| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T62 |
0-13 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2.3 Exposure |
| T63 |
14-85 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We considered exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 as indicators of air pollution. |
| T64 |
86-123 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We selected these pollutants because: |
| T65 |
124-539 |
Sentence |
denotes |
1) they reflect different sources of air-pollution (NO2 reflects traffic related air-pollution, whereas PM2.5 is a combination of traffic and non-traffic sources), 2) they were considered in previous studies (Cole et al., 2020, Liang et al., 2020, Travaglio et al., 2020, Wu et al., 2020), and 3) they are responsible for the highest number of years of life lost compared to other pollutants in Europe (Ortiz 2019). |
| T66 |
540-663 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We retrieved NO2 and PM2.5 concentration in England from the Pollution Climate Mapping (PCM; https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/). |
| T67 |
664-778 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The PCM produces annual estimates during 2001–2018 for NO2 and 2002–2018 for PM2.5 at 1x1km resolution for the UK. |
| T68 |
779-942 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The PCM model is calibrated using monitoring stations across the nation and has high predictive accuracy, R2 = 0.88 for NO2 and R2 = 0.63 for PM2.5 (Brookes 2017). |
| T69 |
943-1093 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We defined long-term exposure to these compounds as the mean of the past 5 years for which data was available at the time of analysis, i.e. 2014–2018. |
| T70 |
1094-1263 |
Sentence |
denotes |
An alternative is calculating the median, however the distribution of the air-pollutants using any of these metrics is almost identical, (Supplemental Material Fig. S4). |
| T71 |
1264-1573 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We weighted the exposure using a combination of population estimates available from the fourth version of Gridded Population of the World collection at 1x1km grid as of 2020 (Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University 2018) and from ONS at LSOA level as of 2018. |
| T72 |
1574-1678 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Let Xgl be the pollutant and Pgl the population in the intersection of the g-th grid cell and l-th LSOA. |
| T73 |
1679-1842 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Assuming the Xg is constant (i.e. Xgl=Xg for all intersections) in the g-th grid cell, we define the population weighted version X¯lof Xgl as:X¯l=∑glP¯glXg∑glP¯gl. |
| T74 |
1843-1942 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To calculate P¯gl, we first compute w¯gl=wgl/∑glwgl, where wgl is the area weight per intersection. |
| T75 |
1943-1990 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Then calculate the population per intersection: |
| T76 |
1991-2003 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Pgl'=Pgw¯gl. |
| T77 |
2004-2120 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We then use the Pl (LSOA populations) and obtain P¯gl=vglPl, where vgl is the normalised Pgl', ie vgl= Pgl'/∑glPgl'. |
