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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
245 1025-1031 Species denotes people Tax:9606
246 1184-1195 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
247 260-279 Disease denotes coronavirus disease MESH:D018352
248 281-289 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
249 1197-1205 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
250 1432-1451 Disease denotes coronavirus disease MESH:D018352
251 1453-1461 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
254 1667-1673 Species denotes people Tax:9606
255 2174-2180 Species denotes people Tax:9606
257 3909-3915 Species denotes people Tax:9606
259 5284-5291 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
263 7357-7360 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
264 7271-7274 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
265 7043-7051 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
267 8101-8107 Species denotes people Tax:9606
269 8712-8720 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
271 9163-9171 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
278 9738-9744 Species denotes people Tax:9606
279 9494-9501 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
280 9644-9651 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
281 9792-9800 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
282 10261-10269 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
283 10408-10416 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
288 11251-11254 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
289 10583-10591 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
290 11068-11076 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
291 11148-11156 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
297 12727-12733 Species denotes people Tax:9606
298 13703-13709 Species denotes people Tax:9606
299 13947-13955 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
300 14170-14178 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
301 14350-14358 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
303 14708-14716 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
314 15530-15536 Species denotes people Tax:9606
315 15679-15685 Species denotes people Tax:9606
316 15729-15735 Species denotes people Tax:9606
317 15983-15989 Species denotes people Tax:9606
318 14858-14865 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
319 15309-15317 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
320 15711-15719 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
321 15942-15950 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
322 16121-16128 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
323 16302-16310 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
329 16637-16640 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
330 16568-16576 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
331 16985-16993 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
332 17570-17578 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
333 17789-17797 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
336 18715-18720 Species denotes women Tax:9606
337 18780-18783 Species denotes men Tax:9606
339 19117-19124 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T16 5284-5291 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T17 9494-9501 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T18 9644-9651 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T19 14858-14865 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T20 16121-16128 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T21 19117-19124 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T395 0-2 Sentence denotes 4.
T396 3-24 Sentence denotes Analysis and Findings
T397 26-30 Sentence denotes 4.1.
T398 31-51 Sentence denotes Descriptive Analysis
T399 52-144 Sentence denotes A simple frequency analysis of the items measuring conspiracy theories is shown in Figure 1.
T400 145-313 Sentence denotes The statement “Politicians do not honestly reveal their true intentions to the public regarding their decisions on coronavirus disease (COVID-19)” has the most support.
T401 314-469 Sentence denotes This result suggests that political distrust plays an important role in the spread of conspiracy theories because politicians are included in that measure.
T402 470-728 Sentence denotes The second item with a high agreement rate is “there is a secret organization that greatly influences political decisions.” This result also indicates the influence of politics in the spread of conspiracy theories because this item concerns politics as well.
T403 729-928 Sentence denotes Next, 18.3% and 17.9% of respondents support “the government is hiding something from the public,” and “the government is always monitoring the public.” Both statements are related to the government.
T404 929-1086 Sentence denotes However, 41.0% and 42.1% of respondents disagree with these statements, which implies that most people do not believe government-related conspiracy theories.
T405 1087-1303 Sentence denotes Additionally, 12.8% of respondents agree with “certain powerful nations deliberately created the coronavirus (COVID-19) to dominate the world,” which suggests the existence of conspiracies at the international level.
T406 1304-1363 Sentence denotes However, 52.2% of respondents disagree with this statement.
T407 1364-1531 Sentence denotes In addition, only 8.0% agree and 63.5% disagree with the statement “coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was deliberately created by pharmaceutical companies to make money.”
T408 1532-1690 Sentence denotes The simple frequency analysis shows, first, that although a fairly large number of respondents disagree with conspiracy theories, some people do believe them.
T409 1691-1785 Sentence denotes Second, the degree of belief in a conspiracy theory depends on the main subject of the theory.
T410 1786-1948 Sentence denotes For example, respondents are most likely to believe conspiracy theories related to politicians and least likely to believe conspiracy theories related to doctors.
T411 1949-2142 Sentence denotes Third, a significant proportion of respondents expresses neutral attitudes, that is, “neither agree nor disagree.” The highest proportion of neutral responses is 40.7%, and the lowest is 28.6%.
T412 2143-2255 Sentence denotes The findings implies that many people may believe in conspiracy theories, even if they are explicitly expressed.
T413 2256-2360 Sentence denotes Differences in beliefs in conspiracy theories are analyzed across different groups as shows in Figure 2.
T414 2361-2516 Sentence denotes Excluding the categorical variables, we divide the respondents into two or more groups based on the average values of items measured on a five-point scale.
T415 2517-2684 Sentence denotes Generally, the higher group includes respondents with scores above the average value, whereas the lower group includes respondents with scores below the average value.
T416 2685-2944 Sentence denotes First, in terms of political factors, the group with high authoritarianism scores has stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than the group with low authoritarianism scores, and this difference is statistically significant (F-value = 4.533, p-value = 0.033).
T417 2945-3181 Sentence denotes Ideologically, conservatives have stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than progressives do, which supports the results of Hart and Graether [29]; this difference is also statistically significant (F-value = 14.635, p-value = 0.000).
T418 3182-3296 Sentence denotes The degree of belief in conspiracy theories varies depending on whether the respondent supports Moon’s government.
T419 3297-3442 Sentence denotes Beliefs in conspiracy theories are stronger among the group that does not support Moon’s current government (F-value = 150.362, p-value = 0.000).
T420 3443-3499 Sentence denotes These results confirm those of Uscinski and Parent [20].
T421 3500-3643 Sentence denotes Additionally, supporters of the current ruling Democratic Party do not tend to believe conspiracy theories (F-value = 17.904, p-value = 0.000).
T422 3644-3801 Sentence denotes The group with a higher degree of religiosity indicates stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than the lower group does (F-value = 3.511, p-value = 0.061).
T423 3802-3931 Sentence denotes Buddhists tend to have the strongest beliefs in conspiracy theories, followed by Christians, non-religious people, and Catholics.
T424 3932-4038 Sentence denotes Buddhists may have stronger beliefs in conspiracies because the majority of them are conservative elderly.
T425 4039-4148 Sentence denotes However, the differences between these groups are not statistically significant (F-value = 1.086, p = 0.354).
T426 4149-4337 Sentence denotes Among the trust variables, individuals with lower trust in the government exhibit stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than those with higher trust (F-value = 124.413, p-value = 0.000).
T427 4338-4467 Sentence denotes However, trust in doctors is not significantly associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories (F-value = 2.207, p-value = 0.138).
T428 4468-4613 Sentence denotes The group with higher trust in SNS has stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than the group with low trust (F-value = 15.019, p-value = 0.000).
T429 4614-4756 Sentence denotes Higher trust in the general public is significantly associated with weaker beliefs in conspiracy theories (F-value = 31.972, p-value = 0.000).
T430 4757-4897 Sentence denotes Among the four trust groups, the classification based on trust in the government has the largest difference between the low and high groups.
T431 4898-4969 Sentence denotes The impact of trust in the government therefore seems to be very large.
T432 4970-5089 Sentence denotes When the groups are defined according to psychological variables, all of the differences are statistically significant.
T433 5090-5260 Sentence denotes First, the group with high risk perception has a higher level of trust in conspiracy theories than the group with low risk perception (F-value = 92.182, p-value = 0.000).
T434 5261-5472 Sentence denotes The groups with higher anxiety (F-value = 92.182, p-value = 0.000) and negative emotions (F-value = 61.314, p-value = 0.000) also have stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than the corresponding lower groups.
T435 5473-5689 Sentence denotes The groups with lower perceived control (F-value = 52.502, p-value = 0.000) and analytic thinking (F-value = 28.828, p-value = 0.000) have stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than the corresponding higher groups.
T436 5690-5874 Sentence denotes Those who exhibit more external blame attribution by assigning responsibility for problems to others, express stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories (F-value = 9.49, p-value = 0.002).
T437 5875-6076 Sentence denotes Among the structural factors, lower education levels are associated with stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories, but the difference is not statistically significant (F-value = 0.922, p-value = 0.337).
T438 6077-6287 Sentence denotes Beliefs in conspiracy theories are high among households with incomes below 300 million won and are relatively lower in the two groups with incomes of 300 million won or more (F-value = 3.368, p-value = 0.035).
T439 6288-6532 Sentence denotes The more knowledgeable the respondents are and the better their quality of information is, the lower their beliefs in conspiracy theories (knowledge, F-value = 7.905, p-value = 0.005; quality of information; F-value = 211.000, p-value = 0.000).
T440 6533-6664 Sentence denotes In particular, the wide gap in groups with the high and low information suggests that the quality of information is very important.
T441 6665-6811 Sentence denotes Notably, differences in the amount of information are not associated with any difference in conspiracy beliefs (F-value = 0.916, p-value = 0.339).
T442 6812-6916 Sentence denotes This result suggests that the quality of information is more important than the quantity of information.
T443 6917-7120 Sentence denotes Health status has no significant effect (F-value = 0.027, p-value = 0.870), whereas the change in health status (worse) after COVID-19 does have a significant effect (F-value = 127.523, p-value = 0.000).
T444 7121-7242 Sentence denotes These results show that health changes according to variations in context are more important than everyday health status.
T445 7243-7396 Sentence denotes Finally, neither gender nor age has a statistically significant impact (gender, F-value = 0.422, p-value = 0.516; age, F-value = 0.695, p-value = 0.596).
T446 7398-7402 Sentence denotes 4.2.
T447 7403-7423 Sentence denotes Correlation Analysis
T448 7424-7553 Sentence denotes We use Pearson’s simple correlations to examine the simple relationships between variables, and the results are shown in Table 2.
T449 7554-7647 Sentence denotes Categorical variables, such as religion type and party type, are excluded from this analysis.
T450 7648-7788 Sentence denotes For variables that are measured on a five-point Likert scale, we take the average values of multiple measures to create composite variables.
T451 7789-7888 Sentence denotes First, we investigate the relationship between belief in conspiracy theories and political factors.
T452 7889-8108 Sentence denotes Conspiracy beliefs are positively related to authoritarianism, religiosity, and trust in SNS, whereas they are negatively related to ideology, support for Moon’s government, trust in the government, and trust in people.
T453 8109-8187 Sentence denotes Authoritarianism and religion have no statistically significant relationships.
T454 8188-8333 Sentence denotes From a theoretical point of view, the finding that progressives do not believe conspiracy theories supports the results of previous studies [29].
T455 8334-8507 Sentence denotes The fact that trust in conspiracy theories is not high when support for Moon’s government is strong implies that conspiracy theories are more popular among political losers.
T456 8508-8646 Sentence denotes The correlation coefficient of trust in doctors is interesting; Trust in doctors has no significant relationship with conspiracy theories.
T457 8647-8721 Sentence denotes This finding is unexpected, as doctors play an important role in COVID-19.
T458 8722-8781 Sentence denotes Beliefs in conspiracy theories depend on the type of trust.
T459 8782-8903 Sentence denotes Trust in the government and trust in the general public weaken conspiracy beliefs, whereas trust in SNS strengthens them.
T460 8904-9027 Sentence denotes It can be inferred that conspiracy theories spread online and that online trust is contrary to the offline trust structure.
T461 9028-9181 Sentence denotes Correlation coefficients of trust in the government is the largest, indicating the importance of the government’s role in handling the COVID-19 pandemic.
T462 9182-9387 Sentence denotes Among the political variables, support for Moon’s government and trust in the government have large correlation coefficients, which also indicate that the government plays a significant role in a pandemic.
T463 9388-9627 Sentence denotes Among the psychological factors, beliefs in conspiracy theories are positively related to perceived risk, anxiety, negative emotions, and blame attribution whereas are negatively related to perceived sense of control and analytic thinking.
T464 9628-9705 Sentence denotes Perceived risk, anxiety, and emotions may be byproducts of a negative effect.
T465 9706-9810 Sentence denotes Thus, it is important to reduce people’s negative and pessimistic thinking during the COVID-19 pandemic.
T466 9811-9946 Sentence denotes In addition, it is noteworthy that negative emotions and analytic thinking have opposite relations with beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T467 9947-10030 Sentence denotes This opposition demonstrates the typical contradictory roles of emotion and reason.
T468 10031-10127 Sentence denotes In addition, analytic thinking and blame attribution are related to modes of thinking and logic.
T469 10128-10270 Sentence denotes This result therefore suggests that it is necessary to perform an in-depth dissection of the general public’s mode of thinking under COVID-19.
T470 10271-10426 Sentence denotes The psychological variable with the largest coefficient is negative emotions, suggesting the importance of emotional thinking during the COVID-19 pandemic.
T471 10427-10672 Sentence denotes Regarding structural factors, which mainly include sociodemographic variables, beliefs in conspiracy theories are positively related to health status after COVID-19 and are negatively related to income, knowledge, and the quality of information.
T472 10673-10820 Sentence denotes The quality of information has the largest correlation, suggesting that high-quality information can help to reduce beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T473 10821-10949 Sentence denotes The significant roles of both knowledge and information quality attest to the importance of literacy in enlightening the public.
T474 10950-11204 Sentence denotes The fact that health status has no statistically significant correlation but a negative change in health status after COVID-19 has a significant correlation suggests that the change in health after COVID-19 is more important than the usual health status.
T475 11205-11321 Sentence denotes The results that education level, gender, and age have no significant effects differ from previous findings [29,48].
T476 11322-11502 Sentence denotes Among all variables, the quality of information has the largest correlation coefficients, followed by trust in the government, support for Moon’s government, and negative emotions.
T477 11503-11691 Sentence denotes These variables belong to the political, psychological, and structural factors, suggesting that beliefs in conspiracy theories depend on various factors rather than on one specific factor.
T478 11693-11697 Sentence denotes 4.3.
T479 11698-11717 Sentence denotes Regression Analysis
T480 11718-11954 Sentence denotes To examine the determinants of beliefs in conspiracy theories, we conduct a regression analysis with beliefs in conspiracy theories as the dependent variable and political, psychological, and structural factors as independent variables.
T481 11955-12009 Sentence denotes Some of the independent variables are dummy variables.
T482 12010-12325 Sentence denotes For these variables, the reference groups are the middle group in the cases of ideology, the non-partisan group in party supported, the non-religious group in religion, the group with income below 5 million won in income, the group with less than a college degree in education, and the male in gender, respectively.
T483 12326-12466 Sentence denotes The regression analysis is carried out separately for each of the three factors, and the results are shown as Models 1, 2, and 3 in Table 3.
T484 12467-12605 Sentence denotes In Model 1, the political variables, authoritarianism, religiosity, and trust in SNS, positively influence beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T485 12606-12761 Sentence denotes Conversely, support for the current the President Moon’s government, Christianity, trust in the government, and trust in people, all have negative effects.
T486 12762-12827 Sentence denotes Ideology and partisan support do not have significant influences.
T487 12828-12974 Sentence denotes For the religion variables, religiosity has a statistically significant effect whereas Christianity negatively influences beliefs in conspiracies.
T488 12975-13121 Sentence denotes This suggests that not only the depth of religious belief but also the type of religion plays an important role in beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T489 13122-13243 Sentence denotes In particular, it is noteworthy that the two variables play opposite roles in determining beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T490 13244-13542 Sentence denotes Because some extreme Christians in Korean society disseminate conspiracy theories and oppose the current government, the result that general Christians do not believe conspiracy theories may indicate that there is a difference in conspiracy beliefs between general Christians and extreme believers.
T491 13543-13665 Sentence denotes For the trust variables, the degree and direction of beliefs in conspiracy theories vary depending on the object of trust.
T492 13666-13787 Sentence denotes Trust in the government and trust in people decrease beliefs in conspiracy theories, whereas trust in SNS increases them.
T493 13788-13956 Sentence denotes The fact that trust in the government reduces beliefs in conspiracy theories suggests that citizens can accept the government’s active role in the response to COVID-19.
T494 13957-14188 Sentence denotes In particular, the fact that trust in the government has the largest standardized regression coefficient among the trust variables suggests that the government certainly should play an active role in handling the COVID-19 pandemic.
T495 14189-14398 Sentence denotes The fact that trust in SNS leads to stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories implies that that information related to conspiracy theories is common on SNS in the COVID-19 pandemic, which affects Internet users.
T496 14399-14653 Sentence denotes In Model 1, the coefficient of trust in the government is the largest based on standardized regression coefficient values, meaning that it has the most explanatory power, followed by support for the current government, trust in SNS, and authoritarianism.
T497 14654-14829 Sentence denotes This result implies that the government’s role in the COVID-19 pandemic is important because the top two variables in terms of explanatory power are related to the government.
T498 14830-15013 Sentence denotes In Model 2, perceived risk, anxiety, negative emotions, and blame attribution have positive effects on beliefs in conspiracy theories, whereas perceived control has a negative effect.
T499 15014-15049 Sentence denotes These results match the hypotheses.
T500 15050-15169 Sentence denotes Analytic thinking negatively affects beliefs in conspiracy theories, but the relation is not statistically significant.
T501 15170-15327 Sentence denotes They are all negative attributes, meaning that more larger efforts are needed to effectively decrease negative mood and perceptions in the COVID-19 pandemic.
T502 15328-15582 Sentence denotes From this perspective, because an individual’s perceived sense of control is a psychological variable that plays a role in decreasing beliefs in conspiracy theories, it is necessary to strongly empower people to see the more positive sides of situations.
T503 15583-15762 Sentence denotes In addition, beliefs in conspiracy theories are related to external blame attribution, in which people place responsibility for COVID-19 on other people rather than on themselves.
T504 15763-15853 Sentence denotes External rather than internal blame attribution reinforces beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T505 15854-16020 Sentence denotes This finding implies that an emphasis on individual responsibility in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic is important to enable people to attribute blame internally.
T506 16021-16168 Sentence denotes Among the six variables in Model 2, the most influential variable is negative emotions, followed by anxiety, perceived control, and perceived risk.
T507 16169-16320 Sentence denotes This result suggests that an emotional rather than a rational approach is needed to reduce beliefs in conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic.
T508 16321-16409 Sentence denotes Model 3 shows the impacts of the structural variables on beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T509 16410-16599 Sentence denotes Knowledge and the quality of information positively affect these beliefs, whereas the amount of information, health status, and worsening health status after COVID-19 have negative impacts.
T510 16600-16683 Sentence denotes Education level, income, gender, and age have no statistically significant effects.
T511 16684-16759 Sentence denotes The first important point is about to the roles of education and knowledge.
T512 16760-16855 Sentence denotes The former does not affect beliefs in conspiracy theories, whereas the latter does affect them.
T513 16856-17014 Sentence denotes These results suggest that rather than increasing formal education, a knowledge-centered approach is needed to reduce beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories.
T514 17015-17090 Sentence denotes Second, the quality and quantity of information perform opposite functions.
T515 17091-17186 Sentence denotes The former decreases beliefs in conspiracy theories, whereas the latter increases such beliefs.
T516 17187-17418 Sentence denotes This result implies that the large quantities of information available on SNS contain conspiracy theories, suggesting that high-quality information is needed to address the large quantities of information about conspiracy theories.
T517 17419-17473 Sentence denotes Third, the two health variables have opposite effects.
T518 17474-17628 Sentence denotes Generally, health increases beliefs in conspiracy theories, but a deterioration in health after COVID-19 leads to stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T519 17629-17798 Sentence denotes The information quality variable has the greatest explanatory power in Model 3, followed by health status, the quantity of information, and health status after COVID-19.
T520 17799-17860 Sentence denotes The results confirm the importance of information and health.
T521 17861-17950 Sentence denotes Model 4 shows the causal relationships when all variables are included in the regression.
T522 17951-18061 Sentence denotes Most of the directions and statistical significance of the effects found by Models 1, 2, and 3 are maintained.
T523 18062-18099 Sentence denotes However, there are a few differences.
T524 18100-18209 Sentence denotes First, beliefs in conspiracy theories increase when respondents support other parties outside the mainstream.
T525 18210-18351 Sentence denotes This result suggests that conspiracy theories may spread to minority or alternative parties rather than to mainstream or established parties.
T526 18352-18490 Sentence denotes Second, trust in the general public, which has a significant effect in Model 1, has no significant effect when all variables are included.
T527 18491-18590 Sentence denotes Third, analytic thinking, which has no significant effect in Model 2, now has a significant effect.
T528 18591-18690 Sentence denotes This finding suggests that thinking patterns and logic can suppress beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T529 18691-18787 Sentence denotes Fourth, it appears that women do not believe conspiracy theories to the extent that than men do.
T530 18788-18841 Sentence denotes This finding supports existing research results [29].
T531 18842-18916 Sentence denotes Model 4 includes all variables that affect beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T532 18917-19133 Sentence denotes The variables with the largest standardized regression coefficients are the quality of information (−0.260), health status (0.154), support for Moon’s government (−0.141), perceived risk (0.128), and anxiety (0.104).
T533 19134-19252 Sentence denotes These results suggest that the quality of information is very important in suppressing beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T534 19253-19490 Sentence denotes In addition, the five variables belong to each political, psychological, and structural components, which suggests that a balanced approach that considers multiple variables at the same time should be used to address conspiracy theories.
T535 19491-19572 Sentence denotes Finally, Model 4′s explanatory power for beliefs in conspiracy theories is 35.2%.
T536 19573-19654 Sentence denotes Considering the large number of independent variables, its power is rather small.
T537 19655-19752 Sentence denotes Thus, it is necessary to identify additional variables to increase the model’s explanatory power.
T538 19753-19935 Sentence denotes The explanatory power of Model 1 is 20.8%, that of Model 2 is 17.3%, and that of Model 3 is 24.8%, suggesting that political, psychological, and structural factors are all important.