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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 40-50 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
7 163-180 Species denotes novel coronavirus Tax:2697049
8 182-192 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
9 217-223 Species denotes people Tax:9606
10 307-313 Species denotes people Tax:9606
11 710-722 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
17 1445-1492 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
18 1494-1504 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
19 2358-2364 Species denotes people Tax:9606
20 1553-1559 Disease denotes stress MESH:D000079225
21 3065-3070 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
24 3217-3233 Disease denotes sleep initiation MESH:D007319
25 3585-3593 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
27 4078-4086 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
29 4906-4913 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
31 6194-6201 Chemical denotes alcohol MESH:D000438
36 6330-6342 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
37 6484-6496 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
38 6619-6630 Species denotes participant Tax:9606
39 6796-6808 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
41 6935-6947 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
44 8361-8373 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
45 8490-8502 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
52 8721-8733 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
53 8850-8862 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
54 9264-9276 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
55 9404-9416 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
56 9499-9511 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
57 9347-9354 Chemical denotes Alcohol MESH:D000438
59 9623-9635 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
62 11920-11927 Chemical denotes alcohol MESH:D000438
63 12025-12032 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
69 13335-13345 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
70 13006-13027 Disease denotes good sleep efficiency MESH:D012893
71 13052-13067 Disease denotes sleep disorders MESH:D012893
72 13557-13565 Disease denotes insomnia MESH:D007319
73 13634-13653 Disease denotes sleep deterioration MESH:D007319
75 14608-14620 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
77 15461-15476 Disease denotes sleep disorders MESH:D012893
82 17353-17363 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
83 17033-17040 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
84 17876-17885 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
85 18064-18072 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
87 20045-20057 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
89 22336-22342 Species denotes people Tax:9606
92 23166-23176 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
93 22711-22727 Disease denotes CoV-2 infections MESH:C000657245
95 23721-23729 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
97 25663-25672 Disease denotes PA Habits MESH:D020323
163 34811-34818 Chemical denotes alcohol MESH:D000438

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 12025-12032 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T2 13557-13565 Phenotype denotes insomnia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100785
T3 17033-17040 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-60 Sentence denotes Poor Sleep during the First Peak of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic:
T2 61-84 Sentence denotes A Cross-Sectional Study
T3 86-94 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 95-243 Sentence denotes The restrictions enacted during lockdown to limit the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have led to changes in people’s lifestyle habits.
T5 244-403 Sentence denotes In Italy, these restrictions have dramatically changed the way people work and spend their leisure time, also with repercussions on diet and physical activity.
T6 404-592 Sentence denotes An anonymous survey was disseminated via websites and social media to a convenience sample of the Italian population during and immediately after the first lockdown (10 March–18 May 2020).
T7 593-753 Sentence denotes Data collected on 1826 individuals show that lockdown might have worsened the quality of sleep of almost half of the participants in this cross-sectional study.
T8 754-1187 Sentence denotes This worsening was associated with a deterioration in crucial determinants of health, such as physical activity and diet (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.18–2.40 and OR 4.19; 95% CI 2.51–6.96, respectively), with symptoms of psychological distress, such as tension (OR 3.88; 95% CI 2.74–5.52) and loneliness (OR 3.27; 95% CI 2.23–4.79), and with the presence of financial problems (some OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.27–2.72; many OR 7.27; 95% CI 3.59–14.73).
T9 1188-1261 Sentence denotes The multivariate regression analysis models confirmed these associations.
T10 1262-1403 Sentence denotes This impact on sleep quality was seen especially among females, those with low education level, and those who experienced financial problems.
T11 1405-1407 Sentence denotes 1.
T12 1408-1420 Sentence denotes Introduction
T13 1421-1560 Sentence denotes The current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has placed the world population under enormous stress.
T14 1561-1741 Sentence denotes Large geographical areas and the resident populations have been forced to undergo periods of lockdown to halt the spread of the virus and to limit the impact on healthcare systems.
T15 1742-1938 Sentence denotes In March 2020, the Italian Government imposed two months of emergency lockdown, with containment measures unheard of in the national territory, sometimes characterized by mandatory quarantine [1].
T16 1939-2199 Sentence denotes These measures included the closing of businesses, schools and universities, and the banning of all recreational outdoor activities; the only exceptions were the provision of essential services for health and basic needs (i.e., food, municipal services, etc.).
T17 2200-2556 Sentence denotes The lockdown radically altered the population’s lifestyle, and several containment measures lasted for weeks beyond the end of the full lockdown period: many people saw their work temporarily suspended, others were forced to work or study from home, and everybody was subjected to mobility restrictions and were obliged to cease any non-essential activity.
T18 2557-2728 Sentence denotes While these measures were essential to reducing outbreaks, they may have led to the adoption of unhealthy behaviours (e.g., more sedentary lifestyle, changes in diet) [2].
T19 2729-3071 Sentence denotes Further, these strong limitations on personal freedom could have led to increased levels of psychological distress in the population [3] caused by the fear of getting sick, the fear of experiencing financial problems, the increased tension in households, as well as the isolation from elderly family members, who are at greater risk of death.
T20 3072-3305 Sentence denotes All these factors could have worsened the quality of sleep, defined as one’s satisfaction with the sleep experience, which integrates aspects of sleep initiation, sleep maintenance, sleep quantity, and refreshment upon awakening [4].
T21 3306-3422 Sentence denotes Unsatisfactory sleep can lead to short and long-term harmful psychological and psychosocial effects on health [5,6].
T22 3423-3603 Sentence denotes Thus, this observational study aimed to investigate the quality of sleep in a convenience sample of Italians under lockdown during the first epidemic peak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
T23 3604-3774 Sentence denotes We also investigated the associations between the quality of sleep and sociodemographic characteristics, changes in lifestyle, and the presence of psychological distress.
T24 3776-3778 Sentence denotes 2.
T25 3779-3800 Sentence denotes Materials and Methods
T26 3801-4004 Sentence denotes This cross-sectional study was endorsed by the Local Health Authority (LHA) of the Province of Reggio Emilia (Italy), with a population of 533,158; 66% of the population is between the ages of 18 and 70.
T27 4005-4196 Sentence denotes This province was one of the most affected by the first epidemic peak of COVID-19 in Italy, with a daily incidence rate of about 8/1000 inhabitants during lockdown (10 March–18 May 2020) [7].
T28 4197-4382 Sentence denotes An online survey investigating lifestyle habits and any changes that occurred during lockdown was developed by two epidemiologists, two physiotherapists, and one occupational therapist.
T29 4383-4549 Sentence denotes The survey did not collect personal data and was completely anonymous as to the source, which is why the consulted Local Ethics Committee deemed approval unnecessary.
T30 4550-4732 Sentence denotes However, the survey underwent an ethics review conducted by an expert in the field; after approval, it was disseminated online to individuals living in the Province of Reggio Emilia.
T31 4733-4954 Sentence denotes The survey was advertised through the websites and social media of the LHA, the major municipalities of the province, the network of the municipal pharmacies, and the local patient associations that joined the initiative.
T32 4955-5070 Sentence denotes Citizens could access the survey without restrictions and in complete anonymity from 4 May 2020 until 15 June 2020.
T33 5071-5510 Sentence denotes The survey (Supplementary Material File S1) explored the following areas: (a) sociodemographic data (14 questions); (b) work-related data (5 questions); (c) use of digital devices (3 questions); (d) lifestyle and general health (23 questions); (e) use of local social support services (3 questions); and (f) symptoms of psychological distress, i.e., the sense of tension, upset, worry, fear, loneliness, and/ or uncertainty (one question).
T34 5511-5581 Sentence denotes Apart from two open-ended questions, the answers were multiple-choice.
T35 5582-5631 Sentence denotes In some cases, more than one choice was possible.
T36 5632-5681 Sentence denotes The survey took an average of 15 min to complete.
T37 5682-6002 Sentence denotes The main outcome of this cross-sectional study was to describe the quality of sleep during and immediately after lockdown, investigated through the following two questions: “Have your sleep habits changed since the beginning of lockdown (amount and/or regularity of sleep)?” and “How do you rate your sleep quality now”?
T38 6003-6243 Sentence denotes We also searched for associations between sleep quality categories and sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, changes in lifestyle (physical activity, eating habits, smoking, and alcohol consumption), and psychological distress.
T39 6245-6249 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T40 6250-6292 Sentence denotes Data Privacy and Consent for Participation
T41 6293-6457 Sentence denotes During the informed consent process, participants were informed that all data would be anonymized at the source and would be used exclusively for research purposes.
T42 6458-6548 Sentence denotes By completing the survey, participants voluntarily consented to participate in this study.
T43 6549-6740 Sentence denotes As response would be saved only by clicking the “submit” button, that participant could stop participating in the study at any stage before submission, and their responses would not be saved.
T44 6741-6907 Sentence denotes As the survey was disseminated to the local community, participants were not asked to provide name, date of birth, residency, and/or job to ensure complete anonymity.
T45 6909-6913 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T46 6914-6934 Sentence denotes Statistical Analysis
T47 6935-7066 Sentence denotes Participants who completed the survey were categorized based on the dependent variable, i.e., their self-reported quality of sleep.
T48 7067-7234 Sentence denotes They were grouped by sex, age class, education level, household composition, any financial problems, occupational status, lifestyle habits, and psychological distress.
T49 7235-7294 Sentence denotes We report both the number and proportion of missing values.
T50 7295-7572 Sentence denotes We looked for associations (crude odds ratio—OR—and its 95% confidence interval—95% CI) between the sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, changes in lifestyle, and the presence of psychological distress as independent variables and the quality of sleep categories.
T51 7573-7822 Sentence denotes Separate models of multivariate regression analysis, all adjusted for age, sex, and education level, were built for any of the independent variables which, based on the crude OR and its 95% CI, proved to be strongly associated with quality of sleep.
T52 7823-7872 Sentence denotes Missing values were not included in the analyses.
T53 7873-7969 Sentence denotes Statistical analyses were performed using jamovi 1.2.27 (Jamovi Project, Sydney, Australia) [8].
T54 7971-7973 Sentence denotes 3.
T55 7974-7981 Sentence denotes Results
T56 7982-8064 Sentence denotes Overall, 1826 citizens in the Province of Reggio Emilia participated in the study.
T57 8065-8201 Sentence denotes Most were female (76.5%), aged 18 to 64 years (88.7%), with medium-high education level (92.8%), and with no financial problems (72.3%).
T58 8202-8328 Sentence denotes Most lived with one or more individuals (88.6%) and continued to work (in person or remote) during lockdown (69.8%) (Table 1).
T59 8329-8471 Sentence denotes At the time of the survey, most participants reported good sleep quality (n = 1026; 56.2%), with 39.5% (n = 721) reporting poor sleep quality.
T60 8472-8701 Sentence denotes However, 53.7% of participants experienced a change in their sleep habits since the beginning of lockdown, more frequently represented by a decrease in the amount and/or regularity of sleep (OR 3.68; 95% CI 2.32–5.82; p < 0.001).
T61 8702-8844 Sentence denotes About one third of participants reported that their physical activity habits worsened (35.1%), while far fewer reported an improvement (5.3%).
T62 8845-9346 Sentence denotes Most participants reported that their eating habits had changed: about one third reported an improvement (33.5%), i.e., all the self-reported changes went in the direction of a healthier diet (e.g., eating more fruit and vegetables, regular meals, etc.); others reported a worsening (17.6%), i.e., all changes went in the direction of a less healthy diet (e.g., more prepackaged foods, carbonated drinks), and 18.5% of participants had both changes in the direction of healthier and less healthy diet.
T63 9347-9604 Sentence denotes Alcohol consumption changed for an overlapping number of participants (increased or decreased, 12.5% and 12.7%, respectively), and lower proportions of participants reported that their smoking habits had increased or decreased (7.7% and 4.1%, respectively).
T64 9605-9680 Sentence denotes More than half of participants experienced feelings of uncertainty (54.5%).
T65 9681-9838 Sentence denotes Moreover, a considerable proportion of individuals experienced emotions of worry (44.4%), upset (20.4), tension (19.7%), fear (16.6%) and loneliness (13.6%).
T66 9839-10001 Sentence denotes Male sex seemed to be associated with better sleep quality (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.29–0.76), as was a high education level compared to low (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.23–0.81).
T67 10002-10607 Sentence denotes Factors more strongly associated with poor sleep quality were the presence of some or many financial problems (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.27–2.72 and OR 7.27; 95% CI 3.59–14.73, respectively), a change toward less physical activity or worse eating habits (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.18–2.40 and OR 4.19; 95% CI 2.51–6.96, respectively), and perceiving feelings of psychological distress, such as tension (OR 3.88; 95% CI 2.74–5.52), loneliness (OR 3.27; 95% CI 2.23–4.79), upset (OR 3.26; 95% CI 2.29–4.64) uncertainty (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.93–4.31), fear (OR 2.74; 95% CI 1.89–3.97), and/or worry (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.75–3.58).
T68 10608-10701 Sentence denotes A change toward mixed behaviour in eating habits was also associated with poor sleep quality.
T69 10702-11044 Sentence denotes The multivariate regression analysis models confirmed the association between poor sleep quality and the presence of some or many financial problems (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.17–2.57 and OR 6.96; 95% CI 3.32–14.55, respectively) and less physical activity or worse eating habits (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.13–2.32 and OR 3.7; 95% CI 2.2–6.24, respectively).
T70 11045-11220 Sentence denotes Again, the association between a change toward mixed behaviour in eating habits and poor sleep quality was confirmed in the adjusted model of multivariate regression analyses.
T71 11221-11571 Sentence denotes The regression models also confirmed the association between poor sleep quality and the presence of a sense of tension (OR 3.51; 95% CI 2.44–5.03), loneliness (OR 3.07; 95% CI 2.07–4.53) upset (OR 3.01; 95% CI 2.10–4.32), uncertainty (OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.81–4.06) fear (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.65–3.54) and/ or worry (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.60–3.32) (Appendix A).
T72 11573-11575 Sentence denotes 4.
T73 11576-11586 Sentence denotes Discussion
T74 11587-11705 Sentence denotes The results of this study highlight the association between lockdown and poor sleep quality in the Italian population.
T75 11706-12016 Sentence denotes These results suggest that lockdown might impact sleep quality and that this association could be mediated by crucial determinants of health, such as physical activity and diet, and to a lesser extent, smoking and alcohol consumption, the presence of financial problems, and symptoms of psychological distress.
T76 12017-12155 Sentence denotes Indeed, anxiety was widespread among the Italian population during lockdown, as were feelings of uncertainty, fear, and loneliness [9,10].
T77 12156-12297 Sentence denotes This impact on sleep quality was seen especially among females, those with low education level, and those who experienced financial problems.
T78 12298-12487 Sentence denotes Since the beginning of the pandemic, observational, mostly cross-sectional, studies have been conducted around the world to study lifestyle changes in populations subjected to restrictions.
T79 12488-12582 Sentence denotes While sleep quality has been frequently investigated, results have not always been consistent.
T80 12583-12854 Sentence denotes In China, Wang and colleagues found that 75% of 2289 individuals isolated at home rated their sleep as very good [11], but a smaller prospective study found that 37% of a sample of young Chinese adults reported a worsening of their sleep quality during the pandemic [12].
T81 12855-13131 Sentence denotes Studies conducted in other countries have demonstrated that lockdown could either lead to an increase in the amount of time spent in bed [13,14], with good sleep efficiency [13] or associated with sleep disorders [15,16] and disruption of one’s habitual circadian rhythm [14].
T82 13132-13388 Sentence denotes This topic has also been investigated in Europe, where 55% of Spanish adults changed their sleep pattern after the beginning of the lockdown [17], and individuals who were physically active prior to the SARS-CoV-2 spread reported major sleep problems [18].
T83 13389-13610 Sentence denotes In Italy, cross-sectional investigations have suggested that while the number of hours spent in bed might have increased during lockdown [2], many individuals reported insomnia (43%) [19] and poor sleep quality (57%) [9].
T84 13611-13879 Sentence denotes Similar percentages of sleep deterioration (48%) were also shown in the UK [20], and a longitudinal study conducted in Italy confirmed the detrimental effects of the 40-day lockdown on all the parameters of the Sleep Quality Index [21], except for sleep duration [22].
T85 13880-14067 Sentence denotes Our cohort seems to confirm that sleep quality deteriorated during lockdown, as among those individuals who experienced a change in their sleep quality, 85.8% defined their sleep as poor.
T86 14068-14288 Sentence denotes This proportion of individuals accounted for 46% of the entire cohort investigated, which is strikingly similar to the proportion of those who reported a worsening of sleep quality in the above-mentioned Italian studies.
T87 14289-14443 Sentence denotes Our results corroborate the findings of previous research that the worsening of sleep quality during lockdown was more pronounced among females [9,23,24].
T88 14444-14628 Sentence denotes Poor sleep quality was strongly associated with the presence of many financial problems, although this group in our cohort accounted for a very small proportion of participants (2.1%).
T89 14629-14706 Sentence denotes However, poor sleep quality was not associated with the interruption of work.
T90 14707-14932 Sentence denotes One possible explanation for these apparently inconsistent data could be because of the economic measures promptly introduced by the Italian Government to counter the economic effects of the forced closure of most businesses.
T91 14933-15106 Sentence denotes Similarly, a large survey conducted in the UK found that poor sleep quality during lockdown was associated with perceived financial problems, but not with unemployment [23].
T92 15107-15285 Sentence denotes In this study, 35.1% of individuals reported a worsening of their level of physical activity, which proved to be a determinant of poor sleep quality in the multivariate analysis.
T93 15286-15546 Sentence denotes This result was not surprising, as a moderate effect of regular exercise on overall sleep quality is well documented [25,26,27], and the association between less exercise and sleep disorders was confirmed during lockdown in a sample of German individuals [16].
T94 15547-15682 Sentence denotes In addition, 17.6% of individuals declared a change for the worse in their eating habits, which was associated with poor sleep quality.
T95 15683-15892 Sentence denotes This proportion of individuals who adopted a less healthy diet is lower than the 35.8% estimated by Di Renzo and colleagues in a cross-sectional survey, which involved 3533 Italians throughout the country [2].
T96 15893-16086 Sentence denotes In this regard, it should be noted that 18.5% of our sample introduced changes in their diet that we categorized as mixed, because they were neither completely positive nor completely negative.
T97 16087-16196 Sentence denotes It is plausible that some of these mixed changes, upon further investigation, could be reclassified as worse.
T98 16197-16363 Sentence denotes In fact, the association between sleep quality and this type of mixed change in eating habits went in the same direction as that shown by the worsening of one’s diet.
T99 16364-16555 Sentence denotes Still, regardless of the accuracy of the categorization for this predictive variable, it seems certain that several individuals’ diets worsened and that this was associated with poorer sleep.
T100 16556-16886 Sentence denotes This also seems to be true outside of Italy, as data collected from more than 1000 individuals in three different continents, including Europe, which found that unhealthy diet increased by 10% during the period of social isolation, and that worse eating habits were significantly associated with a worsening in sleep quality [15].
T101 16887-16998 Sentence denotes Finally, our results confirm the association between poor sleep quality and symptoms of psychological distress.
T102 16999-17142 Sentence denotes The positive relationship between anxiety and poor sleep quality has been extensively investigated and was confirmed during lockdown [9,20,26].
T103 17143-17462 Sentence denotes While the cross-sectional design of our study does not allow us to verify whether the symptoms of psychological distress that we documented were related to the restrictions imposed to curtail the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a causal relationship is plausible, as also suggested by the literature [9,10,15,16,20,28].
T104 17463-17629 Sentence denotes The convenience sample investigated was recruited in the Province of Reggio Emilia, one of the most affected Italian provinces during the early phase of the pandemic.
T105 17630-17893 Sentence denotes Considering that, at the time of the survey, little or nothing was known about the disease and its prognosis, it is plausible that feelings of fear and uncertainty were more widespread in the populations living in areas with a high prevalence of infection [9,29].
T106 17894-18059 Sentence denotes Added to this were the concerns arising from the forced temporary closure of many business and industries in one of the most productive areas of Italy and of Europe.
T107 18060-18343 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 pandemic has called into question the stability of the Italian National Health Service, also triggering uncertainties regarding the continuity of care for thousands of individuals, often elderly and with comorbidities, in one of the longest-lived countries in the world.
T108 18344-18448 Sentence denotes Therefore, the association between poor sleep quality and feelings of fear and uncertainty was expected.
T109 18449-18640 Sentence denotes Less obvious was the relationship between poor quality sleep and feelings of loneliness as, based on the univariate analysis conducted, living alone was not a predictor of poor sleep quality.
T110 18641-18799 Sentence denotes Thus, loneliness was perceived regardless of the presence of other household members; the reasons underlying this feeling must be sought in other causalities.
T111 18800-19092 Sentence denotes We have no explanation for this, but it is possible that forced living with others in close quarters for an extended period may have worn down the quality of relationships between individuals, or loneliness may have been due to the forced separation from important, vulnerable family members.
T112 19093-19309 Sentence denotes Moreover, the sense of loneliness could also have derived from the need to limit interpersonal contact to a minimum, a measure that, while necessary to reduce the contagion, is in stark contrast with Italian culture.
T113 19311-19336 Sentence denotes Limitations and Strengths
T114 19337-19487 Sentence denotes The results of this study should be interpreted with caution as they derive from a cross-sectional design, which makes causal inferencing challenging.
T115 19488-19664 Sentence denotes Moreover, the survey sampling was based on an online invitation, which does not allow for generalization because the population that does not use the Internet was not explored.
T116 19665-19845 Sentence denotes Indeed, a recruitment bias emerged in our sample, as females and working-age individuals with a high education level are overrepresented compared to the general Italian population.
T117 19846-20266 Sentence denotes While the overrepresentation of females is a feature common to other similar studies [2,9,16,20,28,30], it is likely that the biases observed in age and education reflect a high level of adhesion of participants who are also healthcare professionals or administrative staff of the LHA or of the major municipalities of the Province of Reggio Emilia, which disseminated the survey through their social media and websites.
T118 20267-20438 Sentence denotes Moreover, the outcome of interest and data related to predictive variables were collected through self-reporting rather than through a valid survey or clinical assessment.
T119 20439-20613 Sentence denotes This was because, as we wanted to capture the changes that occurred during lockdown through a cross-sectional design, we chose specific questions to comply with this purpose.
T120 20614-20871 Sentence denotes Finally, we decided to observe the association between each change occurring during the lockdown, adjusting only for those variables that certainly could not change during the study period and cannot be intermediate effectors of the other putative exposure.
T121 20872-21080 Sentence denotes However, this approach does not allow us to rule out that some of the observed associations were not independent and could have been due to confounding or could have been mediated by other putative exposures.
T122 21081-21169 Sentence denotes Despite these limitations, this study had a relatively high acceptance in our community.
T123 21170-21378 Sentence denotes The sampling strategy allowed us to collect data from quite a large sample, which in fact numerically mirrors that investigated by other similar study designs conducted to explore the same theme [9,15,28,30].
T124 21379-21447 Sentence denotes Further, this was the only sampling method feasible during lockdown.
T125 21449-21451 Sentence denotes 5.
T126 21452-21463 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T127 21464-21567 Sentence denotes The quality of sleep, one of the determinants of public health, was adversely affected by the lockdown.
T128 21568-21691 Sentence denotes Our study points out that nearly all individuals who experienced a change in their sleep reported poor quality of the same.
T129 21692-21784 Sentence denotes This result is plausible, considering the fast disruption of routine caused by the pandemic.
T130 21785-21994 Sentence denotes In fact, individuals’ well-being may have been seriously affected when both personal and public safety are no longer predictable, regardless of their resilience and their capacity for adaptation in daily life.
T131 21995-22148 Sentence denotes We highlighted the effect that sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, changes in lifestyle, and psychological distress have on sleep quality.
T132 22149-22504 Sentence denotes While this study design does not allow us to determine a causal relationship among potential determinants and poor sleep quality, it nevertheless highlights the presence of categories of people who suffered the most: socially fragile individuals, those reporting negative changes in physical activity and diet, and individuals with psychological distress.
T133 22505-22684 Sentence denotes These categories require the attention of policy makers, who should plan strategies to promote healthy lifestyles and strategies to maintain serenity during this difficult period.
T134 22685-22920 Sentence denotes Considering that the SARS-CoV-2 infections rate has been increasing since October 2020 and that several restrictions have been reintroduced to contain the spread of the virus, further investigations on this topic should be implemented.
T135 22921-23207 Sentence denotes For example, studies exploring whether sleep has been affected during this second epidemic peak as well or whether individuals have adapted to the situation and have found strategies to deal with the limitations and uncertainties related to the SARS-CoV-2 spread would be of interested.
T136 23209-23224 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments
T137 23225-23247 Sentence denotes We thank Jacqueline M.
T138 23248-23287 Sentence denotes Costa for the English language editing.
T139 23288-23354 Sentence denotes We thank Ludovica De Panfilis for reviewing the survey for ethics.
T140 23355-23478 Sentence denotes Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
T141 23480-23503 Sentence denotes Supplementary Materials
T142 23504-23594 Sentence denotes The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/1/306/s1, File S1:
T143 23595-23730 Sentence denotes Survey on Lifestyle Adaptations in the General Population of the Province of Reggio Emilia Following the Emergency Quarantine COVID-19.
T144 23731-23767 Sentence denotes Click here for additional data file.
T145 23769-23789 Sentence denotes Author Contributions
T146 23790-23879 Sentence denotes All authors contributed to the study conception and design and to interpretation of data.
T147 23880-23936 Sentence denotes P.G.R., S.C., B.B., S.P., and E.M. developed the survey.
T148 23937-23980 Sentence denotes S.P. and B.B. contributed to data analysis.
T149 23981-24084 Sentence denotes The first draft of the manuscript was written by S.C., and all authors commented and contributed to it.
T150 24085-24161 Sentence denotes All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
T151 24163-24170 Sentence denotes Funding
T152 24171-24256 Sentence denotes The Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia fully supported this study.
T153 24258-24294 Sentence denotes Institutional Review Board Statement
T154 24295-24310 Sentence denotes Not applicable.
T155 24312-24338 Sentence denotes Informed Consent Statement
T156 24339-24409 Sentence denotes Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
T157 24411-24438 Sentence denotes Data Availability Statement
T158 24439-24615 Sentence denotes The dataset generated and analyzed is retained by the Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia (Italy) and is available upon request from the corresponding author.
T159 24617-24638 Sentence denotes Conflicts of Interest
T160 24639-24701 Sentence denotes The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose.
T161 24703-24713 Sentence denotes Appendix A
T162 24714-24905 Sentence denotes Table A1 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Financial Problems and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T163 24906-24929 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T164 24930-24986 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T165 24987-25049 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.403 0.358 −3.923 <0 .001 0.246 0.122 0.496
T166 25050-25053 Sentence denotes Sex
T167 25054-25117 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.840 0.264 −3.184 0.001 0.432 0.258 0.724
T168 25118-25127 Sentence denotes Age class
T169 25128-25190 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.864 0.452 −1.911 0.056 0.421 0.174 1.023
T170 25191-25260 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged–Adult −0.141 0.191 −0.738 0.460 0.869 0.598 1.262
T171 25261-25276 Sentence denotes Education level
T172 25277-25337 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.073 0.350 −3.065 0.002 0.342 0.172 0.679
T173 25338-25400 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.913 0.344 −2.656 0.008 0.401 0.205 0.787
T174 25401-25419 Sentence denotes Financial problems
T175 25420-25482 Sentence denotes  Many–None 1.940 0.376 5.156 <0 .001 6.962 3.329 14.556
T176 25483-25542 Sentence denotes  Some–None 0.556 0.199 2.788 0.005 1.743 1.179 2.576
T177 25543-25735 Sentence denotes Table A2 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Change in PA Habits and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T178 25736-25759 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T179 25760-25816 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T180 25817-25879 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.245 0.352 −3.536 <0 .001 0.288 0.144 0.574
T181 25880-25883 Sentence denotes Sex
T182 25884-25947 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.788 0.258 −3.061 0.002 0.455 0.274 0.753
T183 25948-25957 Sentence denotes Age class
T184 25958-26020 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.985 0.452 −2.178 0.029 0.374 0.154 0.906
T185 26021-26090 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged–Adult −0.104 0.190 −0.544 0.586 0.902 0.621 1.309
T186 26091-26106 Sentence denotes Education level
T187 26107-26168 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.268 0.342 −3.709 <0.001 0.281 0.144 0.550
T188 26169-26231 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.962 0.335 −2.871 0.004 0.382 0.198 0.737
T189 26232-26251 Sentence denotes Change in PA habits
T190 26252-26322 Sentence denotes  Improved–No change −0.595 0.532 −1.120 0.263 0.551 0.195 1.563
T191 26323-26391 Sentence denotes  Worsened–No change 0.483 0.183 2.638 0.008 1.621 1.132 2.321
T192 26392-26422 Sentence denotes Legend PA = Physical activity.
T193 26423-26619 Sentence denotes Table A3 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Change in Eating Habits and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T194 26620-26643 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T195 26644-26700 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T196 26701-26764 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.8735 0.395 −4.743 <0.001 0.154 0.0708 0.333
T197 26765-26768 Sentence denotes Sex
T198 26769-26834 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.6464 0.253 −2.553 0.011 0.524 0.3190 0.861
T199 26835-26844 Sentence denotes Age class
T200 26845-26909 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.5144 0.382 −1.347 0.178 0.598 0.2828 1.264
T201 26910-26981 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged adult −0.0689 0.187 −0.369 0.712 0.933 0.6476 1.346
T202 26982-26997 Sentence denotes Education level
T203 26998-27060 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.0647 0.340 −3.132 0.002 0.345 0.1771 0.671
T204 27061-27125 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.8205 0.332 −2.474 0.013 0.440 0.2298 0.843
T205 27126-27149 Sentence denotes Change in eating habits
T206 27150-27220 Sentence denotes  Improved–No change 0.3883 0.268 1.450 0.147 1.474 0.8724 2.492
T207 27221-27292 Sentence denotes  Worsened–No change 1.3103 0.266 4.930 <0.001 3.707 2.2019 6.242
T208 27293-27360 Sentence denotes  Mixed–No change 0.8088 0.280 2.885 0.004 2.245 1.2960 3.890
T209 27361-27552 Sentence denotes Table A4 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Tension and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T210 27553-27576 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T211 27577-27633 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T212 27634-27699 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.61890 0.371 −4.3681 <0.001 0.198 0.0958 0.410
T213 27700-27703 Sentence denotes Sex
T214 27704-27771 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.74502 0.266 −2.8051 0.005 0.475 0.2821 0.799
T215 27772-27781 Sentence denotes Age class
T216 27782-27848 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.40416 0.406 −0.9958 0.319 0.668 0.3013 1.479
T217 27849-27920 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged adult 0.00382 0.190 0.0202 0.984 1.004 0.6924 1.455
T218 27921-27936 Sentence denotes Education level
T219 27937-28001 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.11701 0.359 −3.1102 0.002 0.327 0.1619 0.662
T220 28002-28068 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.81351 0.353 −2.3049 0.021 0.443 0.2220 0.885
T221 28069-28076 Sentence denotes Tension
T222 28077-28138 Sentence denotes  Yes–No 1.25585 0.184 6.8324 <0.001 3.511 2.4488 5.033
T223 28139-28328 Sentence denotes Table A5 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Upset and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T224 28329-28352 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T225 28353-28409 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T226 28410-28472 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.4162 0.367 −3.863 <0.001 0.243 0.118 0.498
T227 28473-28476 Sentence denotes Sex
T228 28477-28541 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.8490 0.272 −3.116 0.002 0.428 0.251 0.730
T229 28542-28551 Sentence denotes Age class
T230 28552-28615 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.6390 0.424 −1.507 0.132 0.528 0.230 1.212
T231 28616-28686 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged Adult −0.0489 0.190 −0.257 0.797 0.952 0.656 1.382
T232 28687-28702 Sentence denotes Education level
T233 28703-28765 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.2453 0.358 −3.483 <0.001 0.288 0.143 0.580
T234 28766-28829 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.9358 0.352 −2.657 0.008 0.392 0.197 0.782
T235 28830-28835 Sentence denotes Upset
T236 28836-28894 Sentence denotes  Yes–No 1.1042 0.184 6.012 <0.001 3.017 2.105 4.324
T237 28895-29084 Sentence denotes Table A6 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Worry and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T238 29085-29108 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T239 29109-29165 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T240 29166-29228 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.647 0.374 −4.41 <0 .001 0.193 0.0926 0.400
T241 29229-29232 Sentence denotes Sex
T242 29233-29296 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.624 0.254 −2.46 0.014 0.536 0.3254 0.882
T243 29297-29306 Sentence denotes Age class
T244 29307-29369 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.653 0.380 −1.72 0.086 0.520 0.2471 1.096
T245 29370-29439 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged adult −0.203 0.188 −1.08 0.280 0.817 0.5652 1.180
T246 29440-29455 Sentence denotes Education level
T247 29456-29516 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.093 0.350 −3.12 0.002 0.335 0.1688 0.666
T248 29517-29579 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.796 0.343 −2.32 0.020 0.451 0.2305 0.883
T249 29580-29585 Sentence denotes Worry
T250 29586-29643 Sentence denotes  Yes–No 0.836 0.186 4.48 <0.001 2.306 1.6003 3.324
T251 29644-29832 Sentence denotes Table A7 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Fear and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T252 29833-29856 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T253 29857-29913 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T254 29914-29976 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.309 0.365 −3.584 <0 .001 0.270 0.132 0.553
T255 29977-29980 Sentence denotes Sex
T256 29981-30044 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.735 0.266 −2.760 0.006 0.480 0.285 0.808
T257 30045-30054 Sentence denotes Age class
T258 30055-30117 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.773 0.422 −1.832 0.067 0.462 0.202 1.055
T259 30118-30187 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged adult −0.160 0.189 −0.847 0.397 0.852 0.588 1.234
T260 30188-30203 Sentence denotes Education level
T261 30204-30264 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.184 0.362 −3.268 0.001 0.306 0.150 0.623
T262 30265-30327 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.904 0.356 −2.537 0.011 0.405 0.201 0.814
T263 30328-30332 Sentence denotes Fear
T264 30333-30390 Sentence denotes  Yes–No 0.884 0.195 4.536 <0.001 2.421 1.652 3.548
T265 30391-30585 Sentence denotes Table A8 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Loneliness and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T266 30586-30609 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T267 30610-30666 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T268 30667-30728 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.354 0.374 −3.620 <0.001 0.258 0.124 0.538
T269 30729-30732 Sentence denotes Sex
T270 30733-30796 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.836 0.264 −3.161 0.002 0.434 0.258 0.728
T271 30797-30806 Sentence denotes Age class
T272 30807-30869 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.815 0.424 −1.923 0.054 0.443 0.193 1.016
T273 30870-30939 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged adult −0.140 0.192 −0.730 0.466 0.869 0.596 1.267
T274 30940-30955 Sentence denotes Education level
T275 30956-31016 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.153 0.368 −3.130 0.002 0.316 0.153 0.650
T276 31017-31079 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.886 0.362 −2.448 0.014 0.412 0.203 0.838
T277 31080-31090 Sentence denotes Loneliness
T278 31091-31148 Sentence denotes  Yes–No 1.122 0.199 5.635 <0.001 3.070 2.079 4.536
T279 31149-31344 Sentence denotes Table A9 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Uncertainty and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.
T280 31345-31368 Sentence denotes 95% Confidence Interval
T281 31369-31425 Sentence denotes Predictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper
T282 31426-31488 Sentence denotes Intercept −1.874 0.383 −4.893 <0.001 0.154 0.0725 0.325
T283 31489-31492 Sentence denotes Sex
T284 31493-31557 Sentence denotes  Male–Female −0.651 0.252 −2.577 0.010 0.522 0.3181 0.856
T285 31558-31567 Sentence denotes Age class
T286 31568-31631 Sentence denotes  Aged–Adult −0.816 0.398 −2.051 0.040 0.442 0.2028 0.964
T287 31632-31702 Sentence denotes  Middle-aged adult −0.144 0.188 −0.769 0.442 0.866 0.5994 1.250
T288 31703-31718 Sentence denotes Education level
T289 31719-31780 Sentence denotes  High–Low −1.119 0.351 −3.191 0.001 0.327 0.1643 0.649
T290 31781-31844 Sentence denotes  Medium–Low −0.770 0.341 −2.259 0.024 0.463 0.2375 0.903
T291 31845-31856 Sentence denotes Uncertainty
T292 31857-31915 Sentence denotes  Yes–No 1.000 0.206 4.853 <0.001 2.717 1.8146 4.069
T293 31916-31921 Sentence denotes Note.
T294 31922-32025 Sentence denotes Estimates represent the log odds of “good sleep quality category” versus “poor sleep quality category”.
T295 32027-32191 Sentence denotes Table 1 Odds ratio for quality of sleep during lockdown by sociodemographic characteristics, work-related factors, changes in lifestyle and psychological distress.
T296 32192-32230 Sentence denotes Total Poor Sleep Good Sleep Missing
T297 32231-32256 Sentence denotes n % n % n % n %
T298 32257-32298 Sentence denotes 1826 100 721 39.5 1026 56.2 79 4.3
T299 32299-32318 Sentence denotes OR 95% CI p-Value
T300 32319-32331 Sentence denotes Lower Upper
T301 32332-32426 Sentence denotes Sociodemographic characteristics Sex Female 1397 76.5 601 43.0 732 52.4 64 4.6 1.00
T302 32427-32498 Sentence denotes Male 423 23.2 119 28.1 293 69.3 11 2.6 0.47 0.29 0.76 0.002
T303 32499-32541 Sentence denotes Missing 6 0.3 1 16.7 1 16.7 4 66.7
T304 32542-32600 Sentence denotes Age 18-44 818 44.8 327 40.0 467 57.1 24 2.9 1.00
T305 32601-32673 Sentence denotes 45-64 802 43.9 336 41.9 438 54.6 28 3.5 0.95 0.67 1.34 0.771
T306 32674-32744 Sentence denotes >65 194 10.6 55 28.4 118 60.8 21 10.8 0.54 0.26 1.11 0.092
T307 32745-32788 Sentence denotes Missing 12 0.7 3 25.0 3 25.0 6 50.0
T308 32789-32852 Sentence denotes Education level Low 94 5.1 38 40.4 50 53.2 6 6.4 1.00
T309 32853-32926 Sentence denotes Medium 805 44.1 329 40.9 432 53.7 44 5.5 0.55 0.30 1.03 0.066
T310 32927-32998 Sentence denotes High 889 48.7 338 38.0 527 59.3 24 2.7 0.44 0.23 0.81 0.009
T311 32999-33044 Sentence denotes Missing 38 2.1 16 42.1 17 44.7 5 13.2
T312 33045-33107 Sentence denotes Household Alone 208 11.4 77 37.0 129 62.0 2 1.0 1.00
T313 33108-33185 Sentence denotes ≥1 person 1618 88.6 644 39.8 897 55.4 77 4.8 1.06 0.62 1.79 0.834
T314 33186-33266 Sentence denotes Financial problems No problems 1320 72.3 464 35.2 794 60.2 62 4.7 1.00
T315 33267-33346 Sentence denotes Some problems 399 21.9 204 51.1 187 46.9 8 2.0 1.86 1.27 2.72 0.001
T316 33347-33424 Sentence denotes Many problems 38 2.1 23 60.5 15 39.5 0 0.0 7.27 3.59 14.73 <0.001
T317 33425-33470 Sentence denotes Missing 69 3.8 30 43.5 30 43.5 9 13.0
T318 33471-33573 Sentence denotes Occupational status during lockdown Continue working 1275 69.8 495 38.8 726 56.9 54 4.2 1.00
T319 33574-33653 Sentence denotes Activity stopped 181 9.9 82 45.3 96 53.0 3 1.7 1.33 0.80 2.21 0.266
T320 33654-33660 Sentence denotes Retir.
T321 33661-33666 Sentence denotes Stud.
T322 33667-33674 Sentence denotes Housew.
T323 33676-33740 Sentence denotes 240 13.1 86 35.8 143 59.6 11 4.6 0.73 0.42 1.29 0.288
T324 33741-33813 Sentence denotes Unemployed 55 3.0 28 50.9 25 45.5 2 3.6 1.09 0.42 2.81 0.848
T325 33814-33859 Sentence denotes Missing 75 4.1 30 40.0 36 48.0 9 12.0
T326 33860-33961 Sentence denotes Changes in lifestyle Change in sleep habits Unchanged 701 38.4 645 92.0 24 3.4 34 4.9 1.00
T327 33962-34037 Sentence denotes Changed 981 53.7 842 85.8 121 12.3 17 1.7 3.86 2.46 6.05 <0.001
T328 34038-34109 Sentence denotes Uncertain 80 4.4 67 83.8 3 3.8 10 12.5 1.20 0.35 4.10 0.760
T329 34110-34156 Sentence denotes Missing 64 3.5 21 32.8 25 39.1 18 28.1
T330 34157-34248 Sentence denotes Change in physical activity habits Unchanged 972 53.2 349 35.9 596 61.3 27 3 1.00
T331 34249-34319 Sentence denotes Improved 97 5.3 37 38.1 56 57.7 4 4.1 0.59 0.21 1.68 0.330
T332 34320-34393 Sentence denotes Worsen 641 35.1 288 44.9 334 52.1 19 3.0 1.68 1.18 2.40 0.004
T333 34394-34441 Sentence denotes Missing 116 6.4 47 40.5 40 34.5 29 25.0
T334 34442-34524 Sentence denotes Change in eating habits Unchanged 530 29.0 152 28.7 361 68.1 17 3.2 1.00
T335 34525-34600 Sentence denotes Improved 612 33.5 237 38.7 361 59.0 14 2.3 1.49 0.89 2.51 0.125
T336 34601-34675 Sentence denotes Worsen 321 17.6 171 53.3 128 39.9 22 6.9 4.19 2.51 6.96 <0.001
T337 34676-34688 Sentence denotes Mixed behav.
T338 34690-34755 Sentence denotes 337 18.5 156 46.3 164 48.7 17 5.0 2.41 1.40 4.15 0.001
T339 34756-34800 Sentence denotes Missing 26 1.4 5 19.2 12 46.2 9 34.6
T340 34801-34890 Sentence denotes Change in alcohol consumption Unchanged 1275 69.8 496 38.9 726 56.9 53 4.2 1.00
T341 34891-34965 Sentence denotes Decreased 231 12.7 90 39.0 138 59.7 3 1.3 0.73 0.41 1.28 0.280
T342 34966-35042 Sentence denotes Increased 229 12.5 107 46.7 112 48.9 10 4.4 1.34 0.84 2.13 0.209
T343 35043-35089 Sentence denotes Missing 91 5.0 28 30.8 50 54.9 13 14.3
T344 35090-35174 Sentence denotes Change in smoking habits Unchanged 1327 72.7 519 39.1 780 58.8 28 2.1 1.00
T345 35175-35246 Sentence denotes Decreased 75 4.1 33 44.0 40 53.3 2 2.7 0.79 0.31 2.01 0.628
T346 35247-35319 Sentence denotes Increased 140 7.7 64 45.7 67 47.9 9 6.4 1.39 0.78 2.47 0.251
T347 35320-35370 Sentence denotes Missing 284 15.6 105 37.0 139 48.9 40 14.1
T348 35371-35455 Sentence denotes Psychological distress Tension No 1337 73.2 452 33.8 838 62.7 47 3.5 1.00
T349 35456-35527 Sentence denotes Yes 359 19.7 232 64.6 107 29.8 20 5.6 3.88 2.74 5.52 <0.001
T350 35528-35574 Sentence denotes Missing 130 7.1 37 28.5 81 62.3 12 9.2
T351 35575-35633 Sentence denotes Upset No 1284 70.3 444 34.6 804 62.6 36 2.8 1.00
T352 35634-35704 Sentence denotes Yes 372 20.4 230 61.8 135 36.3 7 1.9 3.26 2.29 4.64 <0.001
T353 35705-35752 Sentence denotes Missing 170 9.3 47 27.6 87 51.2 36 21.2
T354 35753-35810 Sentence denotes Worry No 914 50.1 271 29.6 614 67.2 29 3.2 1.00
T355 35811-35882 Sentence denotes Yes 810 44.4 421 52.0 366 45.2 23 2.8 2.50 1.75 3.58 <0.001
T356 35883-35930 Sentence denotes Missing 102 5.6 29 28.4 46 45.1 27 26.5
T357 35931-35988 Sentence denotes Fear No 1404 76.9 501 35.7 847 60.3 56 4.0 1.00
T358 35989-36059 Sentence denotes Yes 303 16.6 180 59.4 116 38.3 7 2.3 2.74 1.89 3.97 <0.001
T359 36060-36107 Sentence denotes Missing 119 6.5 40 33.6 63 52.9 16 13.4
T360 36108-36171 Sentence denotes Loneliness No 1439 78.8 524 36.4 869 60.4 46 3.2 1.00
T361 36172-36241 Sentence denotes Yes 249 13.6 151 60.6 94 37.8 4 1.6 3.27 2.23 4.79 <0.001
T362 36242-36289 Sentence denotes Missing 138 7.6 46 33.3 63 45.7 29 21.0
T363 36290-36353 Sentence denotes Uncertainty No 778 42.6 239 30.7 499 64.1 40 5.1 1.00
T364 36354-36425 Sentence denotes Yes 996 54.5 468 47.0 499 50.1 29 2.9 2.89 1.93 4.31 <0.001
T365 36426-36472 Sentence denotes Missing 52 2.8 14 26.9 28 53.8 10 19.2
T366 36473-36654 Sentence denotes Legend: OR = Odds ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; Retir. = retired; Stud. = student; Housew. = housewife; behav. = behaviour Note: OR and CI were not calculated for missing values.