PMC:7795888 / 2861-4403 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1,"end":10},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":346,"end":355},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":544,"end":554},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":587,"end":597},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":659,"end":668},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":773,"end":782},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":901,"end":910},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1370,"end":1379},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A9","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012154"},{"id":"A10","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012154"},{"id":"A11","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000716"},{"id":"A12","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000716"},{"id":"A13","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012154"},{"id":"A14","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012154"},{"id":"A15","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012154"},{"id":"A16","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012154"}],"text":"“Anhedonia” is derived from the Greek “a-” (without) “hedone” (pleasure, delight) and is described as the inability to gain pleasure from normally pleasurable activities. Pleasure plays a key role in predisposing survival of biological resources and in guaranteeing an essential contribution to the success of adaptive behaviors [4]. Conversely, anhedonia is an obstacle to achieving evolutionary goals, and it has been considered as a core feature of depressive phenotypes [5], insomuch that Klein proposed the existence of a subtype of major depression, referred to as endogenomorphic depression, marked by characterological anhedonic features [6]. Indeed, anhedonia is a required symptom for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode, and evidence suggests that trait anhedonia may represent an important prognostic indicator in individuals suffering from affective disorders [7]. Differences in anhedonia have also been studied on an individual level, suggesting that the subjective hedonic experience originates from brain areas that activate to drive us toward the attainment of primary or secondary human needs [8]. These regions are part of the so-called brain reward system: amygdala, nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and cingulate cortex. In particular, Zhang et al. [9] suggested that the morphology of the OFC reflects quantitative traits of anhedonia that are continuously distributed throughout the general population and may serve to identify subjects who are at enhanced risk of developing affective disorders."}

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