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LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 1187-1194 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T2 1226-1233 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T3 1310-1317 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T4 1981-1988 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T5 4585-4592 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T6 5066-5073 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T7 5508-5515 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T8 6202-6209 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T9 13571-13578 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T10 13607-13614 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T11 13656-13663 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T12 18948-18955 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T13 19044-19051 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T14 19151-19158 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T15 24133-24140 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T16 24147-24154 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T17 24188-24195 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T18 24779-24786 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T19 24793-24800 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T20 24835-24842 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T21 27017-27024 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T22 27688-27695 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T23 28132-28139 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T24 28556-28563 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T25 31035-31042 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T26 32115-32122 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T27 33144-33151 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T28 37652-37659 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T29 45316-45323 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T30 50910-50917 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T31 51409-51416 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T32 51972-51979 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T33 52226-52233 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T34 52235-52242 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T35 58863-58870 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T36 58985-58992 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T37 65282-65289 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T38 71261-71268 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T39 71411-71418 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T40 71613-71620 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T41 72722-72729 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T42 72866-72873 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T43 73066-73073 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T44 73340-73347 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T45 74081-74088 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T46 74098-74105 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T47 76928-76935 Phenotype denotes fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T48 77303-77309 Phenotype denotes Asthma http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002099
T49 78040-78050 Phenotype denotes depression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000716
T50 80769-80773 Phenotype denotes pain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012531
T51 80801-80805 Phenotype denotes pain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012531

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-106 Sentence denotes Perceptions and Experiences of the University of Nottingham Pilot SARS-CoV-2 Asymptomatic Testing Service:
T2 107-128 Sentence denotes A Mixed-Methods Study
T3 130-138 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 139-298 Sentence denotes We aimed to explore student and staff perceptions and experiences of a pilot SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic testing service (P-ATS) in a UK university campus setting.
T5 299-501 Sentence denotes This was a mixed-method study comprised of an online survey, and thematic analysis of qualitative data from interviews and focus groups conducted at the mid-point and end of the 12-week P-ATS programme.
T6 502-726 Sentence denotes Ninety-nine students (84.8% female, 70% first year; 93.9% P-ATS participants) completed an online survey, 41 individuals attended interviews or focus groups, including 31 students (21 first year; 10 final year) and 10 staff.
T7 727-865 Sentence denotes All types of testing and logistics were highly acceptable (virus: swab, saliva; antibody: finger prick) and 94.9% would participate again.
T8 866-1046 Sentence denotes Reported adherence to weekly virus testing was high (92.4% completed ≥6 tests; 70.8% submitted all 10 swabs; 89.2% completed ≥1 saliva sample) and 76.9% submitted ≥3 blood samples.
T9 1047-1161 Sentence denotes Students tested to “keep campus safe”, “contribute to national efforts to control COVID-19”, and “protect others”.
T10 1162-1279 Sentence denotes In total, 31.3% had high anxiety as measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) (27.1% of first year).
T11 1280-1442 Sentence denotes Students with lower levels of anxiety and greater satisfaction with university communications around P-ATS were more likely to adhere to virus and antibody tests.
T12 1443-1547 Sentence denotes Increased adherence to testing was associated with higher perceived risk of COVID-19 to self and others.
T13 1548-1799 Sentence denotes Qualitative findings revealed 5 themes and 13 sub-themes: “emotional responses to COVID-19”, “university life during COVID-19”, “influences on testing participation”, “testing physical and logistical factors” and “testing effects on mental wellbeing”.
T14 1800-1934 Sentence denotes Asymptomatic COVID-19 testing (SARS-CoV-2 virus/antibodies) is highly acceptable to students and staff in a university campus setting.
T15 1935-2049 Sentence denotes Clear communications and strategies to reduce anxiety are likely to be important for testing uptake and adherence.
T16 2050-2175 Sentence denotes Strategies are needed to facilitate social connections and mitigate the mental health impacts of COVID-19 and self-isolation.
T17 2177-2179 Sentence denotes 1.
T18 2180-2192 Sentence denotes Introduction
T19 2193-2466 Sentence denotes The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, resulted in a United Kingdom (UK) national lockdown in March 2020 and stay-at-home orders, followed by long-lasting national social distancing measures and travel restrictions (gov.uk/coronavirus).
T20 2467-2531 Sentence denotes Throughout this time, universities have remained open in the UK.
T21 2532-2702 Sentence denotes The University of Nottingham hosts the first veterinary school in the UK to operate a dual intake system, which began at the start of the academic year in September 2019.
T22 2703-2920 Sentence denotes The first cohort of 2020 (Cohort 1) were disrupted by the national lockdown, meaning that teaching started remotely in the weeks prior to the initiation of small-group face-to-face teaching, which started in July [1].
T23 2921-2996 Sentence denotes The potential for COVID-19 transmission on university campuses is high [2].
T24 2997-3185 Sentence denotes In preparation, the university implemented health and safety measures across teaching buildings and accommodation to allow for the safe return of students onto a single, semi-rural campus.
T25 3186-3485 Sentence denotes Since university-age students have a higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection [3], and higher rates of asymptomatic infection [4], this included a 12-week mass COVID-19 testing service piloted as a health protection approach to the early identification and control of potential outbreaks on campus.
T26 3486-3858 Sentence denotes While the institution has certainly capitalised on digital innovation in remote learning [5], the intention of this mass testing approach was to enable face-to-face teaching that cannot be delivered remotely, such as essential animal handling and health and safety skills that would be required prior to embarking on work experience placements, a core element of training.
T27 3859-4199 Sentence denotes The new students in Cohort 1, therefore, joined the University of Nottingham at the height of the UK lockdown, and together with existing final-year students undertaking clinical rotations, were among the first students in the UK to experience SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic testing, social distancing and hygiene measures in a university setting.
T28 4200-4635 Sentence denotes To date, there is only one prior published study assessing the feasibility or acceptability of a universal programme for SARS-CoV-2 testing on a UK university campus [6] although this reports the findings of a shorter pilot programme (2 weeks), using only PCR (polymerase chain reaction) swab tests and did not assess the acceptability of saliva tests or antibody tests or measures of anxiety or any other aspects of student wellbeing.
T29 4636-4891 Sentence denotes Berger Gillam and colleagues primarily focused on costs, guidance materials, logistics, laboratory and data processes and a user-facing web application, and participant acceptability was determined only from email communications and an 11-item survey [6].
T30 4892-5173 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore student and staff views towards university-based asymptomatic testing programmes alongside perceptions of COVID-19 risk, anxiety of student participants, reasons for uptake and the facilitators and barriers to testing adherence.
T31 5174-5832 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to (i) evaluate the acceptability of a pilot COVID-19 asymptomatic testing service to students and staff on a university campus; (ii) describe benefits and barriers to programme engagement and testing adherence; (iii) establish whether there are any relationships between adherence to testing, and students’ anxiety levels, COVID-19 risk perceptions, views towards protective behaviours (social distancing, self-isolation); (iv) identify any perceived broader impacts of participation in an asymptomatic testing programme for students or staff to assist with recommendations for future testing services in higher education settings.
T32 5834-5836 Sentence denotes 2.
T33 5837-5844 Sentence denotes Methods
T34 5845-5966 Sentence denotes This was a mixed methods study to evaluate the deployment of a pilot COVID-19 weekly asymptomatic testing service (P-ATS:
T35 5967-6073 Sentence denotes Figure 1) offered to students and staff who had face-to-face teaching responsibilities during this period.
T36 6074-6300 Sentence denotes The study explored the uptake, adherence, acceptability and experiences of the P-ATS in students as well as assessing students’ anxiety and risk perceptions and the perceptions of university staff towards P-ATS implementation.
T37 6301-6603 Sentence denotes The study comprised of (i) a structured online survey for students administered at the end of deployment, (ii) a qualitative study involving interviews and focus groups with university students and staff conducted at the programme mid-point (students) and at the end of deployment (students and staff).
T38 6604-6793 Sentence denotes The study design adheres to the standards for reporting qualitative research [7] and the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines [8] (see Supplementary File S1).
T39 6794-6945 Sentence denotes A total pool of 215 undergraduate students (150 in their first year and 65 in their final year) and 70 staff were eligible to participate in the P-ATS.
T40 6947-6951 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T41 6952-6994 Sentence denotes Pilot Asymptomatic Testing Service (P-ATS)
T42 6995-7150 Sentence denotes The P-ATS was a pilot programme for SARS2 surveillance conducted in the early phases of the SARS2 pandemic at a semirural campus of a university in the UK.
T43 7151-7358 Sentence denotes The objective of the programme was to define the baseline SARS-Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rate and seroprevalence in a cohort of university students and staff and to measure changes over time.
T44 7359-7497 Sentence denotes Participation in P-ATS was on a voluntary basis and aimed to be complementary to the national testing strategy in the United Kingdom (UK).
T45 7498-7634 Sentence denotes P-ATS was a completely independent initiative within the University to explore the value of SARS-Cov-2 testing in asymptomatic students.
T46 7635-7728 Sentence denotes National guidelines for actions to be taken by symptomatic students were followed throughout.
T47 7729-8039 Sentence denotes Any asymptomatic students testing positive in this pilot were advised to undertake a “Pillar 2” test, the results of which would be paramount (the University laboratory testing was a research test only), and hence would feed into the UK National Health Service (NHS) Test and Trace [9] mechanisms, if positive.
T48 8040-8221 Sentence denotes The P-ATS was offered to all 150 students in their first year (new arrivals in 2020 Cohort 1) as well as 65 final-year students going out into practice rotations in the Autumn term.
T49 8222-8420 Sentence denotes A select group of 70 university staff who had face-to-face contact with students during the study period were offered the opportunity to join P-ATS if they wished, at any point during the programme.
T50 8421-8549 Sentence denotes The P-ATS was primarily targeted to students in their first year of study who were living in university accommodation on campus.
T51 8550-8846 Sentence denotes All first-year students who had arrived in 2020 Cohort 1 were therefore eligible for the P-ATS and were offered the full programme which included a total of 12 PCR tests to be completed weekly over 12 weeks (10 swab tests, and 2 saliva tests) and up to 6 antibody tests from July to October 2020.
T52 8847-8950 Sentence denotes In addition, a number of students in their final year were invited to join the P-ATS in September 2020.
T53 8951-9112 Sentence denotes Eligible final-year students were those who were due to start certain 2-week rotation placements that required them to undertake PCR testing prior to attendance.
T54 9113-9227 Sentence denotes A select number of final year participants therefore participated in the P-ATS between September and October 2020.
T55 9228-9466 Sentence denotes Newly arriving first-year students from 2020 Cohort 1 were accommodated on campus in cluster flats treated as a “household” and attended teaching sessions in “bubbles” through the study period to avoid exposure to larger groups of people.
T56 9467-9596 Sentence denotes Final-year students mostly lived off campus and attended clinical rotation placements in the community during this year of study.
T57 9597-9773 Sentence denotes The P-ATS start for eligible final-year students was staggered since they joined at different times according to academic timetabling and the start date of relevant placements.
T58 9774-9992 Sentence denotes Final-year students joined the programme at different times, had fewer tests offered in total, with some students taking only one test, and others taking more if they changed rotation placement during the study period.
T59 9993-10161 Sentence denotes Therefore, the total number of tests offered varied between students, although the testing offers and start date were consistent for those who were in their first year.
T60 10162-10367 Sentence denotes The first- and final-year students who accessed P-ATS, therefore, had a different experience of both the service (with only first years offered the complete programme), and of university life more broadly.
T61 10368-10627 Sentence denotes For all P-ATS participants, swab, saliva and antibody test kits were collected by P-ATS participants, tests were self-administered and participants deposited samples at dedicated collection points on the university campus with social distancing rules applied.
T62 10628-10753 Sentence denotes The complete programme consisted of:(a) SARS2-PCR tests offered weekly for the 12-week study period (10× swab and 2× saliva);
T63 10754-10854 Sentence denotes (b) SARS2-antibody tests offered alternate weeks (6 x self-sampled finger-prick dried blood sample).
T64 10855-10994 Sentence denotes Individuals testing negative were informed by email correspondence to their cohort (indicating that all positive cases had been contacted).
T65 10995-11179 Sentence denotes Individuals testing positive were personally advised of their result by a clinical virologist, and a central university team was notified so that the student could be safely cared for.
T66 11180-11300 Sentence denotes This process included notification of Public Health England so that official test, track and trace could take place [9].
T67 11302-11306 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T68 11307-11345 Sentence denotes Participants, Recruitment and Sampling
T69 11346-11471 Sentence denotes All students who were eligible to take part in the P-ATS were invited to fill out the post-P-ATS evaluation survey (n = 215).
T70 11472-11718 Sentence denotes Participants for the mid-point and post-P-ATS interviews and focus groups were recruited from the total pool of 285 individuals (first-year students: n = 150; final-year students: n = 65; staff: n = 70) who had been invited to take part in P-ATS.
T71 11719-11813 Sentence denotes All students were invited to complete the survey, whether or not they had taken part in P-ATS.
T72 11814-11916 Sentence denotes All students and staff who had taken part in P-ATS were invited to attend an interview or focus group.
T73 11917-12009 Sentence denotes Recruitment to the mid-deployment group interview with students took place in weeks 6 and 9.
T74 12010-12167 Sentence denotes Recruitment to the post-deployment survey and student interviews and focus group commenced in mid-October 2020 and continued for 16 days through weeks 12–14.
T75 12168-12243 Sentence denotes Recruitment to the staff focus group took place post-deployment in week 13.
T76 12244-12488 Sentence denotes The staff focus group included participants in clinical or non-clinical teaching or research roles, senior leadership, support staff (e.g., technicians) and staff with pastoral or welfare roles (e.g., tutors, student experience administrators).
T77 12489-12661 Sentence denotes Students who were invited to interviews and focus groups included individuals of any gender, those living on or off campus, and those in their first or final year of study.
T78 12662-12924 Sentence denotes Ninety-nine students returned the post-P-ATS evaluation survey (46% response rate), 52 students and staff consented for the qualitative study via an online form and 41 subsequently took part in interviews or focus groups during the 16-day data collection window.
T79 12925-12996 Sentence denotes Table 1 shows basic demographic information for interview participants.
T80 12998-13002 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T81 13003-13016 Sentence denotes Online Survey
T82 13017-13186 Sentence denotes All students who were eligible to take part in the P-ATS were invited to fill out the post-P-ATS evaluation survey using Jisc Online Surveys (see Supplementary File S2).
T83 13187-13462 Sentence denotes The survey contained a mixture of closed and open-ended free-text questions exploring participants’ reasons for participating in the P-ATS (or not), experiences and engagement with the testing, perceived barriers and benefits of the programme and suggestions for improvement.
T84 13463-13643 Sentence denotes Items explored students’ experiences of self-isolation and social distancing, COVID-19 risk perceptions and anxiety measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) [10].
T85 13644-13821 Sentence denotes Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders, and the GAD-7 has demonstrated strong psychometric properties in population-based samples [10,11].
T86 13822-14019 Sentence denotes The measure has a range of 0 to 21, and a score of 10 or greater on the GAD-7 represents a reasonable cut point for identifying cases of GAD, with high sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%) [10].
T87 14021-14025 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T88 14026-14065 Sentence denotes Qualitative Interviews and Focus Groups
T89 14066-14182 Sentence denotes The study explored the perceptions and experiences of staff and students who were invited to take part in the P-ATS.
T90 14183-14302 Sentence denotes Qualitative data were collected from interviews and focus groups as well as free-text questions from the online survey.
T91 14303-14577 Sentence denotes Thirty-one student participants (21 first year, 10 final year) took part in six individual interviews (n = 6), eight small group interviews with 2–3 participants (n = 20), and one focus group with 4–5 participants (n = 5) all held online using video-conferencing facilities.
T92 14578-14749 Sentence denotes Two student group interviews took place at the programme mid-point (in weeks 6 and 9, respectively), all other interviews took place at the end of the P-ATS (weeks 12–14).
T93 14750-14839 Sentence denotes A single focus group was held with 10 staff participants after programme end, at week 13.
T94 14840-15009 Sentence denotes Interviews and focus groups were facilitated/moderated by a psychologist experienced in running focus groups (HB), and a study researcher who was a medical trainee (CC).
T95 15010-15084 Sentence denotes Both had undertaken training in qualitative research and interview skills.
T96 15085-15184 Sentence denotes Focus groups were conducted according to recommendations from NHS England’s focus group guide [12].
T97 15185-15327 Sentence denotes All interviews and focus groups followed the same questioning route (see Supplementary File S3), were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim.
T98 15329-15333 Sentence denotes 2.5.
T99 15334-15355 Sentence denotes Reflexivity Statement
T100 15356-15484 Sentence denotes The research team members reflected on the impact of their background, training, beliefs and relationship to the research topic.
T101 15485-15719 Sentence denotes Eleven of the authors conceptualised or were involved in operationalising the P-ATS being evaluated (JB, WI, JC, MB, JD, LF, PM, AF, JCh, AT, PT), although these researchers were not involved in evaluation data collection or analysis.
T102 15720-15845 Sentence denotes Survey data were analysed by a researcher who was not involved in recruitment, intervention delivery or data collection (JH).
T103 15846-15960 Sentence denotes Of the researchers who collected qualitative data, one had medical training (CC), and one was a psychologist (HB).
T104 15961-16208 Sentence denotes Of the researchers who conducted thematic analysis, one was a nurse who had not collected data (LB), the other had moderated focus groups and conducted interviews (CC) which may have influenced interpretation but was mitigated by team reflexivity.
T105 16210-16214 Sentence denotes 2.6.
T106 16215-16228 Sentence denotes Data Analysis
T107 16229-16335 Sentence denotes Survey data were analysed using IBM PASW SPSS Version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) (Supplementary File S6).
T108 16336-16604 Sentence denotes Data cleaning procedures (e.g., identification outliers and missing data analysis) and key statistical assumptions underpinning t-tests, correlation, and linear regression (normality, linearity, homoscedasticity, and independence) were examined prior to data analysis.
T109 16605-16841 Sentence denotes Qualitative data from interviews, focus groups and open-ended survey questions were analysed using inductive thematic analysis, which benefits from theoretical flexibility and simplicity in the identification of qualitative themes [13].
T110 16842-17098 Sentence denotes This process included the in-depth familiarisation and coding of data using NVivo 12 software, before sorting data in broader thematic concepts which represented sections of the data, later refined into the development of five key themes, and 13 subthemes.
T111 17099-17179 Sentence denotes Two researchers (LB/CC) analysed qualitative data, using thematic analysis [13].
T112 17180-17410 Sentence denotes As this was an evaluation of a pilot uncontrolled complex intervention in a real-world setting, intended to directly inform ensuing mass SARS-Cov-2 testing approaches, a pragmatic and time-sensitive approach was taken to analysis.
T113 17411-17484 Sentence denotes Three researchers were involved in the qualitative analysis (LB, CC, HB).
T114 17485-17754 Sentence denotes One researcher coded all the interview data and generated the initial themes (LB), a second researcher (who had conducted interviews) then independently coded a subsample of four randomly selected transcripts, in order to compare and agree on themes through discussion.
T115 17755-17941 Sentence denotes A third researcher (who had conducted interviews) then reviewed all the transcriptions to crosscheck against themes, confirm the themes and resolve any discrepancies between coders (HB).
T116 17942-18022 Sentence denotes Consensus on the themes was achieved through discussion between all researchers.
T117 18023-18173 Sentence denotes Combining qualitative data from different data sources and using two researchers for coding and analysis, enabled data and investigator triangulation.
T118 18175-18179 Sentence denotes 2.7.
T119 18180-18210 Sentence denotes Patient and Public Involvement
T120 18211-18392 Sentence denotes Student and staff views informed the study design and interview questioning guide at the point of study conception, via a Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) group.
T121 18393-18556 Sentence denotes Students expressed a preference to be able to choose between individual or small group interview, and staff preferred to participate in a single large focus group.
T122 18557-18702 Sentence denotes Study findings will be disseminated to all participants through this publication and lay summaries disseminated via the participating university.
T123 18704-18706 Sentence denotes 3.
T124 18707-18714 Sentence denotes Results
T125 18716-18720 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T126 18721-18735 Sentence denotes Survey Results
T127 18736-18820 Sentence denotes The study sample included 99 respondents (93 P-ATS participants, 6 nonparticipants).
T128 18821-18865 Sentence denotes Sample characteristics are shown in Table 2.
T129 18866-18901 Sentence denotes Mean age was 20.36 years (SD 1.69).
T130 18902-19012 Sentence denotes Table 3 provides an overview of self-reported anxiety levels within the total sample and across key groupings.
T131 19013-19145 Sentence denotes Of respondents, 31.3% had high anxiety (score of >= 10) as measured by GAD-7 (43.3% of final-year and 26.1% of first-year students).
T132 19146-19278 Sentence denotes Mean anxiety levels were higher in students living in private accommodation compared with students in university halls of residence.
T133 19279-19359 Sentence denotes G*Power (version 3.1.9.7) [14] was used to calculate post hoc statistical power.
T134 19360-19542 Sentence denotes All independent t-tests are underpowered (<0.8) and, therefore, the risk of false negatives was inflated and the results (including null findings) should be interpreted with caution.
T135 19544-19550 Sentence denotes 3.1.1.
T136 19551-19570 Sentence denotes Reasons for Testing
T137 19571-19768 Sentence denotes Students’ top three reasons for taking part were “helping to keep campus safe”, “contributing to the national effort to control the virus”, and “being involved in COVID-19 research” (see Figure 1).
T138 19769-19840 Sentence denotes Table 4 provides an overview of participants’ experiences of the P-ATS.
T139 19841-20118 Sentence denotes The majority of respondents reported they would take part in a COVID testing programme in the future (94.9% of P-ATS participants, 50% of non-participants), and would recommend university asymptomatic COVID testing to others (98% of participants, and 100% of non-participants).
T140 20119-20385 Sentence denotes Reasons for nonparticipation were unrelated to COVID-19 or testing (e.g., not physically present at the university during this time) and there were no observable differences in demographics between participants and nonparticipants informed by descriptive statistics.
T141 20386-20487 Sentence denotes Due to the small sample size group mean differences could not be tested using inferential statistics.
T142 20489-20495 Sentence denotes 3.1.2.
T143 20496-20515 Sentence denotes Case Identification
T144 20516-20601 Sentence denotes Only four positive SARS-CoV-2 cases were identified through the P-ATS in this sample.
T145 20602-20790 Sentence denotes Three of these students reported that they were notified of their positive result within 24 h by the Clinical Virologist, and one student reported that they had been notified after 2 days.
T146 20791-20896 Sentence denotes All four students were compliant in notifying the university the same day using an online reporting form.
T147 20897-20965 Sentence denotes All received the official test kit and all self-isolated as advised.
T148 20966-21144 Sentence denotes One of the students stayed exclusively in their own room during self-isolation, the other three self-isolated within their household but had contact with other household members.
T149 21146-21152 Sentence denotes 3.1.3.
T150 21153-21193 Sentence denotes Acceptability and Programme Satisfaction
T151 21194-21365 Sentence denotes Test kits were collected by individuals or members of their household and almost all of the participants did not report any issues with drop off and collection procedures.
T152 21366-21489 Sentence denotes More than three quarters of respondents (79.6%) indicated they were confident in the outcome of their COVID-19 test result.
T153 21490-21551 Sentence denotes Indicators of acceptability are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.
T154 21552-21723 Sentence denotes In general, students were highly satisfied with the information they received about the testing programme (97.5%) and how the information was communicated to them (89.2%).
T155 21724-22089 Sentence denotes Respondents were satisfied with the approach to communicating positive test results, but over one-third were dissatisfied with receiving negative test results via a group email (e.g., indicating that all individuals who tested positive had been informed), rather than being told their negative result individually (the process in place during the pilot deployment).
T156 22091-22097 Sentence denotes 3.1.4.
T157 22098-22115 Sentence denotes Testing Adherence
T158 22116-22396 Sentence denotes Adherence could be meaningfully determined for students in their first year who had participated in the P-ATS, as they were the target population and had all been offered the full P-ATS provision (testing provision for final year and staff was individualised, so highly variable).
T159 22397-22490 Sentence denotes Reported adherence to testing related to COVID was relatively high among first year students.
T160 22491-22728 Sentence denotes Of the first-year survey respondents who had participated in P-ATS (n = 65), 70.8% (n = 46) submitted all 10 swab tests in weeks 1–10 (full swab provision), and 93.9% (n = 61) submitted 5 or more swabs (at least half the swab provision).
T161 22729-22882 Sentence denotes With regard to saliva samples only, 89.2% (n = 58) of first years completed one or more samples, and 16.9% (n = 11) completed two or more saliva samples.
T162 22883-23022 Sentence denotes For both types of test combined, 92.3% (n = 60) completed 6 or more tests, and 47.7% (n = 31) completed all 12 tests (10× swab, 2× saliva).
T163 23023-23156 Sentence denotes Reported PCR test completion is provided in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 for the first year P-ATS participants (n = 65).
T164 23157-23316 Sentence denotes The change from swab test to saliva sample was initiated at week 10 of 12, in preparation for alignment with deployment of the main university testing service.
T165 23317-23470 Sentence denotes Engagement willingness may be underestimated from the number of tests completed, due to brief period of test kit stock depletion during the study period.
T166 23471-23631 Sentence denotes As would be expected, due to a longer period in the P-ATS, first-year students completed significantly more PCR tests than final-year students during the pilot:
T167 23632-23735 Sentence denotes Xfirst year = 10.13, SD = 2.82, n= 65; Xfinal year= 2.68, SD = 1.12, n = 28; t (91) = 12.51, p < 0.001.
T168 23736-23802 Sentence denotes Figure 4 stratifies these reported frequencies across year groups.
T169 23803-24094 Sentence denotes Across the whole sample (n = 93), reported adherence to PCR testing was significantly higher in those who had been required to self-isolate at any point during the P-ATS (Xself-isolate= 9.03, SD= 2.98, n = 34; Xno self-isolate= 7.15, SD = 4.82, n = 59; t (91) = 2.19, p = 0.031, Xdifference:
T170 24095-24250 Sentence denotes 1.99), and those with lower levels of anxiety (Xlow anxiety = 8.70, SD = 4.24, n = 64; Xhigh anxiety = 6.07, SD = 3.99, n = 29; t (91) = −2.83, p = 0.006).
T171 24251-24645 Sentence denotes Adherence to PCR testing was also higher in those students who lived on campus (n = 63) compared with those who lived elsewhere (X = 10.15on campus, SD = 2.67, n = 61; Xoff campus = 3.56, SD = 2.99, n = 32; t(91) = −10.14, p < 0.001), although this is not unexpected, given that almost all of the on-campus students were in their first year (n = 62) and were offered the full 12 weeks of P-ATS.
T172 24646-24897 Sentence denotes Among the first-year students specifically (n = 65), adherence to PCR testing was significantly higher in those with lower levels of anxiety (Xlow anxiety = 10.71, SD = 2.47, n = 48; Xhigh anxiety = 8.47, SD = 3.14, n = 17; t (63) = −2.98, p = 0.004).
T173 24898-25108 Sentence denotes With regards antibody tests, 76.9% (n = 50) of first-year students reported completing three or more of the six tests offered during the P-ATS, and 41.5% (n = 27) of first-year students completed all six tests.
T174 25109-25175 Sentence denotes Figure 5 stratifies these reported frequencies across year groups.
T175 25177-25183 Sentence denotes 3.1.5.
T176 25184-25210 Sentence denotes Correlates of Self-Testing
T177 25211-25497 Sentence denotes Pearson and Kendall’s Tau-b correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the association between reported test compliance, mental health and programme satisfaction for all student participants in the P-ATS (combined PCR swab and saliva samples, Table 6; antibody tests; Table 7).
T178 25498-25835 Sentence denotes Increased PCR test adherence was associated with increased worry about friends and family contracting COVID-19, greater satisfaction with drop-off location, increased satisfaction with how negative tests were communicated, greater satisfaction with the information received and greater satisfaction with how information was communicated.
T179 25836-26081 Sentence denotes A higher frequency of completed antibody tests were associated with greater worry about friends and family contracting COVID-19, greater satisfaction with information received and how it was communicated, and satisfaction with drop-off location.
T180 26082-26226 Sentence denotes Due to the exploratory nature of this study, a stepwise entry method was used (with the exception of covariates) to specify regression analysis.
T181 26227-26338 Sentence denotes The frequency of combined reported PCR testing (swab and saliva) completion was used as the dependent variable.
T182 26339-26400 Sentence denotes Gender was dummy coded, with males set as the referent group.
T183 26401-26648 Sentence denotes Covariates (gender and year of study) were entered in block one (forced entry), followed by student’s mental wellbeing variables (block two, stepwise entry), and satisfaction with programme services and communication (block three, stepwise entry).
T184 26649-26686 Sentence denotes See Table 8 and Table 9 for overview.
T185 26687-26803 Sentence denotes Two standardised residuals (>+/−3.0) were identified as extreme scores and were removed from this analysis (n = 91).
T186 26804-27161 Sentence denotes Increased PCR test adherence was significantly associated with being in the first year of study (as expected due to the higher number of tests available for first years compared with final years), lower levels of anxiety, increased worry about contracting COVID-19 and increased satisfaction with the way in which information was communicated (see Table 8).
T187 27162-27294 Sentence denotes The final regression model accounted for 78.2% of the explained variance in the dependent variable (adjusted R2 = 0.769, SE = 2.06).
T188 27295-27429 Sentence denotes The statistical correlates associated with the frequency of antibody tests were determined with several study variables (see Table 7).
T189 27430-27890 Sentence denotes Increased frequency of antibody tests completed during the pilot was statistically significantly associated with being first year of study (again, as expected due to the higher number of tests offered to first year compared with final years), lower level of anxiety symptoms, having greater worry about friends or family contracting COVID-19, increased satisfaction with the drop-off point for completed tests and greater confidence in the outcome of the test.
T190 27891-28001 Sentence denotes The final regression model explained 57.9% of the total variance (adjusted R2= 0.579, SE = 1.54; see Table 9).
T191 28003-28009 Sentence denotes 3.1.6.
T192 28010-28037 Sentence denotes Correlates of Mental Health
T193 28038-28217 Sentence denotes A regression analysis was conducted to examine the correlates of mental health (specifically, anxiety measured by the GAD-7) and testing procedures or concerns regarding COVID-19.
T194 28218-28299 Sentence denotes A three-step hierarchical regression was conducted using a stepwise entry method.
T195 28300-28361 Sentence denotes Gender was dummy coded, with males set as the referent group.
T196 28362-28473 Sentence denotes The final regression model accounted for 46.2% of the total explained variance: adjusted R2 = 0.431, SE = 4.48.
T197 28474-28545 Sentence denotes See Table 10 for overview of regression results and block entry method.
T198 28546-28868 Sentence denotes Increased anxiety among students was associated with (listed in descending order of magnitude of association strength): increased worry about contracting COVID-19, decreased satisfaction with the way in which information was communicated through the pilot and increased worry about friends and family contracting COVID-19.
T199 28870-28876 Sentence denotes 3.1.7.
T200 28877-28905 Sentence denotes Protective Health Behaviours
T201 28906-29172 Sentence denotes Perceived risk of COVID-19 (before and after the testing pilot) and the perceived importance of protective health behaviours is shown in Table 11 for the entire sample, and across sub-groups (positive tests, participants in pilot, and those that have self-isolated).
T202 29173-29239 Sentence denotes Independent t-tests were calculated to test group mean difference.
T203 29240-29357 Sentence denotes It is important to note that all t-tests were underpowered, with an elevated risk of false negatives (Type II error).
T204 29358-29417 Sentence denotes Therefore, null results should be interpreted with caution.
T205 29418-29706 Sentence denotes Those who opted not to take part in the pilot programme reported a lower perceived risk of COVID-19 than pilot participants pre- (July) and post-pilot (October) compared with those who had taken part, although the difference only reached statistical significance for the pre-pilot rating.
T206 29707-29938 Sentence denotes There were nonsignificant trends towards lower perceived importance of protective behaviours in nonparticipants, those who had received a positive test result and those who had needed to self-isolate during the intervention period.
T207 29939-30161 Sentence denotes However, it is important to note that, due to limited sample size of one comparison group, these tests have limited statistical power (resulting in an inflated risk of type II error) and should be interpreted with caution.
T208 30163-30167 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T209 30168-30187 Sentence denotes Qualitative Results
T210 30188-30509 Sentence denotes Five themes (with 13 sub-themes) emerged from the analysis of the qualitative data from student and staff interviews and focus groups: “emotional responses to COVID-19”, “university life during COVID-19”, “influences on testing participation”, “testing physical and logistical factors” and “testing effects on wellbeing”.
T211 30510-30630 Sentence denotes A thematic map illustrating the relationships between the key themes and subthemes is provided in Supplementary File S4.
T212 30631-30716 Sentence denotes Table 12 shows a summary of key themes and subthemes and their representative quotes.
T213 30717-30796 Sentence denotes Further quotations to support Themes 1–5 are provided in Supplementary File S5.
T214 30798-30804 Sentence denotes 3.2.1.
T215 30805-30813 Sentence denotes Theme 1:
T216 30814-30845 Sentence denotes Emotional Responses to COVID-19
T217 30846-30867 Sentence denotes (i) Negative Feelings
T218 30868-31052 Sentence denotes Participants expressed complex emotional reactions to COVID-19, including physical exhaustion and a range of psychological responses such as frustration, uncertainty, anxiety and fear.
T219 31053-31304 Sentence denotes Fear was alluded to not only in the context of the risk to themselves and their families of contracting COVID-19 but also in respect to a sense of guilt they would feel should they receive a positive test result and risk spreading the virus to others.
T220 31305-31616 Sentence denotes While a minority were less concerned by the virus, there was widespread acknowledgement that the pandemic had impacted significantly on mental health for both students and staff, “in the beginning when it all went into lockdown it felt really alien and it made me quite anxious” (P128, female, staff, academic).
T221 31617-31895 Sentence denotes Students expressed frustration with regard to the negative media representation of university students, and they perceived mixed messages from the government had encouraged them to “eat out, to help out”, and subsequently “blamed students for going out, and spreading COVID-19”.
T222 31896-31919 Sentence denotes (ii) COVID-19 around Me
T223 31920-32114 Sentence denotes Variations observed in participants’ emotional reactions to COVID-19 (students and staff) and their level of concern about COVID-19 appeared to be related directly to their personal experiences.
T224 32115-32306 Sentence denotes Anxiety and fear were much more pronounced in those reporting greater personal exposure to the negative impacts of COVID-19 than those who had no prior experience of the virus or its impacts.
T225 32307-32813 Sentence denotes For example, interviewees were seemingly more anxious and concerned if they had received a positive test result, had (or knew someone who had) self-isolated during the pandemic, had an underlying health condition that increased health risk, or knew someone who had become seriously ill due to COVID-19: “one of my friends was on a ventilator for ten weeks because of… being affected by COVID, he was a nurse working with elderly people so that was quite a scary experience” (P126, female, staff, academic).
T226 32814-32840 Sentence denotes (iii) Coping with COVID-19
T227 32841-33152 Sentence denotes Participants referred to a diverse range of coping mechanisms adopted in response to the virus, which included participation in the university asymptomatic testing provision, media avoidance, distractions, and an acceptance that outcomes were beyond their control, all of which appeared to reduce their anxiety.
T228 33153-33357 Sentence denotes Many students alluded to peer support both with relation to shared engagement with peers in the testing processes (e.g., within household “bubbles”) and accessing support from peers during self-isolation.
T229 33358-33519 Sentence denotes It was suggested that students who live off campus may have less peer support and may find periods of self-isolation more challenging than those living in halls.
T230 33520-34104 Sentence denotes A small number of students had struggled to cope during the pandemic, particularly when self-isolating, and staff indicated that further support was required for mental wellbeing, particularly for those students with existing mental health concerns. “We have had situations where students have significant mental health crises during self-isolation and that has put a lot of stress on the other students in the house where they are in an isolating situation… we need to make sure we have enough support 24 h a day, seven days a week, for these students” (P129, male, staff, academic).
T231 34106-34112 Sentence denotes 3.2.2.
T232 34113-34144 Sentence denotes University Life during COVID-19
T233 34145-34175 Sentence denotes (i) Adaptation to a New Normal
T234 34176-34291 Sentence denotes Students indicated they would rather be present at university being tested for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), than go home.
T235 34292-34488 Sentence denotes Some staff reported feeling initially anxious about their return to work at the university during the pandemic, but they were keen to do so and had quickly adapted to this and the regular testing.
T236 34489-34653 Sentence denotes With the emotional responses to COVID-19 in mind, participants described extensive adaptations required in order to adapt to a “new normal” in the ongoing pandemic.
T237 34654-35000 Sentence denotes This included compliance with national restrictions, such as social distancing and self-isolation, but also the acknowledgement of the further challenges these restrictions presented to university life with relation to social engagement (and for first year students, making new friendships) as well as impacts on teaching and learning activities.
T238 35001-35134 Sentence denotes Overall, students and staff reported adapting well to the changes resulting from COVID-19 (e.g., online learning and remote working).
T239 35135-35297 Sentence denotes During the intervention period, the experience of testing became more normalised as households engaged in testing processes together and it became a shared habit.
T240 35298-35443 Sentence denotes Periods of self-isolation were seen to be the “new normal” during the pandemic, but participants raised difficulties experienced because of this.
T241 35444-35667 Sentence denotes Some were disappointed to have missed family events, others spoke about the acute impact of self-isolating on mental health and the tensions that had arisen in households as a result of the mental health impact of COVID-19.
T242 35668-36049 Sentence denotes First-year students who had not yet established friendship networks were concerned about missing out on university life: “there is a fear of not making friends at uni, so, when people come here, everyone wants to make lots of friends because that is where you’re here to do at uni, so it is kind of hard having those restrictions kind of prevent that.” (P98, female, Yr1, student).
T243 36050-36392 Sentence denotes Staff spoke of the heavy impacts of the pandemic on their workload, particularly with relation to teaching and learning activities, such as the transition to remote working, re-scheduling of assessments for students who were self-isolating and the additional work required to support partial face-to-face teaching in a COVID-safe environment.
T244 36393-36480 Sentence denotes One of the more significant challenges for staff was the management of student welfare.
T245 36481-36812 Sentence denotes They reported escalating mental health concerns among students that were exacerbated by periods of self-isolation and compounded in the early stages of P-ATS by practical issues for students living on and off campus that were later resolved (e.g., “teething problems” around the organisation of food delivery and laundry services).
T246 36813-37078 Sentence denotes With the potential for students being required to isolate more than once, staff perceived that adaptation to the new normal of COVID-19 and the success of mass testing approaches would require a substantial focus on student welfare and support for mental wellbeing.
T247 37079-37109 Sentence denotes (ii) Improving University Life
T248 37110-37233 Sentence denotes Participants made various suggestions for how the challenges of COVID-19 and adapting to the new normal might be addressed.
T249 37234-37371 Sentence denotes There was a strong appetite for wider-spread testing across all campuses to maximise perceptions of safety in the student and staff body.
T250 37372-37551 Sentence denotes There was a desire for more university-led events to entertain students, facilitate social activity to assist with friendship building and to reduce the boredom of self-isolation.
T251 37552-37689 Sentence denotes There was a general consensus that personal contact and support is essential to reduce the fear and anxiety experienced during this time.
T252 37690-37886 Sentence denotes Students requested personal support from university staff with managing the challenges of missed opportunities or learning experiences due to self-isolation (e.g., lectures or practice rotations).
T253 37887-38123 Sentence denotes They spoke of the importance of regular check-ins from staff during periods of self-isolation to minimise the mental health impacts: “it doesn’t need to be a lot, simple email, not even every day like every other day, how are you doing?
T254 38124-38176 Sentence denotes Do you need anything?” (P116, female, Yr1, student).
T255 38177-38270 Sentence denotes Staff were commended by students for the level of support they had provided during this time.
T256 38271-38463 Sentence denotes Some participants believed that there should be increased education around repercussions or regulation defiance for the minority of students that were not adhering to social distancing advice.
T257 38464-38663 Sentence denotes Students acknowledged that some positive support was already in place from the university with practical tasks, including shopping, and were aware of the workload pressures that this added for staff.
T258 38664-39153 Sentence denotes However, staff disclosed pressures associated with increased student support, particularly with relation to the workload and challenges associated with supporting students after they received a test result and through periods of self-isolation: “So, some support around, for the students, around what happens when you get a positive result would be extremely useful to come alongside that [the testing], so that did increase our workload quite considerably.” (P129, male, staff, academic).
T259 39155-39161 Sentence denotes 3.2.3.
T260 39162-39170 Sentence denotes Theme 3:
T261 39171-39206 Sentence denotes Influences on Testing Participation
T262 39207-39226 Sentence denotes (i) Testing Freedom
T263 39227-39406 Sentence denotes Considering the challenges faced by participants, several students and staff expressed the motivation to participate in the pilot scheme based on the concept of “testing freedom”.
T264 39407-39635 Sentence denotes For many, this seemed to be a psychological response of acquiring “peace of mind” from knowing they were not an asymptomatic COVID-19 carrier and they were making efforts to protect their friends, families and local communities.
T265 39636-40090 Sentence denotes This response then engendered a practical freedom whereby individuals felt that participation in the testing would allow them to visit family members, or made them feel more comfortable to take part in general social activities: “I just wanted to know if I was positive so that I could take steps not to spread it and to kind of know that I was you know at risk and people near me were at risk so that was my main driver” (P128, female, staff, academic).
T266 40091-40202 Sentence denotes However, the freedom of testing could also have more negative impacts on behaviour, as discussed in theme four.
T267 40203-40227 Sentence denotes (ii) External Influences
T268 40228-40340 Sentence denotes Participants referred to many external influences that acted as drivers to their participation in the programme.
T269 40341-40438 Sentence denotes Many students had been encouraged to take part by family or friends, as well as university staff.
T270 40439-40678 Sentence denotes Students alluded to being “in it together” and spoke of the expectation from other students that they would take part in the testing “yes, [it’s] like an activity so you would feel left out if you didn’t do it” (P93, female, Yr1, student).
T271 40679-40829 Sentence denotes Some participants were driven to take part since they viewed this as a mechanism by which university students could contribute to the national effort.
T272 40830-40845 Sentence denotes (iii) Curiosity
T273 40846-41135 Sentence denotes Some students and staff were motivated to take part in the testing because of an underlying curiosity about their personal health status (i.e., COVID-19 negative or positive, potential immunity to COVID-19), or a scientific interest in the testing processes and the aligned research study.
T274 41137-41143 Sentence denotes 3.2.4.
T275 41144-41152 Sentence denotes Theme 4:
T276 41153-41192 Sentence denotes Testing—Physical and Logistical Factors
T277 41193-41210 Sentence denotes (i) Communication
T278 41211-41269 Sentence denotes Communication was a pivotal factor throughout the process.
T279 41270-41806 Sentence denotes Most of the participants referred to the appropriateness and acceptability of communications from the university, including the clear sign-up instructions provided at the outset, concise information about testing and the processes, and appropriate approaches to communication of test results: “yes it was good, we didn’t get told when we had negative results but then we got an email at the end of the day saying that anyone who was positive had been contacted so obviously you knew that you were negative” (P121, female, Yr1, student).
T280 41807-42217 Sentence denotes Others highlighted problems that had occurred with communications, such as delays in the provision of instructions, and some “less clear” communications that had led to misunderstanding about the purpose of the testing, how to take the swab tests and how samples would be used “I think it would have been better if you got an email every time, just because then you’re kind of like well did they do my test?...
T281 42218-42309 Sentence denotes There is always a little thing in the back of your head like did it actually test negative?
T282 42310-42370 Sentence denotes Or did my test not get there?” (P101, female, Yr5, student).
T283 42371-42645 Sentence denotes Both students and staff had expected to receive their antibody test results but had not received it during the study period, and the lack of communication related to when, or if, results would be available affected adherence to the antibody testing element of the programme.
T284 42646-42910 Sentence denotes Staff highlighted some inadequacies in university-wide communications about the self-isolation processes and support that students could expect to receive, and the time they spent clarifying communications with students had significantly increased staff workloads.
T285 42911-42932 Sentence denotes (ii) Physical Testing
T286 42933-43179 Sentence denotes The act of testing itself was acceptable to the vast majority of participants, and there was no consensus on the preferred methods of testing between saliva or swabs (for presence of SARS-CoV-2) or finger-prick antibody test (for prior exposure).
T287 43180-43365 Sentence denotes Several students spoke of the efforts staff had made to assist in the process, and video materials, leaflets and explanatory emails were particularly valued to assist with self-testing.
T288 43366-43636 Sentence denotes A minority referred to negative aspects of the testing (such as swab tests being physically unpleasant to undertake or a fear of needles), but these factors did not appear to deter any of the students from participating and were not reported as reasons for missed tests.
T289 43637-43668 Sentence denotes (iii) Practicalities of Testing
T290 43669-43755 Sentence denotes No students or staff raised any significant concerns related to the testing processes.
T291 43756-44208 Sentence denotes There was a general consensus that the frequency of testing was appropriate, and the collection and drop-off locations were convenient, particularly for those who were based on campus: “I thought it was really easy, erm and erm we noticed because the drop off and the collection station is opposite our office, we noticed that the participation from the students… who are living on campus was really, really good.” (P123, female, staff, administrator).
T292 44209-44501 Sentence denotes Some participants raised practical barriers, such as the logistics of collecting tests when self-isolating, periods of stock depletion which meant swabbing was unavailable, or further challenges related to timetabling, “I think it was pretty much all positive, the only thing was the timings.
T293 44502-44643 Sentence denotes It was a bit annoying rushing through like some lecture or like running over to put them in before the deadline” (P94, female, Yr1, student).
T294 44644-44814 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the logistical challenges associated with maintaining adequate supplies of test kits and ensuring all students had access to them, were highlighted by staff.
T295 44816-44822 Sentence denotes 3.2.5.
T296 44823-44831 Sentence denotes Theme 5:
T297 44832-44860 Sentence denotes Testing—Effects on Wellbeing
T298 44861-44890 Sentence denotes (i) Improved Mental Wellbeing
T299 44891-44957 Sentence denotes The P-ATS was perceived to be extremely important by participants.
T300 44958-45185 Sentence denotes Despite the negative mental wellbeing impacts of COVID-19 and self-isolation, both students and staff identified positive impacts on wellbeing that were directly associated with the provision of virus testing at the university.
T301 45186-45606 Sentence denotes These positive impacts included reassurance about their personal health status, increased perception of safety on campus, reduced anxiety, increased confidence and greater feelings of satisfaction with, and support from, the university during the pandemic: “it was a good kind of confidence boost, you knew that it wasn’t going to spread around university as much as if people were asymptomatic and weren’t being tested.
T302 45607-45702 Sentence denotes You knew that there was a bit more of a like safety net in a way” (P121, female, Yr1, student).
T303 45703-45726 Sentence denotes (ii) Behavioural Change
T304 45727-45818 Sentence denotes The positive impacts noted by participants were closely associated with behavioural change.
T305 45819-45956 Sentence denotes The clear communications had made it easy for students to follow testing instructions and adhere to social distancing guidance on campus.
T306 45957-46074 Sentence denotes Generally, students and staff felt comfortable with being present on campus while the testing programme was in place.
T307 46075-46624 Sentence denotes Participants reported feeling happier to visit loved ones and to socialise (in a socially distanced way); final-year students were able to attend rotations (clinical placements), which in some cases were activities that would not have occurred in the absence of testing: “yes I think there has been a few times when I have gone home just for the day to see my family and what not, which I probably wouldn’t have done if the testing wasn’t in place so in that regard it has like changed my behaviour in sort of that way” (P103, female, Yr5, student).
T308 46625-46813 Sentence denotes Participants who had been required to self-isolate reported that they had been adherent to self-isolation guidance, as had their peers, and they believed that self-isolating was important.
T309 46814-47002 Sentence denotes Although students did feel more comfortable socialising as a result of the testing programme, those interviewed spoke of the importance of adhering to guidelines and protective behaviours.
T310 47003-47213 Sentence denotes However, a minority of interviewees had observed a small number of students being less compliant with government COVID-19 restrictions because they were being tested—a negative consequence of “testing freedom”.
T311 47214-47550 Sentence denotes This frustrated the majority of students who claimed to be compliant: “five out of six of us would be following the same rules anyway to be honest, I would say there is definitely a couple of people that I know that yes are a bit more oh well I am negative so I am just going to do what I want sort of thing” (P102, male, Yr5, student).
T312 47552-47554 Sentence denotes 4.
T313 47555-47565 Sentence denotes Discussion
T314 47567-47571 Sentence denotes 4.1.
T315 47572-47592 Sentence denotes Programme Evaluation
T316 47593-47749 Sentence denotes Almost all students and staff in this study would take part in an asymptomatic SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 testing programme again and would recommend it to others.
T317 47750-47860 Sentence denotes PCR self-testing using throat swab or saliva was highly acceptable (as shown in other community samples) [15].
T318 47861-47948 Sentence denotes Testing adherence was high and 4 out of 5 students were confident in their test result.
T319 47949-48126 Sentence denotes Antibody testing using finger-prick samples was acceptable although lack of communication of antibody test results reduced adherence to finger-prick tests towards programme end.
T320 48127-48509 Sentence denotes There were no significant problems related to the logistics around the collection of test kits and venues for sample return for students or staff, although there had been a brief period of depleted test kit stock, and one third of first years experienced the occasional difficulty returning the test kit by the required time which was primarily associated with academic timetabling.
T321 48510-48732 Sentence denotes The process of repeat self-testing was seen to be acceptable to students and staff, and we have demonstrated the acceptability of a mass testing approach over a significantly longer period of time than shown elsewhere [6].
T322 48733-48953 Sentence denotes Students and staff were largely satisfied with the information received about the testing programme, how information was communicated to them around testing and test kit collection, and the communication of test results.
T323 48954-49203 Sentence denotes However, in some cases there had been inconsistency in communications from staff to students (e.g., with variations in guidance given to students around self-isolation between those who were operationalising the testing service and academic tutors).
T324 49204-49429 Sentence denotes One third of participants were dissatisfied with the approach to communicating negative PCR test results taken during the pilot programme although this “batch” approach to communications has been modified since the study end.
T325 49430-49609 Sentence denotes In our survey, 1 in 5 students reported that they were not confident in their test results, and confidence in test results was related to the number of (antibody) tests completed.
T326 49610-49832 Sentence denotes This is explained by the qualitative data, which suggests that a lack of confidence in the test results relates to the way in which results had been communicated to individuals by the university during the pilot programme.
T327 49833-50115 Sentence denotes For example, late or non-receipt of antibody test results, coupled with “batch” communication of negative test outcomes led to uncertainty among students and staff as to whether they had correctly completed the self-testing, or whether their samples had been lost in the laboratory.
T328 50116-50350 Sentence denotes Timely communication of test outcomes and individual-level communication of all test results may therefore increase confidence in test results, and this may have implications for future testing adherence and COVID-19 vaccine roll-out.
T329 50351-50768 Sentence denotes Moving forwards, it may be useful to review and standardise the communication plan for the provision of guidance around the testing processes, test results and self-isolation, taking into account the importance of student and staff mental wellbeing and perceived risk, as well as the impact of specific wording used in communications which is known to influence individuals’ understanding of health test results [16].
T330 50769-51012 Sentence denotes More broadly, communications have been shown to be critical, since perceived sufficiency of information provided has been shown to influence anxiety and behavioural responses to COVID-19 [17], as well as other pandemics (e.g., influenza) [18].
T331 51013-51267 Sentence denotes However, the volume of information per communication may be important, since our qualitative findings highlight students’ desires for information to be reiterated due to receipt of over-length emails which, for some, resulted in them missing information.
T332 51268-51479 Sentence denotes Providing a clear timeframe for communication of all test results (in our case, the antibody tests) would reassure students and reduce their anxiety, which may consequently impact their future testing behaviour.
T333 51480-51632 Sentence denotes Many students reported that they gained new knowledge about COVID-19 and testing procedures from taking part, particularly students in their first year.
T334 51633-51914 Sentence denotes Although students who had self-isolated at some point during the pilot appeared to be more adherent to the testing (i.e., completed on average more tests), this should be interpreted with caution, due to limited statistical power and restricted sampling from the target population.
T335 51916-51920 Sentence denotes 4.2.
T336 51921-51941 Sentence denotes Adherence to Testing
T337 51942-52102 Sentence denotes Students with lower levels of anxiety and greater satisfaction with university communications around P-ATS were more likely to adhere to PCR and antibody tests.
T338 52103-52234 Sentence denotes Students who were dissatisfied with university communications were less adherent to PCR testing, as were those with higher anxiety.
T339 52235-52350 Sentence denotes Anxiety levels in our higher education sample were higher than those detected in adult samples globally (21%) [19].
T340 52351-52521 Sentence denotes This further highlights the importance of efforts to protect mental wellbeing in university students during the implementation of national and local containment measures.
T341 52522-52715 Sentence denotes This is supported by data from the staff focus group, where protecting the mental wellbeing of students in self-isolation was deemed to be essential to the success of future testing programmes.
T342 52716-52968 Sentence denotes The findings clearly indicate the need for clarity and the consistency of communications around testing approaches, test outcomes and self-isolation, promotion of positive wellbeing, and support for mental health during self-isolation and more broadly.
T343 52969-53193 Sentence denotes Experiences of confinement during a pandemic can negatively impact the psychological wellbeing of young adults, including those in the general population [20] and specifically, those in a higher education context [21,22,23].
T344 53194-53515 Sentence denotes However, a one-size-fits-all approach to mental health support in this context is likely to be insufficient due to disparities in mental health outcomes of higher education students during the pandemic, with those in the health professions, younger and more affluent students faring better than other student groups [20].
T345 53516-53669 Sentence denotes Increased adherence to testing was also associated with higher perceived risk of COVID-19 to themselves (PCR test) or friends and family (antibody test).
T346 53670-53865 Sentence denotes This supports a previous study which demonstrated a relationship between perceived COVID-19 risk and adverse mental health outcomes in a UK community sample earlier in the COVID-19 pandemic [24].
T347 53867-53871 Sentence denotes 4.3.
T348 53872-53914 Sentence denotes Risk Perceptions and Protective Behaviours
T349 53915-54035 Sentence denotes Students and staff generally perceived that their safety on campus was increased due to university asymptomatic testing.
T350 54036-54245 Sentence denotes Increased perception of safety did not appear to reduce adherence to social distancing or self-isolation, but some interviewees reported observing a minority of students failing to comply to university advice.
T351 54246-54675 Sentence denotes There was a general perception that protective behaviours (social distancing, handwashing, face masks and self-isolation) were very important, but students’ views on the importance of protective behaviours were not associated with their perceived risk of COVID-19, which seemed to relate more to their personal experiences of COVID-19 (e.g., self, friends or family) and whether they had been required to self-isolate previously.
T352 54676-54799 Sentence denotes Similarly, staff alluded to the influence of personal experiences of COVID-19 on their decisions to take part in the P-ATS.
T353 54800-55011 Sentence denotes Students who chose not to participate in the P-ATS perceived their risk of COVID-19 to be lower compared with students who took part, although low statistical power means this should be interpreted with caution.
T354 55013-55017 Sentence denotes 4.4.
T355 55018-55049 Sentence denotes Study Strengths and Limitations
T356 55050-55258 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore in depth, the perceptions and experiences of students and staff following delivery of a mass SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 testing programme in a university setting.
T357 55259-55467 Sentence denotes This study demonstrates the perceived value of the mass testing approach to students and staff in a higher education setting, although the economic and health impact of this approach is yet to be established.
T358 55468-55659 Sentence denotes Study findings will inform future deployments of COVID-19 virus and antibody testing on university campuses and may provide insights to inform the roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines in the future.
T359 55660-55921 Sentence denotes However, these findings should be considered in the context of the environment in which this pilot deployment was delivered (a single campus of a multi-campus university, in a semirural location), at a time of frequent changes in patterns of virus transmission.
T360 55922-56140 Sentence denotes The data were collected prior to the second surge of COVID-19 in the UK at which time the participating university deployed mass testing more broadly to include students living on its other campuses closer to the city.
T361 56141-56344 Sentence denotes In these subsequent deployments, a large number of positive cases were detected, leading to high numbers of students self-isolating, and this was coupled with lower uptake of mass testing among students.
T362 56345-56479 Sentence denotes Therefore, our findings may not be directly transferable to different settings or across rapidly changing national and local contexts.
T363 56480-56659 Sentence denotes The reasons for the subsequent reduction in testing uptake, apparent changes in students’ attitudes to testing and the barriers and enablers of self-isolation need to be explored.
T364 56660-56963 Sentence denotes This is particularly pertinent in the light of the government’s adoption of a phased return of students to UK universities in January 2021, whereby students returning to campus first may be subject to successive waves of virus exposure bringing the possibility of needing to self-isolate more than once.
T365 56964-57104 Sentence denotes Validity was strengthened as data were collected and analysed by researchers who were not involved in the delivery of the testing programme.
T366 57105-57448 Sentence denotes There were more female than male participants in our study (no students identified as non-binary), which reflects the gender balance of students completing a veterinary degree, with proposed figures of 77% [25] and 80% [26], but is higher than the proportion of females across all higher education students in the UK, estimated to be 57% [27].
T367 57449-57674 Sentence denotes Due to the cross-sectional survey data collected in this study, it is not possible to determine the temporal nature of any associations presented here (i.e., whether the P-ATS led to any psychological or behavioural changes).
T368 57675-57814 Sentence denotes The small sample size may affect the generalisability of results, although the survey response rate was adequate to address the study aims.
T369 57815-58149 Sentence denotes Similarly, given the aim of the study, the sample specificity, the rich dataset, in-depth insights into the phenomena of interest and the analysis approach adopted [28], the qualitative sample was deemed to have sufficient information power, although further insights from a larger sample of staff may be valuable for future research.
T370 58150-58391 Sentence denotes The positive evaluation should be interpreted in the light of known drawbacks of universal testing such as false-positive and false-negative tests, the difficulty of defining an active infection and significant resource implications [29,30].
T371 58393-58395 Sentence denotes 5.
T372 58396-58407 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T373 58408-58547 Sentence denotes University students and staff want to keep campuses safe and contribute to the national effort to prevent and manage outbreaks of COVID-19.
T374 58548-58730 Sentence denotes Asymptomatic COVID-19 testing is highly acceptable to students and staff in a university campus setting, using two types of PCR test (swab or saliva) and finger-prick antibody tests.
T375 58731-58815 Sentence denotes Adherence to testing is higher for students with prior experience of self-isolating.
T376 58816-58976 Sentence denotes Testing adherence is directly related to lower anxiety and students’ satisfaction with communications from the university around testing and associated support.
T377 58977-59166 Sentence denotes Student anxiety levels are largely associated with personal worries about themselves or their families contracting the virus, and their satisfaction with university COVID-19 communications.
T378 59167-59370 Sentence denotes Adequacy of support for student mental wellbeing will be critical during and after the pandemic, but the implications for workload and emotional burden on university staff should be carefully considered.
T379 59371-59761 Sentence denotes Uptake, adherence and satisfaction with mass asymptomatic testing services in a university setting will be influenced by the continued support and time investment from university staff who have direct contact with students, the clarity of communications particularly around test results, and the level of practical, welfare and emotional support provided to students who are self-isolating.
T380 59763-59778 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments
T381 59779-60070 Sentence denotes The authors would like to thank the University of Nottingham SVMS Testing Pilot Silver Group, the student representatives who reviewed the survey and questioning guide, all students and staff who participated in P-ATS and associated research, and Natalie Lewis for administrative assistance.
T382 60071-60194 Sentence denotes Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
T383 60196-60219 Sentence denotes Supplementary Materials
T384 60220-60310 Sentence denotes The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/1/188/s1, File S1:
T385 60311-60375 Sentence denotes Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ):
T386 60376-60403 Sentence denotes 32-item checklist, File S2:
T387 60404-60454 Sentence denotes Post-Programme Student Evaluation Survey; File S3:
T388 60455-60505 Sentence denotes Interview and Focus Group Question Guide; File S4:
T389 60506-60596 Sentence denotes Thematic map illustrating the relationships between the key themes and subthemes; File S5:
T390 60597-60658 Sentence denotes Key themes, subthemes and quotes; File S6: PAT-S Survey Data.
T391 60659-60695 Sentence denotes Click here for additional data file.
T392 60697-60717 Sentence denotes Author Contributions
T393 60718-61033 Sentence denotes Conceptualization, all authors; data curation, H.B. and C.C.; formal analysis, J.H., H.B., L.B. and C.C.; funding acquisition, J.B. and H.B.; investigation, H.B. and C.C.; methodology, H.B.; project administration, H.B. and C.C.; writing—original draft, H.B., J.H. and L.B.; writing—review and editing, all authors.
T394 61034-61110 Sentence denotes All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
T395 61112-61119 Sentence denotes Funding
T396 61120-61212 Sentence denotes The P-ATS was funded by the University of Nottingham COVID Recovery Board (Reference number:
T397 61213-61222 Sentence denotes 4767238).
T398 61224-61260 Sentence denotes Institutional Review Board Statement
T399 61261-61490 Sentence denotes The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS 76-0720; 23.07.2020).
T400 61492-61518 Sentence denotes Informed Consent Statement
T401 61519-61593 Sentence denotes Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.
T402 61595-61622 Sentence denotes Data Availability Statement
T403 61623-61700 Sentence denotes The data presented in this study are available in File S6: PAT-S Survey Data.
T404 61702-61723 Sentence denotes Conflicts of Interest
T405 61724-61768 Sentence denotes The authors declare no conflict of interest.
T406 61770-61845 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Perceived benefits of university testing service (n = 99, % yes).
T407 61846-61936 Sentence denotes Figure 2 Proportion of year one students completing between 0–10 swab tests during P-ATS.
T408 61937-62029 Sentence denotes Figure 3 Proportion of year one students completing between 0–2+ saliva tests during P-ATS.
T409 62030-62206 Sentence denotes Figure 4 Reported frequency of number of PCR tests (swab and saliva) completed across 12 weeks of testing during P-ATS by total sample and stratified by first and final years.
T410 62207-62370 Sentence denotes Figure 5 Reported frequency of number of antibody tests completed across 12 weeks of testing during P-ATS by total sample and stratified by first and final years.
T411 62371-62446 Sentence denotes Table 1 Sample characteristics for interview and focus group participants.
T412 62447-62514 Sentence denotes ID Gender Year of Study Ind/SG/FG † Date Time Duration (mins)
T413 62515-62561 Sentence denotes P101 F 5 IND 16 October 2020 16:30 36:31
T414 62562-62608 Sentence denotes P106 F 5 IND 18 October 2020 18:00 44:56
T415 62609-62655 Sentence denotes P116 F 1 IND 24 October 2020 19:00 48:33
T416 62656-62702 Sentence denotes P112 F 1 IND 24 October 2020 10:30 17:50
T417 62703-62749 Sentence denotes P117 F 1 IND 25 October 2020 14:30 50:47
T418 62750-62796 Sentence denotes P121 F 1 IND 30 October 2020 11:00 13:12
T419 62797-62843 Sentence denotes P91 F 1 SG 02 September 2020 14:00 32:50
T420 62844-62890 Sentence denotes P92 F 1 SG 02 September 2020 14:00 32:50
T421 62891-62937 Sentence denotes P93 F 1 SG 02 September 2020 14:00 32:50
T422 62938-62982 Sentence denotes P99 M 1 SG 14 October 2020 14:00 32:50
T423 62983-63028 Sentence denotes P100 M 1 SG 14 October 2020 14:00 32:50
T424 63029-63074 Sentence denotes P104 F 1 SG 17 October 2020 16:30 45:30
T425 63075-63120 Sentence denotes P105 M 1 SG 17 October 2020 16:30 45:30
T426 63121-63166 Sentence denotes P102 M 5 SG 17 October 2020 10:30 43:55
T427 63167-63212 Sentence denotes P103 F 5 SG 17 October 2020 10:30 43:55
T428 63213-63258 Sentence denotes P107 F 1 SG 18 October 2020 11:30 42:06
T429 63259-63304 Sentence denotes P108 M 5 SG 18 October 2020 11:40 42:06
T430 63305-63350 Sentence denotes P109 F 5 SG 23 October 2020 16:30 48:19
T431 63351-63396 Sentence denotes P110 F 1 SG 23 October 2020 16:30 48:19
T432 63397-63442 Sentence denotes P111 F 1 SG 23 October 2020 16:30 48:19
T433 63443-63488 Sentence denotes P113 F 5 SG 24 October 2020 16:30 48:48
T434 63489-63534 Sentence denotes P114 F 5 SG 24 October 2020 16:30 48:48
T435 63535-63580 Sentence denotes P115 F 5 SG 24 October 2020 16:30 48:48
T436 63581-63626 Sentence denotes P118 F 1 SG 27 October 2020 19:00 48:51
T437 63627-63672 Sentence denotes P119 F 5 SG 27 October 2020 19:00 48:51
T438 63673-63718 Sentence denotes P120 F 1 SG 27 October 2020 19:00 48:51
T439 63719-63765 Sentence denotes P94 F 1 FG 25 September 2020 13:00 53:49
T440 63766-63812 Sentence denotes P95 F 1 FG 25 September 2020 13:00 53:49
T441 63813-63859 Sentence denotes P96 F 1 FG 25 September 2020 13:00 53:49
T442 63860-63906 Sentence denotes P97 F 1 FG 25 September 2020 13:00 53:49
T443 63907-63953 Sentence denotes P98 F 1 FG 25 September 2020 13:00 53:49
T444 63954-63972 Sentence denotes Staff Participants
T445 63973-64035 Sentence denotes ID Gender Job Role Ind/SG/FG † Date Time Duration (mins)
T446 64036-64088 Sentence denotes P127 F Academic FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T447 64089-64148 Sentence denotes P129 M Senior Academic FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T448 64149-64201 Sentence denotes P130 F Academic FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T449 64202-64263 Sentence denotes P126 F Clinical academic FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T450 64264-64328 Sentence denotes P123 F Senior administrator FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T451 64329-64381 Sentence denotes P128 F Academic FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T452 64382-64434 Sentence denotes P125 F Academic FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T453 64435-64496 Sentence denotes P124 F Clinical academic FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T454 64497-64554 Sentence denotes P122 F Administrator FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T455 64555-64614 Sentence denotes P131 M Senior Academic FG 28 October 2020 15:00 70:58
T456 64615-64621 Sentence denotes † Ind:
T457 64622-64647 Sentence denotes Individual Interview; SG:
T458 64648-64687 Sentence denotes Small Group Interview (2–3 people); FG:
T459 64688-64722 Sentence denotes Focus Group Interview (4+ people).
T460 64723-64786 Sentence denotes Table 2 Sample characteristics of survey respondents (n = 99).
T461 64787-64839 Sentence denotes Respondent Characteristics (N = 99) Category n (%)
T462 64840-64876 Sentence denotes Year of study First year 69 (69.7)
T463 64877-64898 Sentence denotes Final year 30 (30.3)
T464 64899-64905 Sentence denotes Gender
T465 64906-64921 Sentence denotes Male 13 (13.1)
T466 64922-64939 Sentence denotes Female 84 (84.8)
T467 64940-64966 Sentence denotes Prefer not to say 2 (2.0)
T468 64967-64976 Sentence denotes Ethnicity
T469 64977-65009 Sentence denotes Asian or Asian British 3 (3.03)
T470 65010-65026 Sentence denotes White 91 (93.9)
T471 65027-65053 Sentence denotes Prefer not to say 3 (3.0)
T472 65054-65072 Sentence denotes Student background
T473 65073-65096 Sentence denotes Home student 91 (91.9)
T474 65097-65127 Sentence denotes European student (EU) 8 (8.1)
T475 65128-65197 Sentence denotes Accommodation during term Private accommodation with family 4 (4.0)
T476 65198-65242 Sentence denotes Private accommodation with others 32 (32.3)
T477 65243-65272 Sentence denotes Halls of residence 63 (63.6)
T478 65273-65315 Sentence denotes Table 3 Anxiety in study sample (n = 99).
T479 65316-65348 Sentence denotes Mean (SD) Group Mean Difference
T480 65349-65390 Sentence denotes Total sample n = 99 7.21 (6.01); Range:
T481 65391-65395 Sentence denotes 0–21
T482 65396-65448 Sentence denotes Year of study First year (n = 69) 6.73 (6.02) n.s
T483 65449-65481 Sentence denotes Final year (n = 30) 8.33 (5.92)
T484 65482-65546 Sentence denotes Students’ self-isolating Yes (>=once; n = 36) 7.39 (6.41) n.s
T485 65547-65571 Sentence denotes No (n = 63) 7.11 (5.82)
T486 65572-65612 Sentence denotes Positive cases Yes (n = 4) 6.50 (5.00)
T487 65613-65643 Sentence denotes No (n = 89) 7.18 (6.00) n.s.
T488 65644-65761 Sentence denotes Accommodation during term Private accommodation (n = 36) 8.89 (6.27) * t (97) = 2.138, p = 0.035, Cohen’s d = 0.44
T489 65762-65802 Sentence denotes Halls of residence (n = 63) 6.25 (5.68)
T490 65803-65863 Sentence denotes P-ATS pilot Pilot participants (n = 93) 7.15 (6.00) n.s.*
T491 65864-65907 Sentence denotes Non-pilot participants (n = 6) 8.17 (7.52)
T492 65908-65913 Sentence denotes Note:
T493 65914-66087 Sentence denotes Group mean differences in GAD-7 were examined using an independent t test. * Due to limited statistical power test results should be interpreted with caution (power = 0.55).
T494 66088-66211 Sentence denotes Table 4 Experiences of the P-ATS within and across study sample (total, n = 99; first years, n = 69; final years, n = 30).
T495 66212-66322 Sentence denotes Pilot Procedure or Participant Experience Response Options Antibody Testsn (%) Swab and Saliva Tests †n (%)
T496 66323-66395 Sentence denotes TotalSample First Year Final Year TotalSample First Year Final Year
T497 66396-66426 Sentence denotes How did you collect test kits?
T498 66428-66510 Sentence denotes Collected myself 32 (34.4) 18 (27.7) 14 (50.0) 36 (38.7) 17 (26.2) 19 (67.9)
T499 66511-66609 Sentence denotes Collected by others in household/bubble 12 (12.9) 11 (16.9) 1 (3.6) 9 (9.7) 8 (12.3) 1 (3.6)
T500 66610-66684 Sentence denotes Mix of both 36 (38.7) 35 (53.8) 1 (3.6) 46 (49.5) 39 (60.0) 7 (25.0)
T501 66685-66764 Sentence denotes Didn’t collect any test 13 (14) 1 (1.5) 12 (42.9) 2 (2.2) 1 (1.5) 1 (3.6)
T502 66765-66830 Sentence denotes Were you able to return the completed test kit by requested time?
T503 66832-66909 Sentence denotes Yes, always 58 (62.4) 42 (64.6) 16 (57.1) 61 (65.6) 39 (60.0) 22 (78.6)
T504 66910-66980 Sentence denotes Yes sometimes 19 (20.4) 19 (29.2) - 31 (33.3) 26 (40.0) 5 (17.9)
T505 66981-67057 Sentence denotes Didn’t complete any test 16 (17.2) 4 (6.2) 12 (42.9) 1 (1.1) - 1 (3.6)
T506 67058-67107 Sentence denotes Were you satisfied with location of the drop-off?
T507 67109-67178 Sentence denotes Yes 74 (79.6) 59 (90.8) 15 (53.6) 88 (94.6) 63 (96.9) 25 (89.3)
T508 67179-67224 Sentence denotes No 2 (2.2) 1 (1.5) 1 (3.6) - - 1 (10.7)
T509 67225-67315 Sentence denotes Didn’t drop off a completed kit myself 17 (18.3) 5 (7.7) 12 (42.9) 5 (5.4) 2 (3.1) -
T510 67316-67442 Sentence denotes † Satisfied with the university approach to communicating positive test results Yes - - - 86 (92.5) 59 (90.8) 27 (96.4)
T511 67443-67569 Sentence denotes † Satisfied with the university approach to communicating negative test results Yes - - - 61 (65.6) 49 (75.4) 12 (42.9)
T512 67570-67742 Sentence denotes † Positive and negative PCR (swab and saliva) test results were communicated to students during the study period; antibody test results had not been distributed by week 12.
T513 67743-67830 Sentence denotes Table 5 Overview of satisfaction with P-ATS and uptake of future testing services (%).
T514 67831-67914 Sentence denotes Item Response Option Total Sample(n = 99) First Year(n = 69) Final Year(n = 30)
T515 67915-68024 Sentence denotes Would take part in University testing in future if it was offered to me Yes 94 (94.9) 66 (95.7) 28 (93.3)
T516 68025-68120 Sentence denotes Would encourage others to take part in University testing Yes 97 (98.0) 97 (97.1) 30 (100)
T517 68121-68191 Sentence denotes P-ATSsample (n = 93) P-ATSFirst year(n = 65) P-ATSFinal year(n = 28)
T518 68192-68278 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with information received Very satisfied 43 (46.2) 34 (52.3) 9 (32.1)
T519 68279-68330 Sentence denotes Somewhat satisfied 46 (49.5) 29 (44.6) 17 (60.7)
T520 68331-68379 Sentence denotes Somewhat dissatisfied 4 (4.3) 2 (3.1) 2 (7.1)
T521 68380-68406 Sentence denotes Very dissatisfied - - -
T522 68407-68497 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with programme communications Very satisfied 43 (46.2) 34 (52.3) 9 (32.1)
T523 68498-68547 Sentence denotes Somewhat satisfied 40 (43) 26 (40.0) 14 (50.0)
T524 68548-68597 Sentence denotes Somewhat dissatisfied 9 (9.7) 4 (6.2) 5 (17.9)
T525 68598-68636 Sentence denotes Very dissatisfied 1 (1.1) 1 (1.5) -
T526 68637-68694 Sentence denotes Gained new knowledge Yes 45 (51.6) 39 (60.0) 9 (32.1)
T527 68695-68834 Sentence denotes Table 6 Correlation matrix of frequency of PCR test completion (combined swab/saliva), mental health, and programme satisfaction (n = 91).
T528 68835-68860 Sentence denotes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
T529 68861-68863 Sentence denotes 1.
T530 68864-68982 Sentence denotes Frequency of COVID-19 test completion 1 −0.179 −0.287 ** −0.239 * −0.001 −0.267 * −0.282 ** −0.344 ** −0.189
T531 68983-68985 Sentence denotes 2.
T532 68986-69076 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 1 0.565 ** −0.026 −0.173 0.04 −0.023 0.141 −0.066
T533 69077-69079 Sentence denotes 3.
T534 69080-69178 Sentence denotes Worry about friends and family getting COVID-19 1 −0.009 −0.19 0.092 0.005 0.124 0.163
T535 69179-69181 Sentence denotes 4.
T536 69182-69268 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with drop-off location + 1 0.292 ** 0.125 0.253 * 0.177 0.153
T537 69269-69271 Sentence denotes 5.
T538 69272-69369 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with positive test result communication + 1 0.133 0.281 ** 0.311 ** 0.051
T539 69370-69372 Sentence denotes 6.
T540 69373-69465 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with negative test result communication + 1 0.293 ** 0.354 *** 0.024
T541 69466-69468 Sentence denotes 7.
T542 69469-69548 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with overall P-ATS information received 1 0.564 ** 0.058
T543 69549-69551 Sentence denotes 8.
T544 69552-69633 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with how overall P-ATS information was communicated 1 0.016
T545 69634-69636 Sentence denotes 9.
T546 69637-69686 Sentence denotes Gained new knowledge through the pilot 1
T547 69687-69805 Sentence denotes *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05; n = 91; italic correlation coefficients indicated non-parametric correlations.
T548 69806-69917 Sentence denotes Two cases removed due to standardised residual beyond +/− 3.0. + Binary variables coded 0 for “yes” and 1 “no”.
T549 69918-70039 Sentence denotes Table 7 Correlation matrix of frequency of antibody test completion, mental health, and programme satisfaction (n = 93).
T550 70040-70062 Sentence denotes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T551 70063-70065 Sentence denotes 1.
T552 70066-70173 Sentence denotes Frequency of antibody tests completed 1 −0.071 −0.220 * −0.226 * −0.318 ** −0.169 −0.137 −0.533 **
T553 70174-70176 Sentence denotes 2.
T554 70177-70259 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 1 0.533 ** −0.014 0.148 −0.065 −0.042 0.152
T555 70260-70262 Sentence denotes 3.
T556 70263-70354 Sentence denotes Worry about friends and family getting COVID-19 1 0.023 0.139 0.159 −0.131 0.216 *
T557 70355-70357 Sentence denotes 4.
T558 70358-70451 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with overall P-ATS information received 1 0.608 ** 0.07 0.317 ** 0.259 *
T559 70452-70454 Sentence denotes 5.
T560 70455-70554 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with how overall P-ATS information was communicated 1 0.015 0.272 ** 0.403 ***
T561 70555-70557 Sentence denotes 6.
T562 70558-70616 Sentence denotes Gained new knowledge through P-ATS 1 −0.01 0.194
T563 70617-70619 Sentence denotes 7.
T564 70620-70665 Sentence denotes Confidence in test outcomes + 1 0.013
T565 70666-70668 Sentence denotes 8.
T566 70669-70716 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with drop-off location + 1
T567 70717-70880 Sentence denotes *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05; n = 91; italic correlation coefficients indicated nonparametric correlations. + Binary variables, yes coded “0” and no “1”.
T568 70881-70998 Sentence denotes Table 8 Summary of hierarchical regression analysis of variables predicting number of PCR (swab/saliva) tests taken.
T569 70999-71032 Sentence denotes Frequency of Swab Tests Completed
T570 71033-71061 Sentence denotes Step Predictor β B Basis
T571 71062-71068 Sentence denotes Step 1
T572 71069-71112 Sentence denotes (force wise) Gender −0.088 −0.815 0.538
T573 71113-71153 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.848 *** −1.952 0.134
T574 71154-71170 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.707 ***
T575 71171-71177 Sentence denotes Step 2
T576 71178-71219 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender −0.070 −0.648 0.513
T577 71220-71260 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.821 *** −1.891 0.129
T578 71261-71302 Sentence denotes Anxiety (GAD-7) −0.180 ** −0.129 0.040
T579 71303-71318 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.031 **
T580 71319-71325 Sentence denotes Step 3
T581 71326-71369 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender −0.115 * −1.062 0.499
T582 71370-71410 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.868 *** −1.999 0.125
T583 71411-71453 Sentence denotes Anxiety (GAD-7) −0.296 *** −0.213 0.045
T584 71454-71506 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 0.227 ** 1.384 0.400
T585 71507-71522 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.032 **
T586 71523-71529 Sentence denotes Step 4
T587 71530-71571 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender −0.098 −0.907 0.494
T588 71572-71612 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.846 *** −1.949 0.125
T589 71613-71655 Sentence denotes Anxiety (GAD-7) −0.244 *** −0.175 0.047
T590 71656-71708 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 0.205 ** 1.254 0.397
T591 71709-71789 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with the way information was communication −0.118 * −0.723 0.344
T592 71790-71804 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.011 *
T593 71805-71834 Sentence denotes (Constant) 17.623 *** 1.22
T594 71835-71981 Sentence denotes *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, n = 91; two cases removed as standard residuals exceed +/− 3.5; (model 5) R2 = 0.821, adjusted R2 = 0.808.
T595 71982-72339 Sentence denotes Excluded variables: worry about friends and family getting COVID-19, satisfaction with way a positive test was communicated, satisfaction with way a negative test was communicated satisfaction with drop-off points, satisfaction with information received during programme, confidence in outcome of test, and gained new knowledge through taking part in pilot.
T596 72340-72457 Sentence denotes Table 9 Summary of hierarchical regression analysis of variables predicting number of antibody tests taken (n = 93).
T597 72458-72495 Sentence denotes Frequency of Antibody Tests Completed
T598 72496-72524 Sentence denotes Step Predictor β B Basis
T599 72525-72531 Sentence denotes Step 1
T600 72532-72577 Sentence denotes (forced entry) Gender + 0.052 0.263 0.405
T601 72578-72618 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.648 *** −0.832 0.103
T602 72619-72633 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.431 ***
T603 72634-72640 Sentence denotes Step 2
T604 72641-72680 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender 0.082 0.415 0.388
T605 72681-72721 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.609 *** −0.781 0.099
T606 72722-72763 Sentence denotes Anxiety (GAD-7) −0.247 ** −0.099 0.031
T607 72764-72777 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.059 **
T608 72778-72784 Sentence denotes Step 3
T609 72785-72824 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender 0.021 0.109 0.374
T610 72825-72865 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.674 *** −0.865 0.096
T611 72866-72908 Sentence denotes Anxiety (GAD-7) −0.413 *** −0.165 0.034
T612 72909-72962 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 0.326 *** 1.111 0.306
T613 72963-72977 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.066 ***
T614 72978-72984 Sentence denotes Step 4
T615 72985-73024 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender 0.021 0.108 0.363
T616 73025-73065 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.590 *** −0.757 0.102
T617 73066-73108 Sentence denotes Anxiety (GAD-7) −0.345 *** −0.137 0.035
T618 73109-73162 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 0.296 *** 1.010 0.300
T619 73163-73239 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with the location of drop-off location −0.203 * −0.615 0.243
T620 73240-73251 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.03 *
T621 73252-73258 Sentence denotes Step 5
T622 73259-73298 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender 0.078 0.395 0.382
T623 73299-73339 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.584 *** −0.749 0.100
T624 73340-73382 Sentence denotes Anxiety (GAD-7) −0.310 *** −0.124 0.035
T625 73383-73435 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 0.257 ** 0.876 0.301
T626 73436-73512 Sentence denotes Satisfaction with the location of drop-off location −0.205 8 −0.620 0.239
T627 73513-73574 Sentence denotes Confidence in outcome test result ++ −0.153 8 −0.895 0.431
T628 73575-73586 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.02 *
T629 73587-73611 Sentence denotes (Constant) 6.22 0.938
T630 73612-74002 Sentence denotes *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, n = 93; (model 5) R2 = 0.606, adjusted R2 = 0.579; Excluded variables: worry about friends and family getting COVID-19, satisfaction with information received during programme, satisfaction with the way information was communication, and gained new knowledge through taking part in pilot. + male is the referent group. ++ “yes” is the referent group.
T631 74003-74097 Sentence denotes Table 10 Summary of hierarchical regression analysis of variables predicting anxiety (GAD-7).
T632 74098-74113 Sentence denotes Anxiety (GAD-7)
T633 74114-74142 Sentence denotes Step Predictor β B Basis
T634 74143-74149 Sentence denotes Step 1
T635 74150-74195 Sentence denotes (forced entry) Gender + 0.122 1.544 1.323
T636 74196-74229 Sentence denotes Year of study 0.16 0.515 0.335
T637 74230-74240 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.036
T638 74241-74247 Sentence denotes Step 2
T639 74248-74289 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender −0.017 −0.219 2.776
T640 74290-74324 Sentence denotes Year of Study 0.002 0.005 1.163
T641 74325-74378 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 0.560 *** 4.799 0.298
T642 74379-74393 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.275 ***
T643 74394-74400 Sentence denotes Step 3
T644 74401-74442 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender −0.007 −0.091 1.124
T645 74443-74476 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.07 −0.226 0.3
T646 74477-74530 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 0.410 *** 3.508 0.911
T647 74531-74600 Sentence denotes Worry about friends and family getting COVID-19 0.294 ** 2.37 0.87
T648 74601-74614 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.054 **
T649 74615-74621 Sentence denotes Step 4
T650 74622-74662 Sentence denotes (stepwise) Gender −0.654 1.05 −0.051
T651 74663-74699 Sentence denotes Year of Study −0.412 0.281 −0.128
T652 74700-74749 Sentence denotes Worry about getting COVID-19 3.361 0.843 0.393
T653 74750-74817 Sentence denotes Worry about friends and family getting COVID-19 2.28 0.805 0.283
T654 74818-74885 Sentence denotes Satisfied with the way in which information was communicated to me.
T655 74887-74906 Sentence denotes 2.743 0.691 0.323
T656 74907-74921 Sentence denotes ∆R2 0.098 ***
T657 74922-74950 Sentence denotes (Constant) 2.047 ** 3.086
T658 74951-75223 Sentence denotes R2 = 0.462, adjusted R2 = 0.431; Note: n = 93, p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; Excluded variables: overall satisfaction with information received through programme, gained knowledge through the programme, confidence in the test outcome. + male is the referent group.
T659 75224-75357 Sentence denotes Table 11 Mean (standard deviation) of perceived risks and importance of health protective behaviours within and across study groups.
T660 75358-75601 Sentence denotes Total Sample (n = 99) Pilot Participants (n = 93) Nonparticipants(n = 6) Group Difference † Negative Test (n = 89) Positive Test (n = 4) Group Difference † Have self-Isolated (n = 36) Have not Self-Isolated (n = 63) Group Difference †
T661 75602-75678 Sentence denotes Perceived importance of protective behaviours for virus control (rated 1–10)
T662 75679-75741 Sentence denotes Social distancing 8.24 (1.79) 8.29 (1.75) 7.50 (2.58) n.s.
T663 75743-75772 Sentence denotes 8.33 (1.74) 7.5 (2.08) n.s.
T664 75774-75804 Sentence denotes 7.89 (1.98) 8.44 (1.64) n.s.
T665 75805-75871 Sentence denotes Regular hand washing 9.04 (1.47) 9.02 (1.50) 9.33 (1.033) n.s.
T666 75873-75902 Sentence denotes 9.03 (1.52) 8.75 (.96) n.s.
T667 75904-75934 Sentence denotes 8.69 (1.64) 9.24 (1.34) n.s.
T668 75935-75997 Sentence denotes Self-isolating 9.04 (1.47ß) 9.10 (1.714) 8.83 (1.329) n.s.
T669 75999-76029 Sentence denotes 9.16 (1.57) 7.75 (3.86) n.s.
T670 76031-76069 Sentence denotes 8.61 (n = 2.19) 9.35 (n = 1.27) n.s.
T671 76070-76139 Sentence denotes Wearing a face covering 9.08 (1.69) 8.39 (2.08) 7.17 (1.722) n.s.
T672 76141-76171 Sentence denotes 8.40 (2.06) 8.00 (2.83) n.s.
T673 76173-76202 Sentence denotes 8.25 (2.10) 8.35 (2.7) n.s.
T674 76203-76350 Sentence denotes Perceived risk of COVID-19 (pre-pilot; rated 1–10) 5.56 (1.768) 5.67 (1.71) 3.83 (1.94) t (92) = 2.53, p < 0.05 5.69 (1.72) 5.25 (1.50) n.s.
T675 76352-76382 Sentence denotes 5.42 (1.99) 5.63 (1.64) n.s.
T676 76383-76479 Sentence denotes Perceived risk of COVID-19 (post-pilot; rated 1–10) 6.47 (2.01) 6.54 (2.00) 5.50 (2.08) n.s.
T677 76481-76563 Sentence denotes 6.45 (1.98) 8.50 (1.29) t (91) = 2.043, p < 0.05 6.22 (2.28) 6.62 (1.85) n.s.
T678 76564-76595 Sentence denotes † Independent t test conducted.
T679 76596-76726 Sentence denotes However, these statistics are underpowered (<0.8) and should be interpreted with caution, due to elevated risk of a Type II error.
T680 76727-76794 Sentence denotes Table 12 Key themes and subthemes and their representative quotes.
T681 76795-76838 Sentence denotes Theme Subthemes Representative Quotations
T682 76839-77264 Sentence denotes Emotional Responses to COVID-19 Negative Feelings I am definitely suffering from COVID fatigue, that is how much I think about COVID (P126, Female, Staff—Academic)I think it has been a lot of like adaptation but I think the most stressful part was when I came back and had to go on rotations because then you couldn’t avoid the thing that was stressing you, which was like seeing other people. (P101, Female, Yr5, Student).
T683 77265-77851 Sentence denotes COVID-19 Around Me My eldest son has Asthma and I mean he is nine, so he is young, but it was still a concern that I was thinking crikey if he gets COVID is that going to be a massive deal? (P128, Female, Staff—Academic)My parents are both over 60, my mother in particular was shielding, I opted to stay at university, both for exams and for lockdown purposes (P106, Female, Yr5, Student)I had not left my house since March and so I didn’t know anyone who had had COVID or been out anywhere that I could get COVID really, so I was quite nervous moving here (P111, Female, Yr1, Student)
T684 77852-78160 Sentence denotes Coping with COVID-19 Sometimes I feel so much better if I just don’t watch the news and not even think about it because you turn the news on for a bit in the morning and it is just a bit depression” (P91, Female, Yr1, Student)Yes, I think isolation was all right, it was just erm trying to keep busy really.
T685 78161-78205 Sentence denotes Not get too bored (P105, Male, Yr1, Student)
T686 78206-78744 Sentence denotes University Life during COVID-19 Adapting to a new normal You kind of get used to studying online and then you go there, and you get used to studying there, and then you come back and then you’re thinking like you are virtually (P117, Female, Yr1, Student)If you’re in a household where you don’t really get along, or you don’t really socialise and you have the option to go and see I don’t know the football team or some friends that you went to university with, or somebody is having a get together and you don’t want to feel left out.
T687 78745-79018 Sentence denotes It is much more challenging to say no in those types of situations (P106, Female, Yr5, Student)Because a lot of my release is going outside, riding horses and just going for walks and stuff and when you can’t do that, and you don’t really even have a window to lean out of.
T688 79019-79072 Sentence denotes It drives you a bit nuts (P107, Female, Yr1, Student)
T689 79073-79277 Sentence denotes Improving University Life Means of having food delivered is a big one, potentially access to some sort of entertainment, be it you know a subscription package or… or like just some form of entertainment.
T690 79278-79709 Sentence denotes Additionally I think they are the big ones, people get bored and people feel that they need to go out and get stuff and if you have that then… the people that will adhere would adhere much more happily (P106, Female, Yr5, Student)Just helping to make the university a safer place and just keeping, erm, COVID levels as low as possible by making people isolate… I think all we need is like shopping deliveries and any post etcetera.
T691 79710-79776 Sentence denotes I think that is all in place as it is (P112, Female, Yr1, Student)
T692 79777-80141 Sentence denotes Influences on Testing Participation Testing Freedom I just wanted to know if I was positive so that I could take steps not to spread it and to kind of know that I was you know at risk and people near me were at risk so that was my main driver (P128, Female, Staff—Academic)I have opted just to do the testing for my own peace of mind (P106, Female, Yr5, Student)
T693 80142-80473 Sentence denotes External Influences I guess you could say I was influenced by the university really pressing us to do it as a good idea (P100, Male, Yr1, Student)I did it because all of my flat did it and we just decided that we would do it together, erm and also I just wanted to help out and be part of the research (P112, Female, Yr1, Student)
T694 80474-80843 Sentence denotes Curiosity We are scientists really and I think we should be doing these things, we should be pushing ourselves, we should be seeing what we can do and how we can do it, so curiosity, but also you know we were the very first people who actually designed something like that and went through the pain because there was loads of pain on behalf of people who are doing it.
T695 80844-81119 Sentence denotes It is not you know it wasn’t that easy to take off, so I think that is something to be proud of. (P126, Female, Staff—Academic)I thought the study [research] was quite interesting so I guess the interest would drive me to continue doing the study. (P94, Female, Yr1, Student)
T696 81120-81389 Sentence denotes Testing—Physical and Logistical Factors Communication Yes, it was good, we didn’t get told when we had negative results but then we got an email at the end of the day saying that anyone who was positive had been contacted so obviously you knew that you were negative.
T697 81390-81727 Sentence denotes Erm which I think worked absolutely fine like I don’t think you need to be notified if you’re negative if there is a lot of people doing the study, I guess it takes a lot of time. (P121, Female, Yr1, Student)I think it would have been better if you got an email every time, just because then you’re kind of like well did they do my test?
T698 81728-81858 Sentence denotes Or did I just… like you’re just unsure there is always a little thing in the back of your head like did it actually test negative?
T699 81859-81998 Sentence denotes Or did my test not get there? (P101, Female, Yr5, Student)I don’t know about antibody’s but with regards to that I… we still haven’t heard.
T700 81999-82205 Sentence denotes Antibody testing, I did the one in the second week, I didn’t do the first one and I didn’t do the last antibody but I did every other one and I haven’t got a clue if I had or haven’t had COVID at any point.
T701 82206-82280 Sentence denotes I think they are lost in the system somewhere (P116, Female, Yr1, Student)
T702 82281-83103 Sentence denotes Physical testing I thought it all worked very well and I know some people were worried about sticking swabs in various different places, I didn’t think there was any problem with that at all (P129, Male, Staff—Academic)I personally felt that actually, erm, doing different tests was very useful for students, because they will understand how the animals feel when they are having certain things done so that was definitely something which I even considered that they should be doing (P126, Female, Staff—Academic)You can’t really get around the whole finger pricking thing because I know some people just don’t like the whole needle, getting stabbed aspect of that but the spitting in to a tube is kind of disgusting but I think it is easier than like the whole swab in the back of your throat (P91, Female, Yr1, Student)
T703 83104-83310 Sentence denotes Practicalities of testing The location was convenient because it was sort of on our way to most of our practical sessions so if we happened to have a practical that day we could drop them off on the way...
T704 83311-83383 Sentence denotes I think it was pretty much all positive, the only thing was the timings.
T705 83384-83862 Sentence denotes It was a bit annoying rushing through like some lecture or like running over to put them in before the deadline” (P94, Female, Yr1, Student)The only issue that we had with it was like if we were on rotations, sometimes the tests wouldn’t be brought to the rotation site because they were supposed to be, but by our vet school they were supposed to deliver them to the rotation site because you couldn’t go to uni, do the test, drop it off and still get to your rotation on time.
T706 83863-84079 Sentence denotes So that was the only kind of issue we had with it (P101, Female, Yr5, Student)I think once a week was OK to be fair (P121, Female, Yr1, Student)I think the weekly thing was just about right (P100, Male, Yr1, Student)
T707 84080-84312 Sentence denotes Testing—Effects on Wellbeing Improved Mental Wellbeing I think it is just for kind of peace of mind it helped a bit, not having to worry about it all of the time and everyone said oh you’re going to university are you not worried?
T708 84313-85103 Sentence denotes It was just kind of nice to know that there is awareness, and it is not just you know social distancing, you are actively trying to help as well I think. (P92, Female, Yr1, Student)I think [name 6] I just found it hugely reassuring, I was really, really keen to take part when I heard about that it was going to happen and I just… it made me feel well yes just that word it was just really reassuring to know that I was getting regularly tested and in a way I know you can’t directly say that everybody in my immediate family is OK but it was almost like I could act like the canary going down the mine and that there was a certain amount of reassurance as well that if I was negative there was a high chance that my children and my husband were also negative (P124, Female, Staff—Academic)
T709 85104-85301 Sentence denotes Behavioural change I mean I guess testing negative maybe made me a bit more comfortable to go to like go and play football and things like that but I am not a massive sort of go out person anyway.
T710 85302-85833 Sentence denotes I was only really sort of the gym and that so… I guess it is a more sort of like oh it is all right I can go play football with a group of people and stuff but again I think… it was like the prospect of a potential positive test the week after so I think overall I probably stayed about the same really. (P105, Male, Yr1, Student)It makes you kind of think more about who you’ve been in contact with, give people [unclear 15:04] tested positive then you’re suddenly a bit more aware of who you have met up with that week and stuff.
T711 85834-85976 Sentence denotes Making sure that you are within the guidelines and not seeing more then the number of people you can be meeting with or households and things.
T712 85977-86170 Sentence denotes Just in case (P104, Female, Yr1, Student)Yes, and if there was any social events on and if there was any lectures and stuff, I would just say well you can’t come in until you have had the test.
T713 86171-86373 Sentence denotes I don’t know that sounds really and it is difficult because you can’t make someone have it but at the same time, why should that person put everyone else at an increased risk? (P102, Male, Yr5, Student)

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 66-76 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
15 216-226 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
16 566-578 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
17 1831-1841 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
18 1129-1137 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
19 1187-1194 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
20 1226-1233 Disease denotes Anxiety MESH:D001007
21 1310-1317 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
22 1519-1527 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
23 1630-1638 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
24 1665-1673 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
25 1813-1821 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
26 1981-1988 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
27 2147-2155 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
37 2257-2267 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
38 2453-2464 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
39 4103-4113 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
40 2197-2216 Disease denotes coronavirus disease MESH:D018352
41 2218-2226 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
42 2939-2947 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
43 3244-3264 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
44 3303-3312 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
45 3347-3355 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
49 4321-4331 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
50 4793-4804 Species denotes participant Tax:9606
51 4585-4592 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
58 5085-5097 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
59 5051-5059 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
60 5066-5073 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
61 5245-5253 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
62 5508-5515 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
63 5524-5532 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
66 5914-5922 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
67 6202-6209 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
69 6947-6950 Gene denotes 2.1 Gene:6700
74 7031-7036 Species denotes SARS2 Tax:2697049
75 7087-7092 Species denotes SARS2 Tax:2697049
76 7234-7244 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
77 7246-7255 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
79 7590-7600 Species denotes SARS-Cov-2 Tax:2697049
81 9143-9155 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
83 9459-9465 Species denotes people Tax:9606
87 10382-10394 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
88 10456-10468 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
89 10503-10515 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
91 10668-10673 Species denotes SARS2 Tax:2697049
93 10758-10763 Species denotes SARS2 Tax:2697049
95 11307-11319 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
98 11472-11484 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
99 12275-12287 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
101 12983-12995 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
108 13273-13285 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
109 13541-13549 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
110 13571-13578 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
111 13607-13614 Disease denotes Anxiety MESH:D001007
112 13656-13672 Disease denotes anxiety disorder MESH:D001007
113 13705-13721 Disease denotes mental disorders MESH:D001523
118 14322-14334 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
119 14452-14464 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
120 14504-14516 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
121 14794-14806 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
124 15618-15621 Gene denotes JCh Gene:3512
125 15614-15616 Disease denotes AF MESH:D001281
127 17317-17327 Species denotes SARS-Cov-2 Tax:2697049
129 18180-18187 Species denotes Patient Tax:9606
131 18600-18612 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
136 18787-18799 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
137 18948-18955 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
138 19044-19051 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
139 19151-19158 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
150 19801-19813 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
151 19958-19970 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
152 19983-19995 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
153 20074-20086 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
154 20104-20116 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
155 20317-20329 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
156 19734-19742 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
157 19904-19909 Disease denotes COVID MESH:C000657245
158 20042-20047 Disease denotes COVID MESH:C000657245
159 20166-20174 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
161 20535-20545 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
164 21286-21298 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
165 21468-21476 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
169 22659-22665 Gene denotes n = 61 Gene:51306
170 23134-23146 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
171 22438-22443 Disease denotes COVID MESH:C000657245
179 24411-24417 Gene denotes n = 61 Gene:51306
180 24133-24140 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
181 24147-24154 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
182 24188-24195 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
183 24779-24786 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
184 24793-24800 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
185 24835-24842 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
190 25233-25236 Gene denotes Tau Gene:4137
191 25398-25410 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
192 25600-25608 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
193 25955-25963 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
198 27017-27024 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
199 27060-27068 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
200 27688-27695 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
201 27763-27771 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
207 28132-28139 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
208 28208-28216 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
209 28556-28563 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
210 28700-28708 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
211 28859-28867 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
218 29114-29126 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
219 29529-29541 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
220 28924-28932 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
221 29342-29355 Disease denotes Type II error MESH:D005776
222 29509-29517 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
223 30107-30120 Disease denotes type II error MESH:D005776
226 30347-30355 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
227 30382-30390 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
230 30800-30803 Gene denotes 2.1 Gene:6700
231 30837-30845 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
238 30868-30880 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
239 30922-30930 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
240 31035-31042 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
241 31157-31165 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
242 31575-31582 Disease denotes anxious MESH:D001007
243 31885-31893 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
255 31943-31955 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
256 32736-32742 Species denotes people Tax:9606
257 31980-31988 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
258 32043-32051 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
259 32115-32122 Disease denotes Anxiety MESH:D001007
260 32230-32238 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
261 32353-32360 Disease denotes anxious MESH:D001007
262 32600-32608 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
263 32693-32698 Disease denotes COVID MESH:C000657245
265 32832-32840 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
268 32841-32853 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
269 33144-33151 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
271 34136-34144 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
277 34255-34265 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
278 34539-34551 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
279 34267-34275 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
280 34330-34337 Disease denotes anxious MESH:D001007
281 34521-34529 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
286 35382-35394 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
287 35845-35851 Species denotes people Tax:9606
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330 45556-45562 Species denotes people Tax:9606
331 45316-45323 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
337 45757-45769 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
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340 47406-47412 Species denotes people Tax:9606
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369 53597-53605 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
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407 61558-61570 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
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463 63960-63972 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
466 64675-64681 Species denotes people Tax:9606
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571 79322-79328 Species denotes people Tax:9606
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