> top > docs > PMC:7796058 > spans > 42527-48931 > annotations

PMC:7796058 / 42527-48931 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
290 1090-1096 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
291 715-721 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
292 519-525 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
293 1137-1145 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
299 2503-2509 Species denotes people Tax:9606
300 1311-1319 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
301 1822-1830 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
302 2233-2241 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
303 2400-2408 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
307 3527-3533 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
308 3446-3452 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
309 3197-3203 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
317 3980-3986 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
318 3829-3835 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
319 3613-3619 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
320 4143-4154 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
321 4036-4044 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
322 4106-4114 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
323 4370-4378 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
328 5352-5358 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
329 5206-5212 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286
330 5625-5633 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
331 5809-5817 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
333 6039-6045 Gene denotes beacon Gene:59286

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T294 0-4 Sentence denotes 5.2.
T295 5-36 Sentence denotes Proximity-Based Contact Tracing
T296 37-139 Sentence denotes For the purposes of this research the third floor of the CCIT building was selected for an experiment.
T297 140-321 Sentence denotes After extracting the related metadata such as room names for the rooms from the IndoorGML, 12 Estimote Proximity beacons were spatially distributed between 12 different cell spaces.
T298 322-427 Sentence denotes The contact tracing technique applied for this research was designed in a way that protects user privacy.
T299 428-636 Sentence denotes The application detects the proximal appearance of users within the proximity zone of each beacon by considering the value of the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) that was broadcasted by the beacons.
T300 637-872 Sentence denotes The duration of appearance of the user in the proximity zone defined for each beacon and the corresponding date and time information for this proximal appearance are the only information stored in the internal storage of mobile phones.
T301 873-1097 Sentence denotes Figure 8b shows a screenshot of the developed mobile application for collecting different types of observations including BeaconID, time, date, and the duration that the target user spent in the proximal zone of each beacon.
T302 1098-1259 Sentence denotes Assuming that the incubation period of COVID-19 is two weeks, the application will work as a background service that saves data internally for a two-week period.
T303 1260-1439 Sentence denotes In situations in which the user becomes a positive COVID-19 case, he/she can voluntarily share data captured within the past two weeks with the backend database management system.
T304 1440-1537 Sentence denotes An AWS product Amazon Cognito was used to control user authentication and access to data storage.
T305 1538-1660 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 8c, users are required to sign in/up for an Amazon Cognito account in order to share their information.
T306 1661-1790 Sentence denotes After signing in as an authorized client, users can publish their internal information to the Amazon cloud as shown in Figure 8d.
T307 1791-1909 Sentence denotes All of the data related to the COVID-19 cases will be stored and managed in the DynamoDB database in the Amazon cloud.
T308 1910-2006 Sentence denotes Our developed application was connected to the DynamoDB using another AWS product, the IoT Core.
T309 2007-2181 Sentence denotes When new data is added to cloud storage, the contact tracing application will look for any matches between the backend data and the data stored internally in the user device.
T310 2182-2457 Sentence denotes If it finds any matches that show that a confirmed COVID-19 positive case and the target user were close to each other for more than 15 min, the application will then notify the target user about potential exposure to COVID-19 and alert cleaning staff to disinfect the place.
T311 2458-2492 Sentence denotes This process is shown in Figure 9.
T312 2493-2559 Sentence denotes A demo of people trajectories is shown in Supplementary Materials.
T313 2560-2655 Sentence denotes There are various methods for indoor positioning, such as WiFi, BLE beacons, or dead reckoning.
T314 2656-2799 Sentence denotes Using BLE technology is cost-effective compared to other indoor positioning techniques, which use maintenance, installation, and cabling costs.
T315 2800-2900 Sentence denotes Generally, Bluetooth devices cost ~20× less than WiFi devices and have a similar WiFi accuracy [60].
T316 2901-3005 Sentence denotes In this paper, we focused on BLE proximity detection for contact tracing instead of precise positioning.
T317 3006-3204 Sentence denotes Three categories of user location will be of importance for this paper including immediate (less than 60 cm), near (1–6 m), and far (>10 m) distance of the Bluetooth receiver from active BLE beacon.
T318 3205-3313 Sentence denotes On the other hand, it was still a challenge working with BLE signals that are interfered with by structures.
T319 3314-3404 Sentence denotes Indoor setting and layout have direct effects on radio waves used in Bluetooth technology.
T320 3405-3583 Sentence denotes Another challenge was that the different beacon types and battery states produce different signal strengths, so using one beacon library for all types of beacons was problematic.
T321 3584-3666 Sentence denotes In this paper, an active BLE beacon is placed in each IndoorGML cell (e.g., room).
T322 3667-3914 Sentence denotes Moreover, we focus on proximity detection (i.e., immediate (within 0.6 m away), near (within about 1–8 m), and far (is beyond 10 m) distances from the active BLE beacon) to make indoor spatiotemporal trajectories using IndoorGML cell connectivity.
T323 3915-4017 Sentence denotes We avoided having to determine the exact range by way of careful beacon placement to prevent overlaps.
T324 4018-4199 Sentence denotes In the context of COVID-19 spread, locating in the immediate and near distance from the infected host would be dangerous for coronavirus transmission (through droplet transmission).
T325 4200-4300 Sentence denotes Accordingly, different health organizations such as WHO recommended two meters distance from others.
T326 4301-4387 Sentence denotes As a result, proximity detection should be of more importance in the COVID-19 context.
T327 4388-4506 Sentence denotes In other words, considering precise positioning would only increase the computation cost in this specific application.
T328 4507-4588 Sentence denotes Describing an indoor location using IndoorGML graph cell also helps with privacy.
T329 4589-4768 Sentence denotes Considering privacy concerns for individual tracking, especially in indoor environments, we believe that proximity positioning respects user privacy more than precise positioning.
T330 4769-4894 Sentence denotes Depending on the size of the data, type of beacons, and network bandwidth, mobile proximity detection performance may differ.
T331 4895-5151 Sentence denotes In our experiment, various beacons such as Estimote (https://estimote.com/), Accent Systems (https://accent-systems.com/) and Radius Networks (https://www.radiusnetworks.com/) have been evaluated using the developed app on the Samsung Galaxy S9 smartphone.
T332 5152-5291 Sentence denotes Our results demonstrated that the app could capture a beacon’s proximity of fewer than 60 milliseconds, which is enough for our case study.
T333 5292-5444 Sentence denotes The complexity of the position determination depends on the beacon software development kit; however, the complexity is O(n) in the worst-case scenario.
T334 5445-5587 Sentence denotes Concerning the duration spent in a room, we detected and recorded durations of less than five seconds when walking past beacons in a corridor.
T335 5588-5728 Sentence denotes Significance of time for the sake of COVID-19 risk was not considered important for durations less than 15 min, which was standard practice.
T336 5729-5834 Sentence denotes So, our sampling and recording intervals were much better than was required for COVID-19 risk evaluation.
T337 5835-5941 Sentence denotes The mobile application publishes a JSON payload to the AWS IoT Core cloud data management system in which:
T338 5942-5957 Sentence denotes Online service:
T339 5958-6079 Sentence denotes A single record showing the presence of a user in the proximity of an active BLE beacon is published to the AWS IoT core.
T340 6080-6096 Sentence denotes Offline service:
T341 6097-6193 Sentence denotes An array of records showing the user’s pretenses in a time window is published to the AWS cloud.
T342 6194-6331 Sentence denotes A JSON payload showing a single enriched proximity location captured by the developed smartphone app is shown in Supplementary Materials.
T343 6332-6404 Sentence denotes For more information regarding contact tracing app can be found in [61].