by genetic variants of G6PD in humans, which is related to an impaired immune response [111]. It has been predicted that COVID-19 will spread more widely in areas or countries with a high prevalence of G6PD deficiency. This concern poses a serious challenge to treat COVID-19 in G6PD-deficient patients. Severe G6PD deficiency is associated with an altered immune response, including NET formation, inflammasome activation, and bactericidal activity as well as an antiviral response [9–11,42,85,95,110]. Hence, G6PD deficiency presents a challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic.\nSeveral factors can influence the clinical severity in patients with COVID-19. Age is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 [112]. The elderly with COVID-19 (32%) have higher mortality rates compared with the middle-aged and the young [113]. The elderly with coexisting conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity increase their mortality risk five-fold [114]. Oxidative stress and aging go hand in hand during coronavirus infection. Aging not only affects the immune response, but also induces a pro-inflammatory state. Aged-animals infected with SARS-CoV display more severe lesions and an increased pro-inflammatory response than their young counterparts [115]. This indicates that the age-associated accumulation of oxidative stress and a reduced antioxidative defense can worsen viral infections [116]. It is speculated that G6PD-deficient variants enhance the clinical severity of COVID-19. Hence, in the elderly with COVID-19, those with G6PD deficiency may become more anaemic than those with the normal activity of G6PD [117,118].\nOne of risk factors leading to a higher incidence of COVID-19 is ethnicity. African-Americans have a higher incidence of COVID-19 [119]. G6PD-deficient African Americans have higher levels of GSSG and lipid peroxide in the blood compared to G6PD-normal African Americans [120]. Co-supplementation of vitamin D and L-cysteine has been recommended for the increased oxidative stress and an impaired immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection for in G6PD-deficient African-Americans [121]."}

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{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1003,"end":1015},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":1021,"end":1028},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":1076,"end":1092},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1435,"end":1451},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":2119,"end":2135},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A38","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"},{"id":"A39","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T39","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513"},{"id":"A40","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T40","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025464"},{"id":"A41","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T41","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025464"},{"id":"A42","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T42","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025464"}],"text":"Interaction between G6PD deficiency and COVID-19\nThe severity of COVID-19 is influenced by genetic variants of G6PD in humans, which is related to an impaired immune response [111]. It has been predicted that COVID-19 will spread more widely in areas or countries with a high prevalence of G6PD deficiency. This concern poses a serious challenge to treat COVID-19 in G6PD-deficient patients. Severe G6PD deficiency is associated with an altered immune response, including NET formation, inflammasome activation, and bactericidal activity as well as an antiviral response [9–11,42,85,95,110]. Hence, G6PD deficiency presents a challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic.\nSeveral factors can influence the clinical severity in patients with COVID-19. Age is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 [112]. The elderly with COVID-19 (32%) have higher mortality rates compared with the middle-aged and the young [113]. The elderly with coexisting conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity increase their mortality risk five-fold [114]. Oxidative stress and aging go hand in hand during coronavirus infection. Aging not only affects the immune response, but also induces a pro-inflammatory state. Aged-animals infected with SARS-CoV display more severe lesions and an increased pro-inflammatory response than their young counterparts [115]. This indicates that the age-associated accumulation of oxidative stress and a reduced antioxidative defense can worsen viral infections [116]. It is speculated that G6PD-deficient variants enhance the clinical severity of COVID-19. Hence, in the elderly with COVID-19, those with G6PD deficiency may become more anaemic than those with the normal activity of G6PD [117,118].\nOne of risk factors leading to a higher incidence of COVID-19 is ethnicity. African-Americans have a higher incidence of COVID-19 [119]. G6PD-deficient African Americans have higher levels of GSSG and lipid peroxide in the blood compared to G6PD-normal African Americans [120]. Co-supplementation of vitamin D and L-cysteine has been recommended for the increased oxidative stress and an impaired immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection for in G6PD-deficient African-Americans [121]."}