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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
10 361-380 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
11 1201-1217 Disease denotes Chronic diseases MESH:D002908
12 1269-1292 Disease denotes cardiovascular diseases MESH:D002318
13 1509-1519 Disease denotes meningitis MESH:D008581
14 1540-1570 Disease denotes Hepatitis B virus vaccinations MESH:D006509
15 1667-1677 Disease denotes meningitis MESH:D008581
16 1690-1703 Disease denotes poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
17 2783-2793 Disease denotes meningitis MESH:D008581
18 2798-2811 Disease denotes poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
19 2871-2879 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
22 3854-3863 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
23 3869-3897 Disease denotes Respiratory tract infections MESH:D012141
26 4961-4969 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
27 5203-5221 Disease denotes infectious disease MESH:D003141
30 5323-5342 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
31 5393-5402 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
43 5868-5873 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
44 5830-5836 Disease denotes coughs MESH:D003371
45 6173-6192 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
46 6203-6211 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
47 6393-6402 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
48 6479-6507 Disease denotes respiratory tract infections MESH:D012141
49 6984-7005 Disease denotes respiratory infection MESH:D012141
50 7102-7110 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
51 7438-7442 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
52 7448-7456 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
53 7457-7466 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
55 7741-7749 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
57 8230-8238 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
60 8488-8507 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
61 8556-8564 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
65 12355-12370 Disease denotes Chronic disease MESH:D002908
66 12425-12448 Disease denotes Cardiovascular diseases MESH:D002318
67 12503-12520 Disease denotes diabetes mellitus MESH:D003920
71 12761-12771 Disease denotes meningitis MESH:D008581
72 12802-12813 Disease denotes Hepatitis B MESH:D006509
73 12850-12863 Disease denotes poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
75 12919-12932 Disease denotes poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
78 14540-14545 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
79 14566-14574 Disease denotes coughing MESH:D003371
81 15255-15260 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
85 15723-15733 Disease denotes meningitis MESH:D008581
86 15746-15759 Disease denotes poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
87 16046-16054 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
95 16158-16171 Disease denotes meningococcal MESH:D008589
96 16675-16683 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
97 16959-16968 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
98 17208-17227 Disease denotes respiratory disease MESH:D012140
99 17263-17275 Disease denotes tuberculosis MESH:D014376
100 17281-17313 Disease denotes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MESH:D018352
101 18127-18135 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
106 18351-18364 Disease denotes poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
107 18420-18433 Disease denotes poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
108 18523-18536 Disease denotes poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
109 18704-18722 Disease denotes infectious disease MESH:D003141
111 19363-19373 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
115 21066-21074 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
116 21213-21235 Disease denotes respiratory infections MESH:D012141
117 21373-21401 Disease denotes respiratory tract infections MESH:D012141
119 22231-22247 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
121 22489-22497 Disease denotes coughing MESH:D003371
124 22932-22952 Disease denotes blood-borne diseases MESH:D006402
125 22961-22980 Disease denotes HIV and Hepatitis B MESH:D006509
131 24998-25008 Disease denotes meningitis MESH:D008581
132 25013-25038 Disease denotes poliomyelitis vaccination MESH:D011051
133 25368-25378 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
134 25561-25569 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
135 25682-25687 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
138 27361-27390 Disease denotes COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease MESH:C000657245
139 27391-27465 Disease denotes 2019 HBV Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine ARI Acute Respiratory Tract Infection MESH:C000657245
141 28576-28593 Disease denotes Diabetes mellitus MESH:D003920
143 28596-28608 Disease denotes Hypertension MESH:D006973
145 28611-28626 Disease denotes Cardiac disease MESH:D006331
147 28668-28684 Disease denotes mental disorders MESH:D001523
149 28548-28563 Disease denotes chronic disease MESH:D002908
151 28872-28881 Disease denotes Hepatitis MESH:D056486
153 28906-28923 Disease denotes Hepatitis B virus MESH:D006509
155 28961-28983 Disease denotes Meningitis vaccination MESH:D004673
157 28986-28999 Disease denotes Poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
161 30223-30228 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
162 30454-30459 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
163 35416-35424 Disease denotes coughing MESH:D003371
195 31716-31739 Disease denotes Type of chronic disease MESH:D002908
196 31752-31769 Disease denotes Diabetes mellitus MESH:D003920
197 31779-31802 Disease denotes Cardiovascular diseases MESH:D002318
198 31814-31846 Disease denotes Central nervous system disorders MESH:D002493
199 31867-31883 Disease denotes mental disorders MESH:D001523
204 33142-33151 Disease denotes Hepatitis MESH:D056486
205 33185-33194 Disease denotes Hepatitis MESH:D056486
206 33258-33268 Disease denotes Meningitis MESH:D008581
207 33292-33305 Disease denotes Poliomyelitis MESH:D011051
211 34761-34766 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
212 35380-35385 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
215 36424-36429 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 1269-1292 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T2 1509-1519 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T3 1540-1549 Phenotype denotes Hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T4 1667-1677 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T5 2783-2793 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T6 3869-3897 Phenotype denotes Respiratory tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T7 6479-6507 Phenotype denotes respiratory tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T8 6509-6512 Phenotype denotes RTI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T9 6984-7005 Phenotype denotes respiratory infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T10 12425-12448 Phenotype denotes Cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T11 12503-12520 Phenotype denotes diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000819
T12 12761-12771 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T13 12802-12811 Phenotype denotes Hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T14 14566-14574 Phenotype denotes coughing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T15 15723-15733 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T16 21213-21235 Phenotype denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T17 21367-21401 Phenotype denotes acute respiratory tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011948
T18 21403-21406 Phenotype denotes ARI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011948
T19 21533-21536 Phenotype denotes ARI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011948
T20 21577-21580 Phenotype denotes ARI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011948
T21 22489-22497 Phenotype denotes coughing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T22 22969-22978 Phenotype denotes Hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T23 24998-25008 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T24 27401-27410 Phenotype denotes Hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T25 27427-27430 Phenotype denotes ARI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011948
T26 27432-27465 Phenotype denotes Acute Respiratory Tract Infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011948
T27 28576-28593 Phenotype denotes Diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000819
T28 28596-28608 Phenotype denotes Hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T29 28872-28881 Phenotype denotes Hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T30 28906-28915 Phenotype denotes Hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T31 28961-28971 Phenotype denotes Meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T32 30489-30497 Phenotype denotes coughing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T33 31752-31769 Phenotype denotes Diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000819
T34 31779-31802 Phenotype denotes Cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T35 33142-33151 Phenotype denotes Hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T36 33185-33194 Phenotype denotes Hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T37 33258-33268 Phenotype denotes Meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T38 35416-35424 Phenotype denotes coughing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-93 Sentence denotes Assessment of Preventative Measures Practice among Umrah Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, 1440H-2019
T2 95-103 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 104-115 Sentence denotes Background:
T4 116-243 Sentence denotes Annually, approximately 10 million pilgrims travel to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for Umrah from more than 180 countries.
T5 244-458 Sentence denotes This event presents major challenges for the Kingdom’s public health sector, which strives to decrease the burden of infectious diseases and to adequately control their spread both in KSA and pilgrims home nations.
T6 459-617 Sentence denotes The aims of the study were to assess preventative measures practice, including vaccination history and health education, among Umrah pilgrims in Saudi Arabia.
T7 618-626 Sentence denotes Methods:
T8 627-787 Sentence denotes A cross sectional survey was administered to pilgrims from February to April 2019 at the departure lounge at King Abdul Aziz International airport, Jeddah city.
T9 788-1129 Sentence denotes The questionnaire comprised questions on sociodemographic information (age, gender, marital status, level of education, history of vaccinations and chronic illnesses), whether the pilgrim had received any health education and orientation prior to coming to Saudi Arabia or on their arrival, and their experiences with preventative practices.
T10 1130-1138 Sentence denotes Results:
T11 1139-1200 Sentence denotes Pilgrims (n = 1012) of 41 nationalities completed the survey.
T12 1201-1344 Sentence denotes Chronic diseases were reported among pilgrims (n = 387, 38.2%) with cardiovascular diseases being the most reported morbidity (n = 164, 42.3%).
T13 1345-1436 Sentence denotes The majority of pilgrims had been immunized prior to travel to Saudi Arabia (n = 770, 76%).
T14 1437-1586 Sentence denotes The most commonly reported immunizations were influenza (n = 514, 51%), meningitis (n = 418, 41%), and Hepatitis B virus vaccinations (n = 310, 31%).
T15 1587-1817 Sentence denotes However, 242 (24%) had not received any vaccinations prior to travel, including meningitis vaccine and poliomyelitis vaccine, which are mandatory by Saudi Arabian health authorities for pilgrims coming from polio active countries.
T16 1818-1923 Sentence denotes Nearly a third of pilgrims (n = 305; 30.1%) never wore a face mask in crowded areas during Umrah in 2019.
T17 1924-2091 Sentence denotes In contrast, similar numbers said they always wore a face mask (n = 351, 34.6%) in crowded areas, while 63.2% reported lack of availability of face masks during Umrah.
T18 2092-2282 Sentence denotes The majority of participants had received some form of health education on preventative measures, including hygiene aspects (n = 799, 78.9%), mostly in their home countries (n = 450, 44.4%).
T19 2283-2492 Sentence denotes A positive association was found between receiving health education and practicing of preventative measures, such as wearing face masks in crowded areas (p = 0.04), and other health practice scores (p = 0.02).
T20 2493-2504 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T21 2505-2702 Sentence denotes Although the experiences of the preventative measures among pilgrims in terms of health education, vaccinations, and hygienic practices were at times positive, this study identified several issues.
T22 2703-2859 Sentence denotes These included the following preventative measures: immunizations, particularly meningitis and poliomyelitis vaccine, and using face masks in crowded areas.
T23 2860-3119 Sentence denotes The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for further studies that focus on development of accessible health education in a form that engages pilgrims to promote comprehensive preventative measures during Umrah and Hajj and other religious pilgrimages.
T24 3121-3123 Sentence denotes 1.
T25 3124-3136 Sentence denotes Introduction
T26 3137-3291 Sentence denotes Around 10 million pilgrims travel annually to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for Umrah (a minor pilgrimage to Makkah) from more than 180 countries [1].
T27 3292-3527 Sentence denotes According to The Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, the government of KSA has issued 7,584,424 Umrah visas since 30 May 2019 (25 Ramadan 1440 H), with pilgrims coming via air, land, or sea to visit the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah [1,2].
T28 3528-3661 Sentence denotes Umrah is a spiritual practice that is not obligatory and has no fixed date or time to be performed so may be seasonally affected [3].
T29 3662-3868 Sentence denotes Similarly to the Hajj and other mass gatherings, the Umrah entails global movement of people, gathering of crowds, and therefore an increased health challenge, including the risk of spreading infection [4].
T30 3869-4100 Sentence denotes Respiratory tract infections, overcrowding accidents, pollution, and many other medical and health issues are encountered by the host country, which requires special attention and measurable responses to mitigate these risks [4,5].
T31 4101-4364 Sentence denotes Without proper planning and preventative measures, this religious activity can overwhelm the health system of the host country and impact global health preparedness, because the majority of Umrah pilgrims come from, and return to, their different countries [5,6].
T32 4365-4731 Sentence denotes The Umrah performer (pilgrim), called hajji in the Arabic language, must be received and accompanied by a company authorized by the Ministry of Hajj, called “Al Hamla”, which provides Hajj and Umrah services including catering, transportation, travel arrangements, accommodation, and first aid health services for every pilgrim who has paid for their services [1,6].
T33 4732-4944 Sentence denotes Before travelling to Saudi Arabia for Umrah, pilgrims are advised to seek medical advice about potential health risks and bring vaccination certificates to be inspected at the entry port by Saudi authorities [3].
T34 4945-5236 Sentence denotes Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health (MOH) published a guide for pilgrims on health issues and standard vaccination requirements, together with important control measures for the safety of the individuals and prevention of infectious disease outbreaks [7].
T35 5237-5494 Sentence denotes There is no doubt that providing health education to pilgrims on non-communicable and infectious diseases (including the preventative measures and modes of infection transmission) is of great interest for the Hajj and health authorities in Saudi Arabia [5].
T36 5495-5684 Sentence denotes It is also critical for global public health and disease control, which is considered good practice to minimize the risks and improve compliance with preventative control measures [8,9,10].
T37 5685-6008 Sentence denotes During Umrah, pilgrims have a vital role in sustaining public health through practicing preventative measures such as personal hygiene, catching coughs and sneezes, hand washing with water and soap or sanitizers, wearing face masks (and doing so properly), and subsequent waste disposal of materials in sanitary bins [5,7].
T38 6009-6316 Sentence denotes Face mask use was considered an affordable and effective method to control the exposure to pathogens in high-risk environments, to reduce the risk of transmittable infectious diseases including COVID-19 [11], and to protect from the inhalation of aerosols containing organic and inorganic particulates [12].
T39 6317-6576 Sentence denotes More recent studies cast doubt on the effectiveness of masks for preventing infection transmission, with some studies reporting over 90% of pilgrims experiencing respiratory tract infections (RTI), suggesting preventative measures are needed [13,14,15,16,17].
T40 6577-6682 Sentence denotes Hoang et al. (2019) conducted sequential systematic testing of 121 French pilgrims during Hajj 2018 [18].
T41 6683-6808 Sentence denotes Amongst their sample, 40.5% reported wearing a face mask, 55.4% washing hands more often, and 87.6% using disposable tissues.
T42 6809-7041 Sentence denotes They found RTIs at the Hajj were as “a result of complex interactions between a number of respiratory viruses and bacteria” with 93.4% (n = 113/121) experiencing at least one respiratory infection despite preventative measures [18].
T43 7042-7213 Sentence denotes The same research team conducted a smaller study focused on COVID-19 at the 2020 Hajj, which had restricted attendance (n = 1000) with only Saudi nationals permitted [19].
T44 7214-7334 Sentence denotes The wearing of face masks was mandated with no public health emergency noted when the Hajj ended early August 2020 [19].
T45 7335-7538 Sentence denotes However, a recent systematic review of 21 studies by Liang et al. (2020) found “the risk of influenza, SARS, and COVID-19 infection were reduced by 45%, 74%, and 96% by wearing masks, respectively” [20].
T46 7539-7617 Sentence denotes The evidence is both contradictory and inconclusive [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20].
T47 7618-7715 Sentence denotes On 27 February 2020, the KSA Foreign Ministry took a decisive and proactive preventative measure.
T48 7716-7849 Sentence denotes To prevent the spread of COVID-19, it suspended Umrah visas, denying entry of pilgrims to the holy cities and the entire Kingdom [2].
T49 7850-7999 Sentence denotes The Saudi Arabian Vision 2030 aimed to build outstanding health and economic services for visitors to the country, including Umrah and Hajj pilgrims.
T50 8000-8427 Sentence denotes In light of an initiative called “To care about Rahman Guests” introduced by the Ministry of Health Community Services in Jeddah, in collaboration with a voluntary group (Vision Team) and in view of the current global pandemic of COVID-19 that has affected millions of people worldwide, there is an imperative need for effective preventative measures to be adopted nationally to increase preparedness for future Umrah and Hajj.
T51 8428-8711 Sentence denotes Given the clear importance of controlling public health and infectious diseases at mass religious gatherings, underlined by the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to assess the experiences of preventative measures practiced among Umrah pilgrims following their Hajj in Saudi Arabia.
T52 8713-8715 Sentence denotes 2.
T53 8716-8723 Sentence denotes Methods
T54 8725-8729 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T55 8730-8742 Sentence denotes Study Design
T56 8743-8923 Sentence denotes A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Umrah pilgrims before departure from February to the end of April 2019 at King Abdul Aziz Airport-Islamic port in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
T57 8925-8929 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T58 8930-8955 Sentence denotes Questionnaire Development
T59 8956-9525 Sentence denotes The questionnaire (Appendix A) was composed of sociodemographic items including age, gender, nationality, level of education, history of vaccinations and chronic illnesses; whether the pilgrim had received any health education and orientation prior to coming to Saudi Arabia; or upon their arrival, their experiences of the practice of preventative measures such as using umbrellas, hats, or sunscreen to protect from excessive heat and sun, use of hygiene tools and practices such as wearing of face masks and washing hands, and the availability of relevant resources.
T60 9526-9667 Sentence denotes Pilgrims were also asked to rate their level of satisfaction around the health services provided by the Saudi Arabian MOH or other providers.
T61 9668-9904 Sentence denotes Item types included closed questions, where the tick list was originated from a combination of previous research on mass gatherings and public health issues, with respondents permitted to select more than one response in some questions.
T62 9905-10038 Sentence denotes The questionnaire was reviewed for face and content validity by members of the research team and experts in public health in the MOH.
T63 10039-10196 Sentence denotes Validity testing was followed by piloting with twenty Umrah pilgrims of different nationalities and spoken languages, with no changes required post-piloting.
T64 10197-10280 Sentence denotes Therefore, the pilot responses were included in the analysis dataset for reporting.
T65 10281-10438 Sentence denotes The questionnaire was written in Arabic and was translated by the Al Hamla company’s supervisors to the pilgrim’s specific languages to be easily understood.
T66 10439-10564 Sentence denotes Finally, all responses were gathered by the multi-lingual research team and translated to English for analysis and reporting.
T67 10566-10570 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T68 10571-10582 Sentence denotes Recruitment
T69 10583-10788 Sentence denotes Potential participants were approached opportunistically by a research team member from February until the end of April 2019 at the departure lounge at King Abdul Aziz International Airport in Jeddah city.
T70 10789-10910 Sentence denotes They were asked if they had time to participate in a short survey concerning the preventative measures in Umrah practice.
T71 10911-11107 Sentence denotes Those who agreed were administered the questionnaire by one of the 22 trained personnel who recorded the responses electronically into an automated dataset that excluded incomplete questionnaires.
T72 11108-11190 Sentence denotes Participants had to be at least 18 years of age; there were no exclusion criteria.
T73 11192-11196 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T74 11197-11205 Sentence denotes Analysis
T75 11206-11318 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was undertaken using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Inc, Cart, NY, USA, version 22).
T76 11319-11397 Sentence denotes The data were summarized and analyzed using descriptive and inferential tests.
T77 11398-11614 Sentence denotes A t-test for independent samples was conducted to identify the relationship between receiving health education and the practice of preventative measures by pilgrims; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
T78 11616-11618 Sentence denotes 3.
T79 11619-11626 Sentence denotes Results
T80 11627-11716 Sentence denotes 1012 questionnaires were completed by the participants with 41 nationalities represented.
T81 11718-11722 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T82 11723-11755 Sentence denotes Sociodemographic Characteristics
T83 11756-11892 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, the majority of participants were male (n = 656, 64.8%), with 34.6% female (n = 356), and married (n = 773, 76.3%).
T84 11893-12078 Sentence denotes Pilgrims were from Iraq (n = 177, 17.5%) followed by Egypt (n = 161, 15.9 %), Sudan (n = 113, 11.1%), Indonesia (n = 111, 11%) and Pakistan (n = 92, 9.1%), respectively, as per Table 2.
T85 12080-12084 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T86 12085-12103 Sentence denotes Level of Education
T87 12104-12330 Sentence denotes While the majority had attended high school or above (n = 622, 61.4%), there was a proportion with only a basic level of reading and writing ability (n = 94, 9.3%), with some describing themselves as illiterate (n = 58, 5.7%).
T88 12332-12336 Sentence denotes 3.3.
T89 12337-12354 Sentence denotes Medical Condition
T90 12355-12424 Sentence denotes Chronic disease including multimorbidity was reported among pilgrims.
T91 12425-12552 Sentence denotes Cardiovascular diseases were the most prevalent (n = 164, 42.4%), followed by diabetes mellitus (n = 139, 37%), as per Table 1.
T92 12554-12558 Sentence denotes 3.4.
T93 12559-12579 Sentence denotes Immunization History
T94 12580-12903 Sentence denotes Despite the Umrah visa requirements, some pilgrims (n = 223; 22%) had not received any vaccination prior to travel; however, others had received influenza vaccine (n = 514; 50.8%), meningitis vaccination (n = 418; 41.3%), Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) (n = 310; 30.6%), and poliomyelitis vaccination (n = 285; 28.1%) (Table 3).
T95 12904-13207 Sentence denotes In the case of poliomyelitis vaccination for pilgrims attending from countries listed at the time of the 2019 Umrah as polio active, some of the pilgrims had not taken a polio vaccine before travelling from at risk countries including Pakistan (n = 34/92; 31.2%) and Afghanistan (n = 16/80; 12.8%) [21].
T96 13209-13213 Sentence denotes 3.5.
T97 13214-13252 Sentence denotes Duration of Stay in Makkah and Madinah
T98 13253-13403 Sentence denotes The majority of participants stayed in Makkah for less than two weeks (n = 660, 65.2%) and in Madinah for less than a week (n = 614, 60.6%) (Table 3).
T99 13405-13409 Sentence denotes 3.6.
T100 13410-13426 Sentence denotes Health Education
T101 13427-13648 Sentence denotes The majority of pilgrims had received some form of health education (n = 799, 78.9%) described as self-education (n = 185, 23.2%); however, a proportion (n = 123, 12.1%) indicated that they had not received any (Table 4).
T102 13649-13769 Sentence denotes The majority received health education in their homeland (n = 450, 44.4%) or on arrival in Saudi Arabia (n= 201, 19.8%).
T103 13770-13985 Sentence denotes Many believed that the health education they had received was helpful (n = 661, 65.3%) or helpful “to some extent” (n = 216; 21.3%); however, some pilgrims (n = 135; 13.3%) did not find the health education helpful.
T104 13986-14218 Sentence denotes The most cited source of health education was lectures (n = 262; 25.8%), followed by travel clinics (n = 134; 13.2%), followed by family and friends (n = 127, 12.5%), followed by health care providers (n = 122, 12%), as per Table 4.
T105 14220-14224 Sentence denotes 3.7.
T106 14225-14258 Sentence denotes Practice of Preventative Measures
T107 14259-14364 Sentence denotes Nearly a third of pilgrims (n = 305; 30.1%) never wore a face mask in crowded areas during Umrah in 2019.
T108 14365-14462 Sentence denotes In contrast, similar numbers said they always wore a face mask (n = 351, 34.6%) in crowded areas.
T109 14463-14588 Sentence denotes The majority of pilgrims (n = 840, 82.9%) did wash their hands with soap and water or sanitizers after coughing and sneezing.
T110 14589-14768 Sentence denotes Most pilgrims reported that they never used an umbrella or hat to protect them from the sun (n = 509, 50.2%), while some always used an umbrella or hat (n = 144, 14.2%) (Table 5).
T111 14769-14882 Sentence denotes Table 6 shows the responses to items on aspects of availability and the sources of Personal Protective Equipment.
T112 14883-14953 Sentence denotes Many pilgrims reported face masks were not available (n = 642, 63.4%).
T113 14954-15086 Sentence denotes Table 7 reports the association between receiving some form of health education and practicing of preventative measures by pilgrims.
T114 15087-15357 Sentence denotes Receiving health education was significantly associated with the wearing of face masks in crowded areas (p = 0.04) and healthy practice score (i.e., washing hands with water, soap, or sanitizers, use of personal tools, disposing of used tissues in waste bin) (p = 0.02).
T115 15358-15479 Sentence denotes Table 8 indicates that the majority of pilgrims were very satisfied with the Saudi Arabian MOH Services (n = 734, 72.9%).
T116 15481-15483 Sentence denotes 4.
T117 15484-15494 Sentence denotes Discussion
T118 15495-15825 Sentence denotes One thousand and twelve pilgrim of 41 nationalities who performed Umrah in the Saudi Arabia in 2019 had completed the survey, almost a quarter of whom had not received any vaccination prior to travel to the holy city, including meningitis vaccine and poliomyelitis vaccine, which are mandatory by Saudi Arabian health authorities.
T119 15826-16064 Sentence denotes Another issue is that a considerable percentage of pilgrims (30.1%) never wore a face mask in crowded areas during Umrah, which merits further investigations for the causes and improvement polices, particularly amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
T120 16065-16349 Sentence denotes Notably, all pilgrims arriving Saudi Arabia must have received a single dose of quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine and provide proof of a valid vaccination or prophylaxis in the five years before arrival to allow the issue of a Hajj or Umrah visa by the Saudi Arabian Authorities [7].
T121 16350-16634 Sentence denotes However, this study reported less than half of the pilgrims (n = 418, 41.3%) surveyed actually had this vaccination, an issue that has been raised before by Ahmed et al. (2006) [5] and Shibl et al. (2017) [13], which should be examined again to avoid the spread of contagious disease.
T122 16635-16740 Sentence denotes This is especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic, as recent studies have noted [16,17,18,19,20].
T123 16741-17024 Sentence denotes The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) goes further in strongly recommending that hajjis receive a seasonal influenza vaccine, which is recommended for high risk pilgrims to reduce their own morbidity and mortality, but also to reduce transmission of the disease [3,18].
T124 17025-17398 Sentence denotes As raised by Barasheed et al. (2014) [14], Benkouiten et al. (2013) [15], and others more recently [16,17,18,19,20], the crowded conditions during Hajj and Umrah increase the risk of respiratory disease transmission including influenzas, tuberculosis, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, which was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 [3,18,21,22].
T125 17399-17670 Sentence denotes In this study, 50.8% of pilgrims had reported that they were vaccinated against seasonal influenzas, which is higher than recently reported among Malaysian pilgrims (24.9%) [23], French pilgrims (31.8%), and Saudi Arabian, Qatari, and Australian pilgrims (31.0%) [14,15].
T126 17671-17871 Sentence denotes It should be considered whether the CDC recommendation should be added to the Umrah and Hajj visa requirements, although the evidence is still inconclusive and at times contradictory [16,17,18,19,20].
T127 17872-18112 Sentence denotes Whether greater enforcement of the regulations would help promote public health remains to be seen, but dramatically reducing the size of mass religious gatherings and adopting preventative measures has been shown to work at Hajj 2020 [19].
T128 18113-18285 Sentence denotes Following the COVID-19 pandemic these restrictions, and greater adoption of preventative measures such as the wearing of face masks may also be more acceptable to pilgrims.
T129 18286-18365 Sentence denotes Yet again, few pilgrims (n = 285, 28.1%) were vaccinated against poliomyelitis.
T130 18366-18557 Sentence denotes The Saudi Arabian health authorities require proof of poliomyelitis vaccination from at least four weeks before arrival from pilgrims who are traveling from poliomyelitis reporting countries.
T131 18558-18784 Sentence denotes This is an issue returned to again and again over the years by research teams including Memish et al. (2012a,2012b,2014, 2016, 2019), considering infectious disease prevention during Umrah and Hajj pilgrimages [8,22,24,25,26].
T132 18785-18938 Sentence denotes Of note, free polio vaccination is administered to pilgrims by Saudi Arabian MOH at the entry ports to promote the aim of world eradication of polio [7].
T133 18939-19024 Sentence denotes Perhaps there are more opportunities to offer further vaccinations at ports of entry.
T134 19025-19177 Sentence denotes The majority of respondents believed that the health education they had received was helpful (n = 661, 65.3%); however, some (n = 135, 13.3%) disagreed.
T135 19178-19486 Sentence denotes Promoting health education and awareness programs prior to and during this spiritual journey is essential to improve their practices and to ensure lower risk of acquiring and spreading infections or existing medical conditions deteriorating, thus helping pilgrims to complete their rites safely and properly.
T136 19487-19688 Sentence denotes The Saudi Arabian MOH has created an easy read guide to Hajj for Umrah pilgrims that comprises important information about vaccinations required and other preventative and precautionary measures [1,7].
T137 19689-19814 Sentence denotes These measures are founded in research following year on year Umrah pilgrimages [4,5,6,8,9,10,13,14,15,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].
T138 19815-20042 Sentence denotes Despite evidence to the contrary on information provided by the MOH in KSA [1,7], almost one quarter of the participants reported not receiving any health education and orientation around preventative measures (n = 213, 21.1%).
T139 20043-20215 Sentence denotes This adds to the challenges in the management of the Hajj and Umrah and may have an impact on the services that are offered by the Saudi Hajj and Health authorities [7,10].
T140 20216-20374 Sentence denotes Clearly, despite all attempts to date to include advance provision of health education to pilgrims, there is more to be done in reaching the wider population.
T141 20375-20527 Sentence denotes With hindsight, this study was an opportunity to establish which types of content and delivery of health education are seen as most helpful to pilgrims.
T142 20528-20564 Sentence denotes This is an area for future research.
T143 20565-20840 Sentence denotes Of note, less than half of the pilgrims (n = 485, 47.9%) had reported using face masks “always or often”, and less than a third of participants (n = 305, 30.1%) had reported never using face masks in crowded areas; however, 63.2% reported lack of availability of these masks.
T144 20841-20942 Sentence denotes This study showed an almost equal divide in those who do and do not use face masks in crowded places.
T145 20943-21043 Sentence denotes This finding is in accordance with other studies in Saudi Arabia (56%) and the USA (42%) [19,24,25].
T146 21044-21162 Sentence denotes Since the outbreak of COVID-19 [27,28], the use of face masks has become universal in China and the rest of the world.
T147 21163-21299 Sentence denotes However, the evidence of their protection against respiratory infections in the community is still controversial [16,17,18,20,28,29,30].
T148 21300-21654 Sentence denotes In Saudi Arabia, a study to estimate the incidence of Hajj-related acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) among pilgrims travelling from Riyadh revealed that the use of a facemask by men was a significant protective factor against ARI in Hajj, and fewer pilgrims (15.0%) had ARI compared with hajjis who used it sometimes (31.4%) or never (61.2%) [29].
T149 21655-21848 Sentence denotes It was reported in other studies that the use of face masks for more than eight hours can lead to a substantial decrease in the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) among pilgrims [14,29].
T150 21849-21923 Sentence denotes However, the effectiveness depended largely on adherence to mask use [30].
T151 21924-22074 Sentence denotes Hoang et al. (2019 and 2020) noted the complexity of the bacterial and viral RTIs [18] and high transmission rates despite preventative measures [19].
T152 22075-22262 Sentence denotes Adaptations to accommodation should be considered as the current use of large, single space dormitory style tents has been noted to encourage the spread of viral infections [16,18,19,20].
T153 22263-22392 Sentence denotes In the chain of transmission, regularly washing hands and the use of hand sanitizers resulted in significantly less ILI symptoms.
T154 22393-22511 Sentence denotes A large proportion of the respondents (n = 840, 83%) always performed proper hand hygiene after coughing and sneezing.
T155 22512-22620 Sentence denotes This percentage is higher than the French pilgrims in 2012 (46.3%) and USA pilgrims in 2009 (45.5%) [14,15].
T156 22621-22762 Sentence denotes Recent studies again emphasize the need for good hygiene practices and the ready provision of personal protective equipment [16,17,18,19,20].
T157 22763-22994 Sentence denotes In the present study, 852 pilgrims (84.1%) always used razor blades for shaving their heads, a practice which, if not done hygienically, poses a risk of transmission of blood-borne diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis B and C [5,18].
T158 22995-23105 Sentence denotes Some studies have identified issues with unlicensed barbers and sharing of razor blades amongst pilgrims [20].
T159 23106-23241 Sentence denotes The majority of pilgrims rated their experience with the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health Services as “very satisfied” (n = 734, 72.9%).
T160 23242-23406 Sentence denotes Of note is that health services including primary, secondary, and intensive care medical services are offered to millions of Umrah and Hajj pilgrims free of charge.
T161 23407-23510 Sentence denotes Whether pilgrims felt open to express their opinions during completion of the survey is open to debate.
T162 23512-23536 Sentence denotes Limitations of the Study
T163 23537-23661 Sentence denotes There are a number of biases that are present in this study, including the self-reporting and recall biases of participants.
T164 23662-23901 Sentence denotes There may also be recruitment bias from the researchers at the airport in whom they approach and participation bias in those who decided to take part in this study and the responses (the number of refusals to participate was not recorded).
T165 23902-24120 Sentence denotes Although the sample size is reasonable, when compared with the cited literature, and considering the millions of Umrah pilgrims arriving at the holy cities in Saudi Arabia yearly, the findings may not be generalizable.
T166 24121-24239 Sentence denotes Time constraints and language barriers were also limiting factors, since the recruitment was conducted at the airport.
T167 24240-24325 Sentence denotes The definition of health education was left open to the participant’s interpretation.
T168 24326-24568 Sentence denotes This is an area that would benefit from closer attention in future studies to establish the content and type of information to include targeting the perhaps varying needs of different groups of pilgrims (language, literacy, economic aspects).
T169 24569-24805 Sentence denotes Despite these limitations, this study has currency and has provided several insights that were consistent with other studies, and some further insights on the behaviors and practices of pilgrims attending Hajj and Umrah in Saudi Arabia.
T170 24807-24809 Sentence denotes 5.
T171 24810-24821 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T172 24822-24969 Sentence denotes This study has identified several issues relating to the preventative measures that were practiced by Umrah pilgrims in Saudi Arabia in 1440H-2019.
T173 24970-25153 Sentence denotes This highlighted inadequate meningitis and poliomyelitis vaccination and insufficient hygiene and safety practices, such as availability and proper wearing of face masks during Umrah.
T174 25154-25225 Sentence denotes The Saudi MOH has the option to enforce mandatory proof of vaccination.
T175 25226-25379 Sentence denotes The behavioral and practice issues amongst pilgrims have been shown in the literature to pose a high risk for acquiring respiratory and other infections.
T176 25380-25521 Sentence denotes The worsening of pre-existing medical conditions is particularly relevant for Umrah pilgrims who tend to be older and with multi-morbidities.
T177 25522-25688 Sentence denotes This is especially the case during the COVID-19 pandemic, given that these pilgrims fit the profile of those more likely to experience more severe symptoms and death.
T178 25689-25926 Sentence denotes It is the duty and responsibility of each country in which their pilgrims participate in this holy rite to promote health education and raise awareness amongst individuals on basic preventative measures in order to promote public health.
T179 25927-26163 Sentence denotes Further studies should focus on development of accessible health education content in a form that engages pilgrims from diverse backgrounds to promote comprehensive preventative measures during mass religious gatherings and pilgrimages.
T180 26165-26288 Sentence denotes Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
T181 26290-26310 Sentence denotes Author Contributions
T182 26311-26451 Sentence denotes A.H.A. and M.M.S. conceived the study and together with S.S.A., S.A.A., M.F.A., and M.T. designed the questionnaire and performed the study.
T183 26452-26529 Sentence denotes M.T. and K.M. substantially revised the manuscript and validated the results.
T184 26530-26606 Sentence denotes All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
T185 26608-26615 Sentence denotes Funding
T186 26616-26659 Sentence denotes This research received no external funding.
T187 26661-26697 Sentence denotes Institutional Review Board Statement
T188 26698-26943 Sentence denotes The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Scientific Research Committee of the College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah (protocol code CAMS0001M, 22/12/2019).
T189 26945-26971 Sentence denotes Informed Consent Statement
T190 26972-27042 Sentence denotes Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
T191 27044-27071 Sentence denotes Data Availability Statement
T192 27072-27160 Sentence denotes The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
T193 27161-27225 Sentence denotes The data are not publicly available due to lack of a repository.
T194 27227-27248 Sentence denotes Conflicts of Interest
T195 27249-27293 Sentence denotes The authors declare no conflict of interest.
T196 27294-27307 Sentence denotes Abbreviations
T197 27308-27336 Sentence denotes KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
T198 27337-27360 Sentence denotes MOH Ministry of Health
T199 27361-27395 Sentence denotes COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019
T200 27396-27426 Sentence denotes HBV Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine
T201 27427-27465 Sentence denotes ARI Acute Respiratory Tract Infection
T202 27466-27500 Sentence denotes PPE Personal Protective Equipment
T203 27502-27512 Sentence denotes Appendix A
T204 27514-27533 Sentence denotes Study Questionnaire
T205 27534-27547 Sentence denotes Dear pilgrim,
T206 27548-27826 Sentence denotes The General Administration of Community Participation at the Saudi Ministry of Health and the voluntary Vision Medical team invite you to participate in a research project around the experiences of preventive measures among Umrah pilgrims in 2019 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
T207 27827-27887 Sentence denotes Participation in this survey research is entirely voluntary.
T208 27888-27952 Sentence denotes You can choose not to participate and there are no consequences.
T209 27953-28076 Sentence denotes You may also withdraw your consent to participate at any time, your participation is completely anonymous and confidential.
T210 28077-28134 Sentence denotes                                I agree to participate ( )
T211 28135-28196 Sentence denotes                             I do not agree to participate ( )
T212 28197-28220 Sentence denotes 1-  Your Age? ⮚ <20 y
T213 28221-28232 Sentence denotes ⮚ 20 ≤ 35 y
T214 28233-28244 Sentence denotes ⮚ 35 ≤ 50 y
T215 28245-28254 Sentence denotes ⮚ 50 ≤ 60
T216 28255-28267 Sentence denotes ⮚ 60 or more
T217 28268-28290 Sentence denotes 2-  Your nationality
T218 28291-28334 Sentence denotes                                      (    )
T219 28335-28356 Sentence denotes 3-  Your Sex ⮚ Male
T220 28357-28366 Sentence denotes ⮚ Females
T221 28367-28400 Sentence denotes 4-  Your Marital status ⮚ Widow
T222 28401-28409 Sentence denotes ⮚ Single
T223 28410-28419 Sentence denotes ⮚ Married
T224 28420-28430 Sentence denotes ⮚ Divorced
T225 28431-28473 Sentence denotes 5-  Your Level of education ⮚ Illiterate
T226 28474-28486 Sentence denotes ⮚ Read/write
T227 28487-28506 Sentence denotes ⮚ Primary/secondary
T228 28507-28529 Sentence denotes ⮚ High school or above
T229 28530-28593 Sentence denotes 6-  The type of chronic disease you have: ⮚ Diabetes mellitus
T230 28594-28608 Sentence denotes ⮚ Hypertension
T231 28609-28626 Sentence denotes ⮚ Cardiac disease
T232 28627-28651 Sentence denotes ⮚ Central nervous system
T233 28652-28684 Sentence denotes ⮚ Psychological/mental disorders
T234 28685-28731 Sentence denotes ⮚ Immunocompromised travelers (sever-moderate)
T235 28732-28773 Sentence denotes ⮚ Disabilities (visual-hearing -physical)
T236 28774-28782 Sentence denotes ⮚ Others
T237 28783-28849 Sentence denotes 7-  Your history of vaccination (before travel) ⮚ Not vaccinated
T238 28850-28869 Sentence denotes ⮚ Influenza vaccine
T239 28870-28903 Sentence denotes ⮚ Hepatitis A virus vaccine (HAV)
T240 28904-28937 Sentence denotes ⮚ Hepatitis B virus vaccine (HBV)
T241 28938-28958 Sentence denotes ⮚ Rabies vaccination
T242 28959-28983 Sentence denotes ⮚ Meningitis vaccination
T243 28984-28999 Sentence denotes ⮚ Poliomyelitis
T244 29000-29011 Sentence denotes ⮚ Pertussis
T245 29012-29054 Sentence denotes 8-  Duration of stay in Makkah ⮚ <1 week
T246 29055-29072 Sentence denotes ⮚ 1 week ≤ 2 week
T247 29073-29089 Sentence denotes ⮚ 2 week–or more
T248 29090-29133 Sentence denotes 9-  Duration of stay in Madinah ⮚ <1 week
T249 29134-29151 Sentence denotes ⮚ 1 week ≤ 2 week
T250 29152-29168 Sentence denotes ⮚ 2 week–or more
T251 29169-29275 Sentence denotes 10-  Did your receive health education on preventive measures to be practiced during Umrah and Hajj ⮚ No
T252 29276-29281 Sentence denotes ⮚ Yes
T253 29282-29302 Sentence denotes ⮚ No, self-education
T254 29303-29362 Sentence denotes 11-  The site of receiving health education ⮚ In homeland
T255 29363-29379 Sentence denotes ⮚ During arrival
T256 29380-29409 Sentence denotes ⮚ At the residence inside KSA
T257 29410-29551 Sentence denotes 12-  Did you find the health education that you received beneficial for you to practice appropriate preventive measures during Umrah? ⮚ Yes
T258 29552-29556 Sentence denotes ⮚ No
T259 29557-29573 Sentence denotes ⮚ To some extent
T260 29574-29636 Sentence denotes 13-  The sources of Health Education ⮚ Press and publication
T261 29637-29657 Sentence denotes ⮚ Family and friends
T262 29658-29668 Sentence denotes ⮚ Lectures
T263 29669-29721 Sentence denotes ⮚ Social media (Facebook–Instagram–Twitter–Snapchat)
T264 29722-29747 Sentence denotes ⮚ Travel medicine clinics
T265 29748-29771 Sentence denotes ⮚ Health care providers
T266 29772-29807 Sentence denotes ⮚ Saudi Ministry of Health web site
T267 29808-29825 Sentence denotes ⮚ Other web sites
T268 29826-30003 Sentence denotes 14-  This question is around your actual experiences of the preventive measures you have practiced in the Umrah this year, where Never is the lowest and Always is the highest.
T269 30004-30044 Sentence denotes Choose the right response for each item.
T270 30045-30140 Sentence denotes Preventative Measures Never F (%) Rare F (%) Sometimes F (%) Often F (%) Always F (%)
T271 30141-30164 Sentence denotes ⮚ Using umbrella or hat
T272 30165-30188 Sentence denotes ⮚ Using sunblock creams
T273 30189-30228 Sentence denotes ⮚ Drinking at least eight cups of water
T274 30229-30266 Sentence denotes ⮚ Wearing face masks in crowded areas
T275 30267-30285 Sentence denotes ⮚ Sufficient sleep
T276 30286-30307 Sentence denotes ⮚ Avoid crowded areas
T277 30308-30336 Sentence denotes Using insect repellent spray
T278 30337-30401 Sentence denotes Use of personal tools (razor blades) without sharing with others
T279 30402-30434 Sentence denotes Dispose used tissue in waste bin
T280 30435-30480 Sentence denotes Washing hands with water, soap or antiseptics
T281 30481-30510 Sentence denotes ⮚ after coughing and sneezing
T282 30511-30544 Sentence denotes ⮚ before eating or preparing food
T283 30545-30571 Sentence denotes ⮚ after using the bathroom
T284 30572-30772 Sentence denotes 15-  Please can you indicate the availability of the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) with you PPE Brought It from Homeland F (%) Was given from Al Hamla F (%) Not Available F (%)
T285 30773-30783 Sentence denotes Face Masks
T286 30784-30813 Sentence denotes Personal tools (razor blades)
T287 30814-30828 Sentence denotes Sanitizers/gel
T288 30829-30983 Sentence denotes 16-  Please can you rate your level of satisfaction of the services offered by ministry of health, including medical care of all types. ⮚ Very satisfied
T289 30984-30995 Sentence denotes ⮚ Satisfied
T290 30996-31010 Sentence denotes ⮚ To some what
T291 31011-31025 Sentence denotes ⮚ Dissatisfied
T292 31026-31045 Sentence denotes ⮚ Very Dissatisfied
T293 31046-31094 Sentence denotes                                       Thank You,
T294 31095-31108 Sentence denotes Research Team
T295 31110-31237 Sentence denotes Table 1 Responses to items on sociodemographic, level of education, and chronic diseases of participating pilgrims (n = 1012).
T296 31238-31291 Sentence denotes Sociodemographic Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
T297 31292-31302 Sentence denotes Age groups
T298 31303-31320 Sentence denotes <20 year 51 5.0
T299 31321-31344 Sentence denotes 20 ≤ 35 year 286 28.3
T300 31345-31368 Sentence denotes 35 ≤ 50 year 342 33.8
T301 31369-31387 Sentence denotes 50 ≤ 60 256 25.3
T302 31388-31407 Sentence denotes 60 or more 77 7.6
T303 31408-31414 Sentence denotes Gender
T304 31415-31430 Sentence denotes Male 656 64.8
T305 31431-31449 Sentence denotes Females 356 34.6
T306 31450-31473 Sentence denotes Prefer not to say 0.6
T307 31474-31488 Sentence denotes Marital status
T308 31489-31503 Sentence denotes Widow 48 4.7
T309 31504-31521 Sentence denotes Single 172 17.0
T310 31522-31540 Sentence denotes Married 773 76.4
T311 31541-31558 Sentence denotes Divorced 19 1.9
T312 31559-31577 Sentence denotes Level of education
T313 31578-31597 Sentence denotes Illiterate 58 5.7
T314 31598-31617 Sentence denotes Read/write 94 9.3
T315 31618-31646 Sentence denotes Primary/secondary 238 23.5
T316 31647-31678 Sentence denotes High school or above 622 61.5
T317 31679-31715 Sentence denotes Existing chronic diseases 230 22.7
T318 31716-31751 Sentence denotes Type of chronic disease (n = 387) *
T319 31752-31778 Sentence denotes Diabetes mellitus 143 37
T320 31779-31813 Sentence denotes Cardiovascular diseases 164 42.4
T321 31814-31852 Sentence denotes Central nervous system disorders 4 1
T322 31853-31891 Sentence denotes Psychological/mental disorders 2 0.5
T323 31892-31944 Sentence denotes Immunocompromised travelers (sever-moderate) 5 1.3
T324 31945-31991 Sentence denotes Disabilities (visual, hearing, physical) 4 1
T325 31992-32008 Sentence denotes Others 65 16.8
T326 32009-32041 Sentence denotes * multiple answers were allowed.
T327 32042-32092 Sentence denotes Table 2 Nationalities of respondent by frequency.
T328 32093-32107 Sentence denotes Country n %
T329 32108-32123 Sentence denotes Iraq 177 17.5
T330 32124-32140 Sentence denotes Egypt 161 15.9
T331 32141-32157 Sentence denotes Libya 160 15.8
T332 32158-32174 Sentence denotes Sudan 113 11.1
T333 32175-32195 Sentence denotes Indonesia 111 11.0
T334 32196-32213 Sentence denotes Pakistan 92 9.1
T335 32214-32234 Sentence denotes Afghanistan 80 7.9
T336 32235-32251 Sentence denotes Algeria 48 4.7
T337 32252-32268 Sentence denotes Tunisia 34 3.4
T338 32269-32282 Sentence denotes Jordan 30 3
T339 32283-32300 Sentence denotes Malaysia 22 2.2
T340 32301-32317 Sentence denotes Somalia 21 1.7
T341 32318-32333 Sentence denotes Kuwait 20 1.5
T342 32334-32348 Sentence denotes China 19 1.6
T343 32349-32369 Sentence denotes Philippines 19 1.9
T344 32370-32388 Sentence denotes Palestine 17 1.7
T345 32389-32408 Sentence denotes Tajikistan 15 1.2
T346 32409-32432 Sentence denotes United Kingdom 13 1.1
T347 32433-32449 Sentence denotes Morocco 11 1.1
T348 32450-32479 Sentence denotes United Arab Emirates 11 1.1
T349 32480-32493 Sentence denotes India 9 0.9
T350 32494-32508 Sentence denotes Turkey 9 0.9
T351 32509-32527 Sentence denotes Bangladesh 8 0.8
T352 32528-32541 Sentence denotes Niger 7 0.6
T353 32542-32557 Sentence denotes Nigeria 7 0.6
T354 32558-32578 Sentence denotes Burkina Faso 6 0.5
T355 32579-32591 Sentence denotes Chad 5 0.4
T356 32592-32607 Sentence denotes Germany 5 0.4
T357 32608-32623 Sentence denotes Holland 5 0.4
T358 32624-32636 Sentence denotes Oman 5 0.4
T359 32637-32652 Sentence denotes Senegal 5 0.4
T360 32653-32669 Sentence denotes Thailand 5 0.4
T361 32670-32691 Sentence denotes United States 5 0.4
T362 32692-32710 Sentence denotes Uzbekistan 3 0.3
T363 32711-32727 Sentence denotes Ethiopia 2 0.2
T364 32728-32741 Sentence denotes Syria 2 0.2
T365 32742-32756 Sentence denotes Yemeni 2 0.2
T366 32757-32771 Sentence denotes France 1 0.1
T367 32772-32785 Sentence denotes Kenya 1 0.1
T368 32786-32801 Sentence denotes Lebanon 1 0.1
T369 32802-32821 Sentence denotes Netherlands 1 0.1
T370 32822-32838 Sentence denotes Missing 27 2.4
T371 32839-32857 Sentence denotes Totals 1012 100%
T372 32858-32986 Sentence denotes Table 3 Responses to items on aspects of vaccination history and the average duration of stay in Makkah and Madinah (n = 1012).
T373 32987-33047 Sentence denotes Vaccination History & Length of Stay Frequency Percent (%)
T374 33048-33088 Sentence denotes History of vaccination (before travel) *
T375 33089-33112 Sentence denotes Not vaccinated 242 24
T376 33113-33141 Sentence denotes Influenza vaccine 514 50.8
T377 33142-33184 Sentence denotes Hepatitis A virus vaccine (HAV) 326 32.2
T378 33185-33227 Sentence denotes Hepatitis B virus vaccine (HBV) 310 30.6
T379 33228-33257 Sentence denotes Rabies vaccination 248 24.5
T380 33258-33291 Sentence denotes Meningitis vaccination 418 41.3
T381 33292-33316 Sentence denotes Poliomyelitis 285 28.1
T382 33317-33337 Sentence denotes Pertussis 254 25.1
T383 33338-33364 Sentence denotes Duration of stay in Makkah
T384 33365-33383 Sentence denotes <1 week 218 21.5
T385 33384-33414 Sentence denotes 1 week but <2 weeks 660 65.2
T386 33415-33441 Sentence denotes 2 weeks–or more 134 13.2
T387 33442-33469 Sentence denotes Duration of stay in Madinah
T388 33470-33488 Sentence denotes <1 week 614 60.6
T389 33489-33519 Sentence denotes 1 week but <2 weeks 366 36.2
T390 33520-33544 Sentence denotes 2 weeks or more 32 3.2
T391 33545-33577 Sentence denotes * multiple answers were allowed.
T392 33578-33654 Sentence denotes Table 4 Responses to items on issues receiving health education (n = 1012).
T393 33655-33695 Sentence denotes Health Education Frequency Percent (%)
T394 33696-33722 Sentence denotes Receiving health education
T395 33723-33736 Sentence denotes No 213 21.1
T396 33737-33751 Sentence denotes Yes 799 78.9
T397 33752-33777 Sentence denotes Self-education 185 23.2
T398 33778-33816 Sentence denotes The site of receiving health education
T399 33817-33839 Sentence denotes In homeland 450 44.4
T400 33840-33865 Sentence denotes During arrival 201 19.8
T401 33866-33911 Sentence denotes At the residence inside Saudi Arabia 53 5.2
T402 33912-33973 Sentence denotes Getting benefit from the received health education (n = 1012)
T403 33974-33988 Sentence denotes Yes 661 65.3
T404 33989-34002 Sentence denotes No 135 13.3
T405 34003-34028 Sentence denotes To some extent 216 21.3
T406 34029-34062 Sentence denotes The sources of health education *
T407 34063-34094 Sentence denotes Press and publications 97 9.7
T408 34095-34124 Sentence denotes Family and friends 127 12.5
T409 34125-34144 Sentence denotes Lectures 262 25.8
T410 34145-34211 Sentence denotes Social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, etc.) 51 5
T411 34212-34237 Sentence denotes Travel clinics 134 13.2
T412 34238-34268 Sentence denotes Health care providers 122 12
T413 34269-34310 Sentence denotes Saudi Ministry of Health website 16 1.6
T414 34311-34334 Sentence denotes Other websites 52 5.1
T415 34335-34350 Sentence denotes Others 182 18
T416 34351-34382 Sentence denotes * multiple responses permitted.
T417 34383-34484 Sentence denotes Table 5 Responses to items on aspects of practicing of preventative measures by pilgrims (n = 1012).
T418 34485-34572 Sentence denotes Preventative Measures Nevern (%) Rarelyn (%) Sometimesn (%) Oftenn (%) Alwaysn (%)
T419 34573-34652 Sentence denotes Using umbrella or hat 509 (50.2) 75 (7.4) 130 (12.8) 154 (15.2) 144 (14.2)
T420 34653-34728 Sentence denotes Using sunblock creams 652 (64.4) 86 (8.5) 72 (7.1) 79 (7.8) 123 (12.2)
T421 34729-34822 Sentence denotes Drinking at least eight cups of water 13 (1.3) 37 (3.7) 151 (14.9) 173 (17.1) 638 (63.0)
T422 34823-34916 Sentence denotes Wearing face masks in crowded areas 305 (30.1) 74 (7.3) 148 (14.6) 134 (13.2) 351 (34.7)
T423 34917-34989 Sentence denotes Sufficient sleep 20 (2.0) 45 (4.5) 133 (13.1) 223 (22.0) 591 (58.4)
T424 34990-35065 Sentence denotes Avoid crowded areas 70 (6.9) 62 (6.1) 159 (15.7) 207 (20.5) 478 (47.2)
T425 35066-35152 Sentence denotes Using insect repellent spray 573 (56.6) 107 (10.6) 107 (10.6) 69 (6.8) 156 (15.4)
T426 35153-35274 Sentence denotes Use of personal tools (razor blades, etc.) without sharing with others 21 (2.1) 4 (0.4) 60 (5.9) 75 (7.4) 852 (84.2)
T427 35275-35360 Sentence denotes Dispose used tissue in waste bin 18 (1.8) 11 (1.1) 59 (5.8) 100 (9.9) 824 (81.4)
T428 35361-35407 Sentence denotes Washing hands with water, soap, or antiseptics
T429 35408-35487 Sentence denotes - after coughing and sneezing 3 (0.3) 7 (0.7) 65 (6.4) 97 (9.6) 840 (83.0)
T430 35488-35571 Sentence denotes - before eating or preparing food 3 (0.3) 7 (0.7) 55 (5.4) 87 (8.6) 860 (85.0)
T431 35572-35648 Sentence denotes - after using the bathroom 3 (0.3) 5 (0.5) 47 (4.6) 90 (8.9) 867 (85.7)
T432 35649-35770 Sentence denotes Table 6 Responses to items on aspects of availability and the sources of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (n = 1012).
T433 35771-35868 Sentence denotes PPE Availability Brought It from Homelandn (%) Was Given from Al Hamlan (%) Not Availablen (%)
T434 35869-35915 Sentence denotes Face masks 219 (21.4) 160 (15.8) 642 (63.4)
T435 35916-35966 Sentence denotes Personal tools 230 (22.7) 200 (19.6) 593 (58.0)
T436 35967-36013 Sentence denotes Sanitizers 240 (23.7) 162 (16.0) 612 (60.4)
T437 36014-36146 Sentence denotes Table 7 Report the association between receiving some form of health education and practicing of preventative measures by pilgrims.
T438 36147-36243 Sentence denotes Association of Preventative Measures NoMedian (Mean ± SD)Range YesMedian (Mean ± SD)Range (p)
T439 36244-36327 Sentence denotes Avoiding sun exposure using umbrella or hat 1 (1.9 ± 1.47) 2 (2.46 ± 1.6) 0.03 *
T440 36328-36391 Sentence denotes Using sun block creams 1 (1.45 ± 1.1) 1 (2.08 ± 1.51) 0.01 *
T441 36392-36459 Sentence denotes Drinking at least eight cups of water 4.4 ± 0.9 4.35 ± 0.95 0.59
T442 36460-36531 Sentence denotes Wearing masks in crowded areas 1 (2.56 ± 1.77) 4 (3.3 ± 1.60) 0.04 *
T443 36532-36579 Sentence denotes Sufficient sleep 4.74 ± 0.81 4.71 ± 0.7 0.85
T444 36580-36631 Sentence denotes Avoiding crowded areas 3.9 ± 1.4 3.97 ± 1.2 0.71
T445 36632-36692 Sentence denotes Using insect repellent 1 (2.02 ± 1.6) 1 (2.17 ± 1.5) 0.45
T446 36693-36756 Sentence denotes Healthy practice score 20.5 ± 4.97–35 22.7 ± 5.510–35 0.02 *
T447 36757-36816 Sentence denotes * p < 0.05 there is a statistically significant difference.
T448 36817-36927 Sentence denotes Table 8 Responses to items on level of satisfaction with Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health Services (n = 1012).
T449 36928-36965 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with MOH Services n %
T450 36966-36991 Sentence denotes The level of satisfaction
T451 36992-37017 Sentence denotes Very satisfied 734 72.5
T452 37018-37038 Sentence denotes Satisfied 212 21.0
T453 37039-37060 Sentence denotes To some what 54 5.3
T454 37061-37081 Sentence denotes Dissatisfied 9 0.9
T455 37082-37107 Sentence denotes Very dissatisfied 3 0.3