PMC:7795931 / 23760-26833 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7795931","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7795931","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7795931","text":"3.1. Modeling Framework\nOur model consists of two main systems: information dissemination system and behavioral response system. In the information dissemination system, each individual sends (receives) information to (from) its neighbors through an information network. Given that information will always be rapidly, extensively [22], and spontaneously [19] misrepresented during transmission, and that most people do not send more accurate information than they receive [17,18], we assume information gets distorted and misrepresented during each transmission. In the behavioral response system, each individual makes a move according to its information (with probability). Once informed about the epidemic, some people behave rationally such as practicing social distancing, while others behave irrationally such as flocking to churches [53], to supermarkets [54], and taking radical actions like repeated hospital visits [55].\nThe information dissemination system affects the behavioral response system. The government might intervene in the information dissemination to reduce infections by either disclosing or blocking information.\nFor information disclosing, the government discloses information to all individuals to make them behave rationally (or at least not behave irrationally). Obviously, the more accurate the information is and the earlier it is disclosed, the public can be better guided which lowers the final infection rate. However, it takes time for government to censor and screen information before disclosing, which brings an accuracy-speed trade-off. We use a disclosing threshold to measure the government’s preference on speed or accuracy; a higher threshold indicates a higher preference on accuracy: a threshold “1” means the government would not disclose any information unless it is completely accurate; while “0” indicates an immediate disclosure without any censoring and screening.\nFor information blocking, the government blocks less-accurate information transmissions between individuals. Obviously, a stringent blocking leads to a transmission of information with higher accuracy. However, blocking will slow down the overall information dissemination in the network, and then slow down the government’s censoring and screening of information. Thus, there is a trade-off between disclosing and blocking. We use a blocking threshold to measure the blocking stringency, the government would block any transmission of any under-threshold information: a threshold “0” means no blocking at all; while “1” means that government blocks all information transmissions.\nWe analyze both of the optimal thresholds for government. More details on the settings of our model can be found in the Methods section. In reality, the government has a great influence on the information dissemination. Thus, in our model, we assume that the government node is the most critical one and the government-disclosed information highly outweighs individuals’ information (except for the further discussion of a government with low credibility in a later section).","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":23}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":24,"end":930}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":931,"end":1138}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1139,"end":1916}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1917,"end":2597}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"116","span":{"begin":409,"end":415},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"117","span":{"begin":715,"end":721},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"119","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1092},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"121","span":{"begin":1429,"end":1438},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A116","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"116","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A117","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"117","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A119","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"119","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A121","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"121","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"subj":"116","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"117","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"119","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"121","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":0,"end":4},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":5,"end":23},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":24,"end":128},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":129,"end":270},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":271,"end":562},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":563,"end":675},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":676,"end":930},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":931,"end":1007},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":1008,"end":1138},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":1139,"end":1292},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":1293,"end":1444},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":1445,"end":1576},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":1577,"end":1916},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":1917,"end":2025},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":2026,"end":2118},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":2119,"end":2281},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":2282,"end":2341},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":2342,"end":2597},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":2598,"end":2655},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":2656,"end":2734},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":2735,"end":2817},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":2818,"end":3073},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T157","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T158","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T159","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T160","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T161","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T162","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T163","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T164","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T165","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T166","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T167","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T168","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T169","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T170","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T171","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T172","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T173","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T174","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T175","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T176","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T177","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T178","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"LitCovid-PubTator","color":"#93ecba","default":true},{"id":"LitCovid-sentences","color":"#ec9f93"}]}]}}