Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T78 |
0-16 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2.4 Confounders |
T79 |
17-165 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We considered confounders related with meteorology, socio-demographics, disease spread, healthcare provision and health related variables (Table 1). |
T80 |
166-379 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As meteorological confounders, we considered temperature and relative humidity and calculated the mean for March-June 2018 as this is the latest year with data available at 1x1km grid retrieved from the MetOffice. |
T81 |
380-497 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We weighted temperature and relative humidity using the population weights calculated for the air-pollution exposure. |
T82 |
498-627 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As socio-demographical confounders we considered age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, urbanicity, population density and occupation. |
T83 |
628-828 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Information on age (2018), sex (2018), ethnicity (2011), urbanicity (2011) and population density (2018) was available at the LSOA level from ONS (the most recent years available at time of analysis). |
T84 |
829-1037 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To adjust for deprivation, we used quintiles of the index of multiple deprivation at LSOA level in 2019 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), excluding the dimension related to air quality. |
T85 |
1038-1326 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We used estimates of occupational exposures to COVID-19, as calculated by ONS, to adjust for high risk exposure to COVID-19, defined as those with a score higher than 80/100 (corresponding to at least >1 per week exposed to someone infected, Supplemental Material Text S1.1 and Table S1). |
T86 |
1327-1513 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To account for disease progression, we used the number of days since the 1st reported case and the number of positive cases in each LTLA (as of 30th of June 2020, as retrieved from PHE). |
T87 |
1514-1675 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Adjustment for the latter factors is expected to attenuate geographical differences generated due to regional differences about the timing on the pandemic curve. |
T88 |
1676-1819 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For healthcare provision, we used the number of intensive care unit beds per population, in February 2020 per NHS trust, as retrieved from NHS. |
T89 |
1820-1999 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Last, as health-related variables, we considered smoking and obesity prevalence at the GP practice level during 2018–2019, as retrieved from PHE (Supplemental Material Text S1.1). |
T90 |
2000-2042 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Table 1 Data sources used in the analysis. |
T91 |
2043-2105 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Confounders Source Spatial Resolution Temporal Resolution Type |
T92 |
2106-2189 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Temperature MetOfficehttps://www.metoffice.gov.uk/ 1 km2 March-June 2018 continuous |
T93 |
2190-2279 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Relative humidity MetOfficehttps://www.metoffice.gov.uk/ 1 km2 March-June 2018 continuous |
T94 |
2280-2434 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Index of Multiple Deprivation Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Governmenthttps://www.gov.uk/ Lower layer super output area 2019 rank (quintiles) |
T95 |
2435-2546 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Urbanicity Office for National Statisticshttps://www.ons.gov.uk/ Lower layer super output area 2011 urban/rural |
T96 |
2547-2651 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Days since 1st reported case Public Health England Lower tier local authority Until 30th June continuous |
T97 |
2652-2759 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Number of positive cases Public Health England Lower tier local authority Until 30th June discrete (counts) |
T98 |
2760-2896 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Population density Office for National Statisticshttps://www.ons.gov.uk/ Lower layer super output area 2018 continuous (log transformed) |
T99 |
2897-3054 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Number of intensive care unit beds National Health Servicehttps://www.england.nhs.uk/ National Health Service trust February 2020 continuous (per population) |
T100 |
3055-3184 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Smoking Public Health Englandhttps://fingertips.phe.org.uk/ General practitioner catchment area 2018–2019 continuous (prevalence) |
T101 |
3185-3314 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Obesity Public Health Englandhttps://fingertips.phe.org.uk/ General practitioner catchment area 2018–2019 continuous (prevalence) |
T102 |
3315-3449 |
Sentence |
denotes |
High Risk Occupation Office for National Statisticshttps://www.ons.gov.uk/ Middle layer super output area 2011 continuous (prevalence) |