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PMC:7796072 / 9303-14190 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
245 11-14 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
261 659-662 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
262 729-732 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
263 113-116 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
264 265-277 Species denotes dengue virus Tax:12637
265 65-83 Disease denotes thalassemia traits MESH:D013789
266 141-149 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
267 150-159 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
268 192-203 Disease denotes thalassemia MESH:D013789
269 241-248 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
270 382-390 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
271 419-437 Disease denotes infectious disease MESH:D003141
272 680-687 Disease denotes SE Asia MESH:D008133
273 773-781 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
274 782-792 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
275 797-803 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
312 2179-2186 Gene denotes miR-223 Gene:407008
313 2263-2270 Gene denotes miR-155 Gene:406947
314 2393-2398 Gene denotes BACH1 Gene:571
315 2558-2563 Gene denotes BACH1 Gene:571
316 2591-2607 Gene denotes heme oxygenase-1 Gene:3162
317 2609-2613 Gene denotes HO-1 Gene:3162
318 2688-2708 Gene denotes toll-like receptor 7 Gene:51284
319 2710-2714 Gene denotes TLR7 Gene:51284
320 3244-3248 Gene denotes HO-1 Gene:3162
321 2366-2369 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
322 1930-1933 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
323 1765-1768 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
324 1383-1388 Species denotes human Tax:9606
325 1818-1830 Species denotes dengue virus Tax:12637
326 2033-2045 Species denotes dengue virus Tax:12637
327 2370-2378 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
328 2473-2485 Species denotes dengue virus Tax:12637
329 2836-2844 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
330 2993-3003 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
331 3004-3015 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
332 3196-3204 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
333 1082-1092 Species denotes plasmodium Tax:5833
334 3519-3522 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
335 975-991 Disease denotes Hemoglobinopathy MESH:D006453
336 1120-1132 Disease denotes thalassemias MESH:D013789
337 1645-1660 Disease denotes virus infection MESH:D001102
338 1694-1701 Disease denotes SE Asia MESH:D008133
339 1749-1760 Disease denotes thalassemia MESH:D013789
340 2354-2365 Disease denotes thalassemia MESH:D013789
341 2724-2745 Disease denotes immunological defects MESH:D007153
342 2857-2865 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
343 3047-3055 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
344 3187-3195 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
345 3301-3309 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
346 3310-3319 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
347 3407-3421 Disease denotes system failure MESH:D012131
359 3861-3864 Gene denotes ABO Gene:28
360 4011-4026 Gene denotes ABO blood group Gene:28
361 4449-4452 Gene denotes HbE Gene:3046
362 3584-3592 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
363 3696-3707 Disease denotes thalassemia MESH:D013789
364 3760-3767 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
365 3924-3932 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
366 3933-3942 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
367 4123-4131 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
368 4132-4141 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
369 4212-4219 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
373 4608-4619 Disease denotes thalassemia MESH:D013789
374 4651-4659 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
375 4828-4835 Disease denotes SE Asia MESH:D008133

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T63 0-32 Sentence denotes How is the HbE Trait Protective?
T64 33-283 Sentence denotes The hypothesis we posit is that thalassemia traits in general, and particularly HbE, are protective against COVID-19 infection in similar ways to the numerous thalassemia traits conferring protection against malaria [30,42] and the dengue virus [43].
T65 284-438 Sentence denotes Herd immunity development traditionally requires that 60% of the population becomes homogeneously infected by or vaccinated against an infectious disease.
T66 439-696 Sentence denotes However, recent mathematical models introducing age and activity heterogeneities into population models predict that herd immunity can be achieved at 43% [44], a level substantially lower than the observed prevalence of HbE in some areas of SE Asia [13–15].
T67 697-846 Sentence denotes In fact, in countries where the HbE trait is above 43%, the numbers of both COVID-19 infections and deaths have been minimal (Table 1, Figures 1, 2).
T68 847-974 Sentence denotes The genetic and molecular mechanisms of this hypothesized protection are as yet elusive, but biological evidence is suggestive.
T69 975-1101 Sentence denotes Hemoglobinopathy-induced red blood cell structural modifications hinder invasion, growth, and migration of plasmodium [42,45].
T70 1102-1245 Sentence denotes Recent studies in thalassemias have pointed to the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in malarial pathogenesis and anti-plasmodial defense [45].
T71 1246-1509 Sentence denotes MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18–25 nucleotide long, small, non-coding RNA molecules whose production is strictly regulated and abundant in all human cells [46]. miRNAs can downregulate gene expression in translational repression and target around 60% of all genes [46].
T72 1510-1634 Sentence denotes They exhibit decisive regulatory functions associated with a variety of disease processes, including microbial defense [46].
T73 1635-1864 Sentence denotes In dengue virus infection, which is perennially endemic in SE Asia, red blood cell precursors in Thai carriers of thalassemia and HbE trait were significantly less susceptible to the dengue virus compared to normal controls [43].
T74 1865-1978 Sentence denotes This was the first report documenting an antiviral effect of the HbE trait akin to its anti-malarial effect [43].
T75 1979-2277 Sentence denotes A large number of miRNAs have also been implicated in dengue virus defense via structural protein integrity alterations inhibiting access of viral replication machinery to the cytoskeletal apparatus (miR-223) [47], but also through modulations of the host immune interferon response (miR-155) [48].
T76 2278-2419 Sentence denotes Remarkably, increased levels of the latter molecule have been reported in β-thalassemia/HbE patients and linked to BACH1 downregulation [49].
T77 2420-2630 Sentence denotes The same miRNA molecule was also reported to inhibit dengue virus replication by inducing antiviral interferon responses through the same BACH1 pathway downregulation and heme oxygenase-1-(HO-1) induction [48].
T78 2631-2871 Sentence denotes Rare putative loss-of-function variants of X-chromosomal toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) causing immunological defects in type I and II interferon production have been very recently identified in 4 young male patients with severe COVID-19 [50].
T79 2872-3061 Sentence denotes Type I and II interferon (IFN) responses have been implicated in the initiation of an early immune response to clear the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and prevent the development of COVID-19 [50].
T80 3062-3243 Sentence denotes Moreover, the addition of interferon beta-1b to other antivirals in the clinical setting was also more effective in treating COVID-19 patients and rendering them noninfectious [51].
T81 3244-3427 Sentence denotes HO-1 pathway derangements have been implicated in severe COVID-19 infection [52] and in causing exhaustion of hematopoietic stem cells, possibly leading to immune system failure [53].
T82 3428-3537 Sentence denotes Similar structural and molecular mechanisms might be operative in immune effector cells of HbE heterozygotes.
T83 3538-3718 Sentence denotes The hypothesized conferred protection against COVID-19 could also derive from local SE Asian HLA-class allotypes, possibly in linkage disequilibrium with the thalassemia mutations.
T84 3719-3889 Sentence denotes Protection from and resistance to severe malaria has been described in association with HLA antigens in the African continent [54,55] and the ABO blood group system [56].
T85 3890-4173 Sentence denotes However, no HLA associations with COVID-19 infection have been noted in a recent report [57] but an association with the ABO blood group system was confirmed, with bearers of the blood group A phenotype showing an increased risk for COVID-19 infection compared to blood group O [58].
T86 4174-4332 Sentence denotes The O phenotype appears protective to malaria [56] and its worldwide distribution seems to have been shaped by the parasite’s selective genetic pressure [56].
T87 4333-4546 Sentence denotes The frequency of the O blood group in Thailand is 40.5% [59] and its relatively high prevalence along with the high HbE heterozygote frequency could further potentiate the hypothesized antiviral protective effect.
T88 4547-4686 Sentence denotes A similarly intriguing hypothesis querying whether Italian β-thalassemia subjects are immunized against COVID-19 has been put forward [60].
T89 4687-4887 Sentence denotes We believe that the diluted carrier population sizes available in southern European countries are not of the magnitude presently observed in SE Asia and could lead to erroneous interpretation [60,61].