PMC:7796329 / 41503-45196 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7796329","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7796329","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7796329","text":"3. Sample and Measures\nThis study analyzes survey data (N = 1,525) collected from a sample of people in Korea from 6 August 2020, to 11 August 2020. Korea Research, a survey research institute, conducted an online survey for seven days to collect the data. Korea Research’s online panel comprises 460,000 candidate survey respondents. First, an e-mail was sent to 9839 panelists. Of them, 2083 opened the e-mail, and 1,525 ultimately finished the survey. To obtain a representative sample of the Korean population, the survey used a quota sampling method that considered the proportions of respondents by region, gender, and age. A sampling error of ±2.5% at the 95% confidence level was adopted, assuming random sampling.\nOf the respondents, 47.9% are male and 52.1% are female. By age, 16.7% of respondents are 18 to 29 years old, 16.3% are 30 to 39 years old, 19.6% are 40 to 49 years old, 20.3% are 50 to 59 years old, and 27.1% are 60 or older (N = 414). By educational level, 47.2% of the respondents are high school graduates or below, whereas 52.8% (N = 805) attended and graduated from college. Finally, in terms of monthly household income, 15.5% earn less than 2 million won, 17.2% earn between 2 and 3 million won, 21.4% earn between 3 and 4. 1 million won, 16.5% earn between 4 to 5 million won, 10.5% earn between 5 to 6 million won, 7.5% earn between 6 to 7 million won, and 11.4% earn 7 million won or more.\nBeliefs in conspiracy theories are measured by seven items. We developed these items based on previous studies on conspiracy theories [1,2]. The seven questions are structured to include politicians, governments, countries, and pharmaceutical companies, which are the subjects of relevant conspiracies. The specific items are as follows. (1) Politicians do not honestly reveal their true intentions to the public regarding their decisions on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). (2) There is a secret organization that greatly influences political decisions. (3) The government is hiding something from the public. (4) The government is always monitoring the public. (5) The government makes important decisions related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) without the public knowing. (6) Certain powerful nations deliberately created the coronavirus (COVID-19) to dominate the world. (7) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was deliberately created by pharmaceutical companies to make money.\nTable 1 shows the content and reliability of the measurement items for each independent variable. Most of the responses for each question are measured on a five-point Likert scale. Ideology is measured on a ten-point scale, with higher scores indicating progressiveness and lower scores indicating conservativeness. Partisanship is measured through support for the current government and support for political parties. In Korea, President Moon Jae-in is in power, so the degree of support for the Moon government is measured. In addition, the respondents chose the political party that they supported. This question had six possible answers: ① Democratic Party (ruling party), ② Integration Party (a major opposition party), ③ Justice Party, ④ People Party, ⑤ other parties, and ⑥ no party supported. For religion, the survey included measures of both religiosity and type of religion. The type of religion was classified as Catholic, Christian, Buddhist, or non-religious. Depending on the target, trust was measured as trust in the government, doctors, SNS (social networking services), or people. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of information were measured. For health status, both overall health status and the degree of deterioration of health after COVID-19 were 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