> top > docs > PMC:7795931 > spans > 11951-19826 > annotations

PMC:7795931 / 11951-19826 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
77 2399-2406 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
79 2892-2898 Species denotes people Tax:9606
81 4957-4963 Species denotes people Tax:9606
86 5232-5238 Species denotes people Tax:9606
87 5203-5211 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T67 0-4 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T68 5-40 Sentence denotes The Model of Information Disclosing
T69 41-173 Sentence denotes The information dissemination system resp. behavioral response system is embedded in the information network resp. physical network.
T70 174-209 Sentence denotes Both networks are given as follows.
T71 210-388 Sentence denotes Information network: the network has (N+1) nodes, first N are individual nodes representing N individuals denoted as i,i=1,2,⋯N, and one government information node denoted as j.
T72 389-607 Sentence denotes The degree of an individual node i is denoted as yi, which obeys a power-law distribution, that is, Fyi∝yi−v, where F(·) is the CDF and yi satisfies ϵ≤1∕yi≤1, where ϵ is a small constant to avoid the degree to blow up.
T73 608-692 Sentence denotes Degree and degree distribution are concepts used in graph theory and network theory.
T74 693-795 Sentence denotes A graph (or network) consists of a number of vertices (nodes) and the edges (links) that connect them.
T75 796-891 Sentence denotes The number of edges (links) connected to each vertex (node) is the degree of the vertex (node).
T76 892-1189 Sentence denotes The degree distribution is a general description of the number of degrees of vertices (nodes) in a graph (or network), and, for random graphs, the degree distribution is the probability distribution of the number of degrees of vertices in the graph, which usually assumes a power-law distribution.
T77 1190-1249 Sentence denotes Throughout the following analysis, we take v=−1 and ϵ=0.01.
T78 1250-1496 Sentence denotes The government node j (representing real-world government) discloses information to every individual node and can only obtain information from n1 (n1≪N) (The notation “≪” means that the number n1 must be far less than the number N.) random nodes.
T79 1497-1614 Sentence denotes The neighborhood of an individual node i is the set of all other nodes (including j) it connects with, denoted as Oi.
T80 1615-1777 Sentence denotes Physical network: the physical network has M nodes, including n2 “special” nodes defined as the “gathering spots”, which predisposes these nodes to this epidemic.
T81 1778-2073 Sentence denotes Mt denotes the distribution of locations of all N individuals during period t, and M0 is the initial distribution that can be viewed as the “home” for every individual (node), thus at the beginning of each period t the individuals move from M0 to Mt and return back to M0 at the end of period t.
T82 2074-2185 Sentence denotes Home coordinates M0 and gathering spots are randomly assigned and different from each other, so we have N+n2<M.
T83 2186-2413 Sentence denotes Suppose there are n3 random nodes, each with identical initial information ξ, who disseminate information at the outbreak of disease; n4 random nodes are initially affected by the public crisis, representing the “patient zero”.
T84 2414-2485 Sentence denotes Without loss of generality, we unitize the information between 0 and 1.
T85 2486-2556 Sentence denotes The rules for information dissemination in each period are as follows.
T86 2557-2565 Sentence denotes Stage i.
T87 2566-2613 Sentence denotes Individual nodes send information to neighbors.
T88 2614-2778 Sentence denotes Each node that has information at the beginning of each period sends its information to all its neighbors, so all (N+1) nodes might receive information from others.
T89 2779-3050 Sentence denotes As information is spontaneously [19], rapidly, and extensively [22] misrepresented during transmission, and most people do not send more accurate information than they receive [17,18], we assume that information gets distorted and misrepresented during each transmission.
T90 3051-3196 Sentence denotes Thus, the actual amount of information received is δxi due to information decay, where δ∼U(0,1), and we assume xi∈0,1 without loss of generality.
T91 3197-3206 Sentence denotes Stage ii.
T92 3207-3259 Sentence denotes Individual nodes receive information from neighbors.
T93 3260-3413 Sentence denotes Each node might have multiple information sources, and it merges the information from all its neighbors weighted by their degrees (and including itself).
T94 3414-3565 Sentence denotes Each individual updates its information based on Equation (1) at each period before the government intervenes:(1) xi,t+1=∑k∈Oiδxk,tyk+xi,tyi∑k∈Oiyk+yi.
T95 3566-3576 Sentence denotes Stage iii.
T96 3577-3633 Sentence denotes The government node censors and screens the information.
T97 3634-4009 Sentence denotes The government has a threshold XD once it receives information from individuals (otherwise, the government would not act in this stage), the government will screen out all individuals with above-threshold information at the beginning of current period, among whom the government pinpoints the nearest ones and takes the maximum amount of information they carry denoted as xd.
T98 4010-4019 Sentence denotes Stage iv.
T99 4020-4058 Sentence denotes Government node discloses information.
T100 4059-4264 Sentence denotes The government is not able to intervene until it censors and screens the information; thus, there is a lag between receiving information and disclosing, which as we can see in Figure 4e, increases with XD.
T101 4265-4429 Sentence denotes After the lag (otherwise, the government would not act in this stage), the government shall disclose xd to all nodes in each period with a weight of λ, where λ∈0,1.
T102 4430-4482 Sentence denotes The higher the λ, the more credible the information.
T103 4483-4491 Sentence denotes Stage v.
T104 4492-4534 Sentence denotes Individual nodes update information again.
T105 4535-4724 Sentence denotes The government intervention switches the updating rule to (2) xi,t+1=λxd+(1−λ)∑k∈Oiδxk,tyk+xi,tyi∑k∈Oiyk+yi, which is also the final amount of the information after government intervention.
T106 4725-4914 Sentence denotes In addition, we assume that the amount of information of initial information holders (those who have information in period 0) is constant, i.e., they do not apply for Equations (1) and (2).
T107 4915-5107 Sentence denotes In short, in the first period, only a few people disseminate information, which will be randomly decayed in each subsequent period, this process simulates the misrepresentation of information.
T108 5108-5226 Sentence denotes Twitter data show that there was a significant heterogeneity in the behavioral response to the COVID-19 epidemic [52].
T109 5227-5601 Sentence denotes Some people, once informed about the epidemic, wear a mask and practice social distance to not expose themselves to the virus—while others panicked, herded, and behaved irrationally because of bad news, exemplified by flocking to churches for psychological comfort [53], to supermarkets for daily supplies [54], and taking radical actions like repeated hospital visits [55].
T110 5602-5912 Sentence denotes Thus, in this paper, we group the population by susceptibleness to irrational behavior caused by information described by an exogenous parameter—individual threshold XI that distinguishes whether an individual is panic-prone or non panic-prone by comparing it with the amount of information the individual has.
T111 5913-6001 Sentence denotes An above-threshold (under-threshold) information denotes a (non) panic-prone individual.
T112 6002-6185 Sentence denotes For a panic-prone node, we assume its probability of going to gathering spots instead of maintaining the original trajectory is 1−x·,a, where x·,a is the amount of information it has.
T113 6186-6272 Sentence denotes For a non panic-prone node, we assume that its probability of not moving is r·,N=x·,a.
T114 6273-6724 Sentence denotes Thus, the behavioral routine is as follows (see Figure 1 for a simplified example): a node moves along with its path with a maximum radius d1, and the actual distance it moves obeys a uniform distribution in (0,d1); this node will randomly choose one of the gathering spots if intending to go to one in this period; every individual node follows this routine, then we have an evolving geographical distribution Mt of the population moving in period t.
T115 6725-6865 Sentence denotes The uninfected will contact everyone within the maximum infection radius d2 and there is a probability μ of being infected for each contact.
T116 6866-7170 Sentence denotes Throughout the simulation analysis, we focus on the impact of three key parameters, the initial information (ϵ), individual threshold (XI), and disclosing threshold (XD), which are the most important quantities to measure the impact of government intervention on the coupled information-disease dynamics.
T117 7171-7437 Sentence denotes The initial information is the source of all information, which denotes the medical awareness of the virus; the individual threshold is a parameter to distinguish the population by groups set above, the smaller it is, the higher the level of public health awareness.
T118 7438-7572 Sentence denotes Disclosing the threshold, chosen by the government, measures its relative priority to speed and accuracy in information dissemination.
T119 7573-7662 Sentence denotes One of the objectives of our experiment is to ascertain the optimal disclosing threshold.
T120 7663-7875 Sentence denotes Government prioritizes speed more as its threshold is lower, “0“ means that government discloses the information immediately upon receipt; “1” means that government only discloses completely accurate information.