PMC:7796152 / 23380-27515 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7796152","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7796152","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7796152","text":"6. Conclusions and Implications\nThe results of the present study indicate that there is an association between feelings of loneliness and malnutrition and subjective age. The primary conclusion is that loneliness affects both malnutrition and subjective age (which, as noted, is associated with numerous negative psychological and physical outcomes). To help older adults overcome these feelings, particularly during a pandemic and quarantine, it is important to develop new communication methods such as technologies for managing and addressing the needs of the older population, technologies for managing and providing remote medical services, and technologies to encourage social engagement. Older adults who do not have access to advanced social network technologies can use more basic technologies like routine phone calls with family and friends. MAH (Mental Health America) suggests 10 structured question in order to make a brief check on the physical, social, mental and nutritional status of older adults). Moreover, volunteers and friends can visit under the Covid-19 safety regulations, or occasional visits to a park and being among other people can be helpful. Similarly, the families of older adults should receive guidance on technology, so that they can meet while social distancing. Another option is to encourage neighbors in the same building to talk to each other and find ways for mutual support.\nApart from loneliness, it is necessary to address the issue of subjective age, which has been found to rise during crises in general, and during the current quarantine, in particular. Subjective age is associated with many health outcomes. Therefore, when older adults are required to stay home as much as possible, it is imperative that policymakers take measures to relieve their loneliness and see that they have proper nutrition. One possible means for achieving these two related outcomes is to provide psychological-nutrition intervention [76] by telephone (this kind of intervention includes a weekly telephone call for about half an hour, including general talks and nutrition guidelines). This would provide human contact, as well as nutritional guidelines and encouragement to cook and eat healthy foods.\nThree limitations of the current study should be noted. One is the cross-sectional study design, which does not allow for the prediction of a causal relationship between the variables. Future research should use longitudinal data to examine the relationship between feelings of loneliness, malnutrition, and subjective age. A further limitation is the use of only one question concerning loneliness. However, previous studies have also used a single question for this purpose [77]. Third, the ability to generalize the findings is limited, because the sample and the sampling procedure did not guarantee the representativeness of Jewish and Arab older adults. The sample included only older adults who answered the telephone at the moment the researchers called. Those who did not answer or did not have a telephone are not represented in this study. Fourth, all variables were measured at the same time, therefore, general attitudes and emotions may have had an influence on all ratings. These various factors may have biased the results.\nDespite these limitations and the difficulty of making generalizations, the present study provides initial insights into the mechanisms of the association between loneliness, malnutrition, and subjective age during periods of imposed social isolation.\nFuture research could use a randomized sample that includes a personal income variable for each participant since personal income has a direct effect on nutritional intake. Another possible topic of study could address malnutrition and feelings of loneliness due to reduced hearing/vision abilities in older adults, and the difficulty of shopping and cooking on the one hand and keeping social relationships on the other hand, especially in times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic when communication is very difficult due to the masks, especially for older adults with reduced vision/ hearing 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