> top > docs > PMC:7784830 > annotations

PMC:7784830 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 61-69 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
10 211-217 Species denotes people Tax:9606
11 878-886 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
12 1075-1083 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
13 1224-1229 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
14 117-125 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
15 271-284 Disease denotes viral disease MESH:D001102
16 366-374 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
17 778-786 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
37 1702-1725 Species denotes 2019 novel corona virus Tax:2697049
38 1727-1736 Species denotes 2019-nCoV Tax:2697049
39 1843-1891 Species denotes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 Tax:2697049
40 1893-1903 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
41 1923-1931 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
42 2090-2096 Species denotes people Tax:9606
43 2209-2221 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
44 3050-3062 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
45 2430-2448 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
46 2628-2649 Chemical denotes chloroquine phosphate MESH:C023676
47 2653-2679 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine sulfate MESH:D006886
48 2775-2785 Chemical denotes remdesivir MESH:C000606551
49 2787-2806 Chemical denotes lopinavir–ritonavir MESH:C558899
50 1576-1585 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
51 1960-1985 Disease denotes corona virus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
52 1987-1995 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
53 2197-2205 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
54 2693-2701 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
55 2987-2995 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
59 3351-3359 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
60 3818-3825 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
61 3283-3291 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
80 5969-5977 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
81 6022-6030 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
82 6078-6086 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
83 6100-6108 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
84 6128-6136 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
85 4519-4523 Chemical denotes ODFs
86 4780-4784 Chemical denotes ODFs
87 4875-4880 Chemical denotes lipid MESH:D008055
88 4942-4948 Chemical denotes silica MESH:D012822
89 5033-5037 Chemical denotes ODFs
90 5515-5520 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
91 5931-5935 Chemical denotes ODFs
92 6217-6221 Chemical denotes ODFs
93 5640-5660 Disease denotes irritation of mucosa MESH:D001523
94 6004-6021 Disease denotes mentally retarded MESH:D008607
95 6046-6065 Disease denotes Parkinson’s disease MESH:D010300
96 6093-6099 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
97 6314-6322 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
99 6346-6350 Chemical denotes ODFs
120 6660-6666 Species denotes People Tax:9606
121 6778-6797 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
122 6799-6820 Chemical denotes chloroquine phosphate MESH:C023676
123 6822-6831 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
124 6837-6844 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
125 6912-6923 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
126 6925-6932 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
127 6934-6944 Chemical denotes remdesivir MESH:C000606551
128 6950-6961 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
129 6990-7009 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
130 7011-7032 Chemical denotes chloroquine phosphate MESH:C023676
131 7038-7045 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
132 7088-7099 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
133 7166-7185 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
134 7266-7277 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
135 7389-7394 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
136 7449-7468 Chemical denotes sodium or meglumine
137 6451-6459 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
138 6738-6746 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
139 7831-7839 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
141 8171-8179 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
163 10103-10115 Gene denotes interferon β Gene:3456
164 8724-8736 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
165 8737-8745 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
166 8835-8843 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
167 8891-8896 Species denotes human Tax:9606
168 9269-9281 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
169 9726-9731 Species denotes human Tax:9606
170 10160-10168 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
171 10429-10441 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
172 10673-10685 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
173 8395-8406 Chemical denotes Tocilizumab MESH:C502936
174 8488-8497 Chemical denotes adenosine MESH:D000241
175 8498-8508 Chemical denotes nucleoside MESH:D009705
176 9236-9254 Chemical denotes chlorpromazine HCl MESH:D002746
177 9481-9505 Chemical denotes Algernon Pharmaceuticals
178 9507-9517 Chemical denotes Ifenprodil MESH:C010739
179 9613-9623 Chemical denotes Ifenprodil MESH:C010739
180 8813-8834 Disease denotes corona virus infected MESH:C000657245
181 9800-9816 Disease denotes British Columbia OMIM:176500
182 10154-10159 Disease denotes COVID MESH:C000657245
183 10305-10313 Disease denotes COVID 19 MESH:C000657245
192 10935-10946 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
193 10971-10976 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
194 11076-11087 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
195 11698-11702 Chemical denotes ODFs
196 11779-11788 Chemical denotes entecavir MESH:C413685
197 11838-11842 Chemical denotes ODFs
198 11895-11899 Chemical denotes ODFs
199 11954-11961 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
209 12135-12142 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
210 12329-12334 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
211 12585-12590 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
212 12868-12873 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
213 13533-13538 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
214 12474-12477 Disease denotes HPC MESH:C537262
215 12921-12946 Disease denotes L-HPC PEG-400 SCM ODFs MESH:C537262
216 13253-13256 Disease denotes HPC MESH:C537262
217 13322-13328 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
219 13947-13951 Chemical denotes ODFs
224 14090-14107 Species denotes novel coronavirus Tax:2697049
225 14205-14213 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
226 14402-14424 Disease denotes corona virus infection MESH:C000657245
227 14614-14622 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
238 15190-15198 Species denotes turmeric Tax:136217
239 15282-15290 Species denotes cinnamon Tax:128608
240 15310-15316 Species denotes ginger Tax:94328
241 15378-15383 Species denotes lemon Tax:2708
242 15756-15767 Species denotes Ashwagandha Tax:126910
243 14914-14925 Disease denotes Naturopathy
244 14946-14956 Disease denotes Homeopathy
245 15267-15280 Disease denotes boiling tulsi MESH:D005667
246 15776-15784 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
247 15972-15980 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
254 16231-16239 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
255 16520-16528 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
256 16591-16599 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
257 16600-16610 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
258 16745-16768 Disease denotes corona virus infections MESH:C000657245
259 16948-16956 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
261 17039-17047 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
279 17259-17281 Species denotes Zanthoxylum americanum Tax:354526
280 17283-17294 Species denotes Prickly Ash Tax:13341
281 17366-17389 Species denotes Scutellaria baicalensis Tax:65409
282 17475-17492 Species denotes Angelica dahurica Tax:48101
283 17582-17596 Species denotes Styrax benzoin Tax:153524
284 17637-17653 Species denotes Curcuma zedoaria Tax:136224
285 17660-17679 Species denotes Syzygium aromaticum Tax:219868
286 17687-17709 Species denotes Nardostachys chinensis Tax:179860
287 17716-17727 Species denotes Betula alba Tax:38787
288 17734-17753 Species denotes Impatiens balsamina Tax:63779
289 17760-17775 Species denotes Costus spicatus Tax:328782
290 17828-17848 Species denotes Hyssopus officinalis Tax:39324
291 17889-17895 Species denotes ginger Tax:94328
292 17181-17195 Chemical denotes Pyranocoumarin MESH:D039681
293 17228-17243 Chemical denotes furanocoumarins MESH:D011564
294 17331-17339 Chemical denotes Baicalin MESH:C038044
295 17782-17818 Disease denotes Allium sativum bulb Cyperus rotundus
307 17978-17998 Species denotes Tinospora cordifolia Tax:285590
308 18000-18019 Species denotes Zingiber officinale Tax:94328
309 18021-18034 Species denotes Curcuma longa Tax:136217
310 18036-18050 Species denotes Ocimum sanctum Tax:204149
311 18052-18070 Species denotes Glycyrrhiza glabra Tax:49827
312 18072-18087 Species denotes Adhatoda vasica Tax:141317
313 18089-18112 Species denotes Andrographis paniculata Tax:175694
314 18114-18131 Species denotes Swertia chirayita Tax:137887
315 18133-18149 Species denotes Moringa oleifera Tax:3735
316 18292-18300 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
317 18283-18291 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
345 18414-18422 Species denotes agrimony Tax:932091
346 18424-18447 Species denotes andrographis paniculata Tax:175694
347 18458-18467 Species denotes fenugreek Tax:78534
348 18469-18475 Species denotes ginger Tax:94328
349 18477-18482 Species denotes myrrh Tax:318982
350 18558-18570 Species denotes slippery elm Tax:102693
351 18599-18604 Species denotes clove Tax:219868
352 18615-18623 Species denotes cinnamon Tax:128608
353 18625-18630 Species denotes lemon Tax:2708
354 18632-18641 Species denotes spearmint Tax:29719
355 19074-19080 Species denotes ginger Tax:94328
356 19168-19190 Species denotes Lagerstroemia speciosa Tax:122810
357 19192-19210 Species denotes Phyllanthus niruri Tax:296034
358 19212-19232 Species denotes Cinnamomum burmannii Tax:119261
359 19234-19253 Species denotes Zingiber officinale Tax:94328
360 19259-19278 Species denotes Phaleria macrocarpa Tax:223762
361 19355-19374 Species denotes Phaleria macrocarpa Tax:223762
362 19379-19398 Species denotes Zingiber officinale Tax:94328
363 19527-19549 Species denotes Lagerstroemia speciosa Tax:122810
364 19606-19624 Species denotes Phyllanthus niruri Tax:296034
365 19674-19691 Species denotes hepatitis C virus Tax:11103
366 19905-19919 Species denotes Allium sativum Tax:4682
367 18583-18597 Chemical denotes essential oils MESH:D009822
368 18777-18781 Chemical denotes ODFs
369 18923-18927 Chemical denotes ODFs
370 19491-19512 Chemical denotes quercetin-7-glucoside
371 19728-19739 Chemical denotes Piper betel
379 20187-20193 Species denotes Ginger Tax:94328
380 20251-20257 Species denotes ginger Tax:94328
381 20591-20610 Species denotes Phaleria macrocarpa Tax:223762
382 20615-20634 Species denotes Zingiber officinale Tax:94328
383 21120-21126 Species denotes Garlic Tax:4682
384 20134-20141 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
385 20817-20820 Disease denotes HPC MESH:C537262
387 21487-21491 Chemical denotes ODFs
389 22077-22085 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
391 22212-22220 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
398 22906-22910 Species denotes nCoV Tax:2697049
399 23212-23223 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
400 23789-23801 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
401 23866-23880 Species denotes horsepox virus Tax:397342
402 24106-24138 Disease denotes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MESH:D018352
403 24140-24144 Disease denotes MERS MESH:D018352
412 25497-25505 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
413 25335-25344 Species denotes influenza Tax:11309
414 25358-25364 Chemical denotes starch MESH:D013213
415 25631-25635 Chemical denotes ODFs
416 25704-25709 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
417 25152-25160 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
418 25515-25524 Disease denotes dysphagia MESH:D003680
419 25528-25547 Disease denotes Parkinson’s disease MESH:D010300
429 26886-26889 Gene denotes WT1 Gene:7490
430 26284-26296 Species denotes corona virus Tax:11118
431 27088-27096 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
432 26125-26129 Chemical denotes ODFs
433 26724-26727 Disease denotes HPC MESH:C537262
434 26860-26866 Disease denotes Cancer MESH:D009369
435 27002-27005 Disease denotes HPC MESH:C537262
436 27081-27087 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
437 27140-27167 Disease denotes Gonorrhoea microparticulate MESH:D006069
442 28003-28018 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11309
443 28319-28334 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11309
444 28352-28361 Chemical denotes trehalose MESH:D014199
445 28532-28536 Chemical denotes ODFs
450 29422-29427 Species denotes human Tax:9606
451 29004-29012 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
452 29207-29230 Disease denotes corona virus infections MESH:C000657245
453 29389-29397 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 1576-1585 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T2 6093-6099 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T3 13322-13328 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T4 18726-18731 Phenotype denotes cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T5 18732-18743 Phenotype denotes Pharyngitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025439
T6 19674-19683 Phenotype denotes hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T7 24371-24379 Phenotype denotes oncology http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T8 25515-25524 Phenotype denotes dysphagia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002015
T9 26860-26866 Phenotype denotes Cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T10 27081-27087 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T11 27672-27680 Phenotype denotes plethora http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001050

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-69 Sentence denotes The potential of ODFs as carriers for drugs/vaccines against COVID-19
T2 70-72 Sentence denotes M.
T3 73-75 Sentence denotes S.
T4 76-88 Sentence denotes Gupta and T.
T5 89-91 Sentence denotes P.
T6 92-97 Sentence denotes Kumar
T7 99-107 Sentence denotes Abstract
T8 108-116 Sentence denotes Abstract
T9 117-198 Sentence denotes COVID-19 has spread out its wings across the globe and is taking away many lives.
T10 199-285 Sentence denotes Millions of people are (self) quarantined to prevent the spread of this viral disease.
T11 286-375 Sentence denotes World Health Organization (WHO) has affirmed that there is not any medicine for COVID-19.
T12 376-497 Sentence denotes Besides, there is also no single drug that is approved by any regulatory agency for usage against this dangerous disease.
T13 498-605 Sentence denotes Researchers across the globe are working tirelessly to fix an end to this virus and to save precious lives.
T14 606-727 Sentence denotes While the research is in full swing, one is not sure whether they would come up with a chemical/herbal drug or a vaccine.
T15 728-904 Sentence denotes Irrespective of the type of active ingredient for COVID-19, one needs to have a proper system to deliver the identified active ingredient to subjects/patients across the globe.
T16 905-1057 Sentence denotes Orodispersible films (ODFs) are excellent and attractive drug delivery carriers that have the potential to deliver drugs, herbal extracts, and vaccines.
T17 1058-1167 Sentence denotes They are apt for patients who have a problem consuming traditional drug products such as tablets or capsules.
T18 1168-1303 Sentence denotes The beauty of this dosage form is that it does not need water to consume by the subjects and can be readily administered to the tongue.
T19 1304-1440 Sentence denotes The present review highlights the true potential of ODFs to act as a carrier for the delivery of various antiviral drugs/herbs/vaccines.
T20 1442-1454 Sentence denotes Introduction
T21 1455-1613 Sentence denotes During the fag end of 2019, Wuhan – the most densely populated city and capital of Hubei Province – China was witnessing pneumonia whose etiology was unknown.
T22 1614-1744 Sentence denotes At the beginning of 2020, the pathogen was successfully identified and was named as the 2019 novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) [1,2].
T23 1745-2001 Sentence denotes Later, on 20 February 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) named it as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new variant of SARS-CoV, and the disease caused was corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3].
T24 2002-2077 Sentence denotes Since then the whole world is on ‘High Alert’ due to this new viral threat.
T25 2078-2167 Sentence denotes Millions of people have been (self) quarantined to prevent it from further spreading [4].
T26 2168-2250 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, the individuals infected by corona virus are augmenting everyday [5].
T27 2251-2339 Sentence denotes There are absolutely no drugs that are approved by regulatory agencies across the globe.
T28 2340-2479 Sentence denotes In India, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) strongly recommended the usage of hydroxychloroquine for asymptomatic purposes [6].
T29 2480-2706 Sentence denotes Followed by this development, emergency use authorization was granted by United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) to promote the usage of chloroquine phosphate or hydroxychloroquine sulfate for treating COVID-19 [7].
T30 2707-2872 Sentence denotes World Health Organization (WHO) identified and recommended usage of remdesivir, lopinavir–ritonavir with or without interferon, immunotherapy, and recuperative sera.
T31 2873-3000 Sentence denotes WHO also launched SOLIDARITY trials for the above-prescribed drugs to support that they are effective in treating COVID-19 [8].
T32 3001-3219 Sentence denotes In addition, novel chemical entities against the corona virus protease were also proposed by some researchers [9] and some have proposed various integrated Chinese and Western medicines for treating this pandemic [10].
T33 3220-3292 Sentence denotes While the research is going on to identify an active agent for COVID-19.
T34 3293-3399 Sentence denotes Identifying the mode of delivering the active moieties to patients and healthy subjects cannot be ignored.
T35 3400-3555 Sentence denotes At present, there are several drug delivery systems, whereas the most novel and transformative drug delivery/carrier system is orodispersible films (ODFs).
T36 3556-3583 Sentence denotes European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.
T37 3584-3720 Sentence denotes Eur.) defines ODFs as ‘single or multilayered sheets of suitable materials, to be placed in the mouth where they disperse rapidly’ [11].
T38 3721-3895 Sentence denotes They are a type of oromucosal preparations which are ultra-thin, elegant, stamp sized, portable, patient friendly, and attractive dosage forms across all the age groups [12].
T39 3896-4068 Sentence denotes Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) defines ODFs as ‘A thin layer or coating which is susceptible to being dissolved when in contact with a liquid’ [13].
T40 4069-4247 Sentence denotes On the contrary, United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) employs a different terminology and called them as ‘Oral Films’ and defined as ‘Thin sheets that are placed in the oral cavity.
T41 4248-4280 Sentence denotes They contain one or more layers.
T42 4281-4326 Sentence denotes A layer might or might not contain API’ [14].
T43 4327-4518 Sentence denotes ODFs undergo rapid disintegration/dissolution and are usually swallowed along with saliva and a small amount of the drug gets absorbed via the oral mucosa due to its high vasculature [15,16].
T44 4519-4712 Sentence denotes ODFs are excellent and attractive carriers for delivery of various over the counter (OTC) or prescription drugs [17], herbal extracts [18–21], vaccines [22], probiotics [23], and vitamins [24].
T45 4713-5115 Sentence denotes Drugs are either directly introduced [25–28] in the formulation of ODFs or size reduced and converted to solid dispersions [29] or nanoparticles [30,31] or solid lipid microparticles [32] or micronized and surface modified using silica [33] which not only help in enhancing the amount of drug that could be loaded on to ODFs but also help in enhancing the release rate and, bioavailability of the drug.
T46 5116-5226 Sentence denotes At present, ODFs are used as an excellent carrier system for delivering various therapeutically active agents.
T47 5227-5338 Sentence denotes The composition of ODFs includes a drug substance (natural or synthetic), a film-forming agent and plasticizer.
T48 5339-5438 Sentence denotes Additionally, it also includes saliva stimulating agent, organoleptic agents, and stabilizers [12].
T49 5439-5602 Sentence denotes The critical quality characteristics of ODFs are its appearance, stability, water content, uniformity of the active agent, color, taste, aftertaste, and mouthfeel.
T50 5603-5684 Sentence denotes Most importantly, it shall not cause irritation of mucosa when administered [34].
T51 5685-5930 Sentence denotes The authors provided an overview on characterization of ODFs to determine various quality parameters of ODFs and also introduced a 3D printed disintegration test apparatus for testing the disintegration time of ODFs using sensor technology [35].
T52 5931-6145 Sentence denotes ODFs are capable for drug delivery in patients with swallowing problems, mentally retarded patients, subjects with Parkinson’s disease, bed-ridden patients, oral cancer patients, and uncooperative patients [36–38].
T53 6146-6344 Sentence denotes The present review is focused on critically analyzing the potential of ODFs as carriers for delivering antiviral drugs/herbs/vaccines with a potential for treatment of COVID-19, the global pandemic.
T54 6346-6382 Sentence denotes ODFs as carriers for antiviral drugs
T55 6383-6460 Sentence denotes At present, there are no regulatory approved drugs for treatment of COVID-19.
T56 6461-6625 Sentence denotes Current recommendations include supportive care, ventilator based assistance for respiration, usage of anti-infectives, antivirals, and glucocorticoid therapy [39].
T57 6626-6845 Sentence denotes National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China has provided some preferred drugs for treatment of COVID-19 that include interferon alpha, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine phosphate, ribavirin, and arbidol.
T58 6846-6970 Sentence denotes Some of the drugs that are presently at clinical trials stage are chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir [40,41].
T59 6971-7078 Sentence denotes Of all these drugs lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine phosphate, and arbidol are administered via oral route.
T60 7079-7186 Sentence denotes However, favipiravir appears to be the most potent and promising drug when compared to lopinavir/ritonavir.
T61 7187-7344 Sentence denotes In India, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals has initiated phase III clinical trials for favipiravir and is expected to complete the trials by end of August 2020 [42].
T62 7345-7503 Sentence denotes The solubility of this drug is very poor in water and is necessary to convert it into its salt version (sodium or meglumine) and formulate it as an injection.
T63 7504-7700 Sentence denotes A Chinese company by name Chengdu Xinhengchuang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. developed a tablet formulation that helps in overcoming the dissolution problem and achieved desired clinical results [43].
T64 7701-7840 Sentence denotes Table 1 provides a list of antiviral agents that are currently being developed by various investigators in the world for treating COVID-19.
T65 7841-7952 Sentence denotes From the table, it is evident that researchers focus is on both small molecules [55] and biologics [45,46, 48].
T66 7953-8119 Sentence denotes Further, proteins such as brilacidin [44] and recombinant protein AT-100 [50] are being developed by Innovation Pharmaceuticals and Airway Therapeutics, respectively.
T67 8120-8128 Sentence denotes Table 1.
T68 8130-8180 Sentence denotes Antiviral drugs in pipeline for treating COVID-19.
T69 8181-8252 Sentence denotes Name of the company Details of antiviral drugs under development Ref.
T70 8253-8343 Sentence denotes Innovation Pharmaceuticals Brilacidin – a defensin (protein) mimetic drug candidate [44]
T71 8344-8387 Sentence denotes CytoDyn Leronlimab – CCR5 antagonist [45]
T72 8388-8456 Sentence denotes Roche Tocilizumab – Roche initiated phase III clinical trials [46]
T73 8457-8561 Sentence denotes Biocryst Pharma Galidesivir – adenosine nucleoside analogue acts by blocking viral RNA polymerase [47]
T74 8562-8752 Sentence denotes Roivant Sciences Gimsilumab – monoclonal antibody targets pro-inflammatory cytokine ‘granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)’ which is high in corona virus patients. [48]
T75 8753-8849 Sentence denotes I-Mab Biopharma TJM2 – acts by neutralizing high GM-CSF in corona virus infected patients [49]
T76 8850-8917 Sentence denotes Airway Therapeutics AT-100 – developing human recombinant protein.
T77 8918-8983 Sentence denotes It has collaborated with Celonic Group for producing AT-100 [50]
T78 8984-9152 Sentence denotes Tiziana Life Sciences TZLS-501 – a monoclonal antibody and are planning to deliver it using its proprietary formulation technology, which are patent protected [51–53]
T79 9153-9287 Sentence denotes OyaGen OYA1 – is a broad spectrum antiviral compound which is more effective than chlorpromazine HCl in inhibiting corona virus [54]
T80 9288-9380 Sentence denotes Beyond Spring BPI-002 – a small molecule, acts as an adjuvant when combined with a vaccine.
T81 9381-9480 Sentence denotes This small molecule is protected by a provisional US patent application (yet to be published) [55]
T82 9481-9572 Sentence denotes Algernon Pharmaceuticals Ifenprodil – small molecule that can be delivered via oral route.
T83 9573-9612 Sentence denotes Filed a pre-IND application with USFDA.
T84 9613-9678 Sentence denotes Ifenprodil is a generic drug originally developed by Sanofi [56]
T85 9679-9764 Sentence denotes APEIRON Biologics APN01 – Recombinant form of human angiotensin convertase enzyme 2.
T86 9765-9931 Sentence denotes Dr. Josef Penninger, University of British Columbia, has carried out extensive research on APN01 in collaboration with various companies and academic institutes [57]
T87 9932-10058 Sentence denotes Lattice Biologics Limited AmnioBoost – is an amniotic fluid concentrate obtained from subjects during cesarean delivery [57]
T88 10059-10174 Sentence denotes Synairgen Research SNG001 – is nothing but interferon β – 1a administered as an inhalation to COVID patients [58]
T89 10175-10320 Sentence denotes Emanta Pharmaceuticals It is testing various known and new small molecule drug candidates that have the potential to act against COVID 19. [59]
T90 10321-10475 Sentence denotes Vir Biotechnology VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 are two monoclonal antibodies that target the spike protein of the corona virus and enter via ACE2 cell receptor.
T91 10476-10540 Sentence denotes Vir has collaborations for development of these antibodies [60]
T92 10541-10686 Sentence denotes Columbia University Received a research grant of 2.1 million USD from Jack Ma foundation to develop various drugs for treatment of corona virus.
T93 10687-10920 Sentence denotes They are developing antiviral drugs and an antibody that has the potential to neutralize the virus [61] The drugs that are being developed, mentioned in Table 1, could face many challenges when it comes to delivering to the subject.
T94 10921-11025 Sentence denotes For instance, favipiravir is associated with poor water solubility and demands an injection formulation.
T95 11026-11141 Sentence denotes A potential alternative to such a disadvantage of favipiravir and other similar drugs is to formulate them as ODFs.
T96 11142-11227 Sentence denotes Table 2 provides a list of antiviral drugs that were successfully formulated as ODFs.
T97 11228-11363 Sentence denotes It is evident from Table 2 that drugs with low solubility, bioavailability, and dose are excellent candidates for formulating as films.
T98 11364-11674 Sentence denotes The most conventional method used to prepare ODFs is solvent casting method and the modern methods include printing technologies using inkjet printing, wherein antiviral drugs are printed either alone or in combination with other drugs, for instance, anticancer drugs printed alongside antiviral drugs [64,65].
T99 11675-11794 Sentence denotes In addition, antiviral ODFs can be prepared as a single layered or multi-layered dosage forms, example: entecavir [67].
T100 11795-11900 Sentence denotes Drugs could either be directly loaded onto ODFs or converted into nanoparticles before loading onto ODFs.
T101 11901-11979 Sentence denotes The key ingredients include a film-forming material (polymer) and plasticizer.
T102 11980-11988 Sentence denotes Table 2.
T103 11990-12025 Sentence denotes Antiviral drugs formulated as ODFs.
T104 12026-12187 Sentence denotes Drug name – technique employed to load to ODFs Reason for choosing the drug or API to formulate as an ODFs Polymer Plasticizer Method Key highlight(s) Ref.
T105 12188-12744 Sentence denotes Herpetrione (HPE) – extracted from Herpetospermum caudigerum.HPE nanoparticles were prepared using sodium dodecyl sulfate and PVP K-30 Poor water solubility and low bioavailability Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and l-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) PEG-400 Solvent casting method (SCM) Studies established that ODFs are suitable for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugsSCM is modified to prepare drug nanosuspensionOral bioavailability of HPE nanoparticles was higher when compared HPE coarse suspension [62]
T106 12745-13070 Sentence denotes Herpetrione (HPE)Nanoparticles were prepared and optimized using the Box–Behnken design response surface methodology Poor water solubility and low bioavailability HPMC, MCC, L-HPC PEG-400 SCM ODFs formulation of HPE nanoparticles was successfully optimized using the Box–Behnken design response surface methodology [63]
T107 13071-13484 Sentence denotes CidofovirNanoparticles were prepared using poly(ethylene glycol)–polycaprolactone (PEG-PCL) To achieve its controlled release and also due to its wide spectrum anti-viral activity HPC a Printed using inkjet printer Combination of complexed anti cancer drug (Paclitaxel) and complexed anti viral drug (Cidofovir) were printed onto ODFsMechanical properties of film were enhanced due to drug printing [64,65]
T108 13485-13689 Sentence denotes Acyclovir – solid dispersion was prepared Poor water solubility and low bioavailability HPMC Glycerol SCM Oral administration of ODFs of acyclovir instead of intravenous route of administration [66]
T109 13690-13927 Sentence denotes Entecavir (single or multi-layered ODFs) Low dose − 0.5–1 mg per day Starch, carrageenan, pullulan and many others Acetyl triethyl citrate or propylene glycol or citrate ester or triacetin SCM Multi-layered ODFs were disclosed [67]
T110 13928-13945 Sentence denotes a Nothing found.
T111 13947-14005 Sentence denotes ODFs as carriers for antiviral and immunity boosting herbs
T112 14006-14114 Sentence denotes WHO said ‘To date there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the novel coronavirus’ [68].
T113 14115-14304 Sentence denotes In view of the fact that there are no drugs and vaccines, that are approved, for treating COVID-19, many are turning toward herbal medicines that are either of the Indian or Chinese origin.
T114 14305-14425 Sentence denotes There are many herbs in Indian Ayurveda that have the potential for prophylaxis and treatment of corona virus infection.
T115 14426-14637 Sentence denotes For instance, Rastogi et al. reported a ‘pragmatic and plausible plan of action for Ayurvedic intervention’ of various Ayurvedic drugs that have the potential to be used in mild to severe COVID-19 symptoms [69].
T116 14638-14791 Sentence denotes Subjects who are not yet exposed and asymptomatic group can use Ayurvedic ‘Swarna Prashana’ and ‘Rasayana’ as potential immunity boosting agents [70–73].
T117 14792-14882 Sentence denotes This in combination with social distancing helps in preventing the spread of disease [74].
T118 14883-15030 Sentence denotes Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH), Government of India recommends three immunity boosting measures.
T119 15031-15461 Sentence denotes First and foremost is taking 10 g of Chyavanprash every day (not suitable to formulate as ODFs due to its heavy dose), second: drinking golden milk (milk with turmeric) twice a day, and lastly drinking herbal tea or a drink prepared by boiling tulsi, cinnamon, black pepper, dry ginger and raisin taken either by adding jiggery (natural sweet) or lemon juice for taste, if required – to be taken once a day or twice in a day [75].
T120 15462-15605 Sentence denotes The Ministry of AYUSH has also confirmed that clinical trials are initiated on AYUSH-64, a polyherbal anti-malarial Ayurvedic formulation [76].
T121 15606-15790 Sentence denotes Indian Institute of Delhi in collaboration with National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan has reported the potential of Ashwagandha against COVID-19 [77].
T122 15791-15986 Sentence denotes CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) in collaboration with Sun Pharma are working on a phytopharmaceutical composition that is found to be effective in treatment of COVID-19 [78].
T123 15987-16110 Sentence denotes Very recently, Sun Pharma received approval for clinical trials of AQCH from Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) [79].
T124 16111-16390 Sentence denotes Chinese National Health Commission announced, dated 14 April 2020, three patented Chinese herbal drugs for treatment of COVID-19 which include namely: ‘Lianhuaqingwen capsules and Jinhuaqinggan granules for mild conditions, and Xuebijing (injectable) for severe conditions’ [80].
T125 16391-16529 Sentence denotes Luo et al. carried out an excellent review on Chinese herbal medicines that have the strong potential for usage in prevention of COVID-19.
T126 16530-16616 Sentence denotes They have also reported the highly used herbs for preventing COVID-19 infections [81].
T127 16617-16838 Sentence denotes A Korean company by name, Biostandard Inc, reported usage of fermented Isatidis Radix Extract and claim to be effective against corona virus infections and they have protected the same by a Korean patent application [82].
T128 16839-16981 Sentence denotes Few other companies/academic institutions that have patent protected herbal extracts effective in preventing COVID-19 are provided in Table 3.
T129 16982-16990 Sentence denotes Table 3.
T130 16992-17048 Sentence denotes Patent protected herbs for preventing/treating COVID-19.
T131 17049-17096 Sentence denotes Name of the player Drug name and details Ref.
T132 17097-17152 Sentence denotes Biostandard Inc Fermented Isatidis Radix Extract [82]
T133 17153-17301 Sentence denotes Bioniche Life Sciences Inc Pyranocoumarin enriched composition (free from furanocoumarins) obtained from Zanthoxylum americanum (Prickly Ash) [83]
T134 17302-17395 Sentence denotes The University of Hong Kong Baicalin – compound extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis [84]
T135 17396-17498 Sentence denotes Seoul National University Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation Extract of Angelica dahurica [85]
T136 17499-17518 Sentence denotes Amazon Biotech Inc.
T137 17520-17855 Sentence denotes Herbal composition comprising ‘Boswellia carterii stem resin, Styrax benzoin stem resin, Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark, Curcuma zedoaria root, Syzygium aromaticum fruit, Nardostachys chinensis root, Betula alba bark, Impatiens balsamina bark, Costus spicatus root, Allium sativum bulb Cyperus rotundus root and Hyssopus officinalis’ [86]
T138 17856-17875 Sentence denotes Biopharmacopae Inc.
T139 17877-18243 Sentence denotes Extracts of ginger and/or goldenrod (Solidago) [87] A decoction of various Ayurvedic herbs namely: ‘Tinospora cordifolia, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Adhatoda vasica, Andrographis paniculata, Swertia chirayita, Moringa oleifera, Triphala and Trikatu’ have broad antiviral activity and protease inhibitor activity [88–90].
T140 18244-18321 Sentence denotes This decoction could be very useful in COVID-19 patients who are quarantined.
T141 18322-18749 Sentence denotes Turning now to ODFs of herbal extracts, Cure pharmaceuticals published US patent on herbs ((agrimony, andrographis paniculata, bistort, fenugreek, ginger, myrrh, solanum, etc.) tree and plant extracts ((licorice, shitake, sarsaparilla, slippery elm, etc.), and essential oils (clove, camphor, cinnamon, lemon, spearmint, etc.) that are formulated as multilayered edible oral thin films for management of cough/Pharyngitis [91].
T142 18750-18815 Sentence denotes Table 4 provides a list of ODFs formulated using herbal extracts.
T143 18816-18928 Sentence denotes From the table, it is evident that solvent casting method is the most preferred method to fabricate herbal ODFs.
T144 18929-19086 Sentence denotes Zim laboratories limited, a leading Indian company in the domain of oral thin films has published a research article on oral dissolving films of ginger [21].
T145 19087-19167 Sentence denotes Visser et al. reported ODFs of five Indonesian medicinal plants extracts namely:
T146 19168-19329 Sentence denotes Lagerstroemia speciosa, Phyllanthus niruri, Cinnamomum burmannii, Zingiber officinale, and Phaleria macrocarpa [92] were prepared by solvent casting method [95].
T147 19330-19446 Sentence denotes Of these plant extracts, Phaleria macrocarpa and Zingiber officinale are associated with antiviral activity [96,97].
T148 19447-19555 Sentence denotes Song et al. evaluated antiviral activity of quercetin-7-glucoside isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa [98].
T149 19556-19697 Sentence denotes Sri Wahyuni et al. reported antiviral activity of Phyllanthus niruri, particularly they reported its activity against hepatitis C virus [99].
T150 19698-19772 Sentence denotes Verma et al. reported ODFs of Piper betel and Foeniculum officinalis [93].
T151 19773-19860 Sentence denotes Foeniculum officinalis is reported to possess antiviral and antioxidant activity [100].
T152 19861-19957 Sentence denotes Similarly, Pawar and Butle reported ODFs of Allium sativum [94], a potent antiviral agent [101].
T153 19958-19966 Sentence denotes Table 4.
T154 19968-20003 Sentence denotes Antiviral herbs formulated as ODFs.
T155 20004-20186 Sentence denotes Name of the herb and technique employed, if any, to load to ODFs Reason for choosing/selecting the herb to formulate as an ODFs Polymer Plasticizer Method Key highlight(s) Ref.
T156 20187-20331 Sentence denotes Ginger extract Existing formulations (capsules and liquids) of ginger suffer with problems of wettability of contents and inaccuracy in dosing.
T157 20333-20560 Sentence denotes Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or maltodextrin or pullulan Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Solvent casting method (SCM) HPMC based ODFs were found to be ideal with low disintegration time and stable at high temperature [21]
T158 20561-20951 Sentence denotes Indonesian herbal extracts of Phaleria macrocarpa and Zingiber officinale Selected based on the herbal extracts popularity, reproducibility and well established scientific support (clinical evidence) HPMC with carbomer 947p (or) hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) Glycerol SCM Stable ODFs were obtained and benzalkonium chloride was employed as a stabilizer and also for spreadability [92]
T159 20952-21119 Sentence denotes Foeniculum officinalis extract –a HPMC Glycerol SCM Employed super disintegrating agent (sodium starch glycollate) to achieve low disintegration time of ODF [93]
T160 21120-21212 Sentence denotes Garlic extract –a Hypromellose Glycerol SCM Menthol was used as a flavoring agent [94]
T161 21213-21230 Sentence denotes a Nothing found.
T162 21231-21326 Sentence denotes Generally speaking, ODFs are well known to act as carriers for various herbal extracts [18–21].
T163 21327-21485 Sentence denotes But, from the above explanation, it is particularly evident that they have the potential to act as carriers to aid in the delivery of various antiviral herbs.
T164 21487-21526 Sentence denotes ODFs as carriers for antiviral vaccines
T165 21527-21728 Sentence denotes The Center for Disease Control and Prevention defines vaccines as ‘A product that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease.
T166 21729-21860 Sentence denotes Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose’ [102].
T167 21861-21960 Sentence denotes Vaccination is considered as one of the most effective ways of preventing cause of a disease [103].
T168 21961-22086 Sentence denotes At present, there are several companies, academic institutes that are actively working to develop a vaccine against COVID-19.
T169 22087-22157 Sentence denotes Vaccines that are currently under development are provided in Table 5.
T170 22158-22166 Sentence denotes Table 5.
T171 22168-22221 Sentence denotes Antiviral vaccines in pipeline for treating COVID-19.
T172 22222-22295 Sentence denotes Name of the player Details of antiviral vaccines under development Ref.
T173 22296-22470 Sentence denotes Migal Galilee Research Institute, Israel Developing an oral (mucosal) vaccine, wherein the viral antigen is delivered via mucosa tissues by self-activated endocytosis [104]
T174 22471-22604 Sentence denotes Entos Pharmaceuticals Fusogenix – DNA vaccine is being developed based on its patent protected platform, proteo-lipid vehicle (PLV).
T175 22605-22686 Sentence denotes It uses a new mechanism for delivering genetic material into the cells [105,106]
T176 22687-22771 Sentence denotes Vaxart Inc Oral recombinant vaccine in tablet formulation using its VAAST platform.
T177 22772-22856 Sentence denotes It has protected its vaccine tablet formulation by US patent applications [107–109]
T178 22857-22987 Sentence denotes University of Oxford – Jenner Institute ChAD0X1 nCoV-19 – prepared from cold virus (weakened) – initiated Phase III trials [110]
T179 22988-23103 Sentence denotes Altimmune AdCOVID – vaccine delivered via intranasal route platform technologies NasoVAX and NasoShield [111,112]
T180 23104-23156 Sentence denotes Medicago Developing a vaccine and also an antibody.
T181 23157-23224 Sentence denotes It was successful in producing virus like particles of coronavirus.
T182 23225-23298 Sentence denotes It is developing antibodies in collaboration with Laval University [113]
T183 23299-23423 Sentence denotes Inovio Pharmaceuticals INO-4800 – vaccine that is developed in collaboration with Beijing Advaccinee Biotechnology Company.
T184 23424-23579 Sentence denotes It is proposing to deliver the vaccine using the device called as CELLECTRA® which works by creating a pulse for transferring the plasmids across the cell.
T185 23580-23669 Sentence denotes It is also developing INO 4700 in collaboration with GeneOne Life Sciences company [114]
T186 23670-23742 Sentence denotes Moderna mRN 1273 – recently received fast track designation from USFDA.
T187 23743-23808 Sentence denotes It vaccine basically targets spike protein of corona virus [115]
T188 23809-23898 Sentence denotes Tonix Pharmaceuticals TNX-1800 – developed based on its horsepox virus vaccine platform.
T189 23899-23962 Sentence denotes It has filed a provisional patent application with USPTO [116]
T190 23963-24091 Sentence denotes Clover Biopharmaceuticals Subunit vaccine developed using trimeric spike protein developed using its patented technology [117]
T191 24092-24224 Sentence denotes Novavax, Inc Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) vaccine was developed using recombinant nanoparticle based vaccine technology.
T192 24225-24359 Sentence denotes The vaccine showed positive results in inhibiting the virus when administered along with its patented adjuvant formulations [118–121]
T193 24360-24560 Sentence denotes Predictive oncology (PO) Introduced artificial intelligence for development of a vaccine using Inventa Biotech’s HSCTM technology which deals with chromatographic system of high throughput screening.
T194 24561-24845 Sentence denotes In addition, PO is also developing a new vaccine based on nanoparticle (NSP-10: non specific protein) platform technology developed by Dr. Daniel Carter [122] Primarily, vaccines pose extreme challenges vis-a-vis its handling, (cold) storage and shipping, all expensive propositions.
T195 24846-25001 Sentence denotes For instance, one of the studies reported that 38 billion USD would be spent on transportation and administration of 18 vaccines in 94 countries [123,124].
T196 25002-25088 Sentence denotes Therefore, there is a need for alternate dosage forms that can help reducing the cost.
T197 25089-25244 Sentence denotes For instance, Vaxart Inc is developing recombinant vaccine for COVID-19 in tablet formulation using its patent protected technology called VAAST [107–109].
T198 25245-25399 Sentence denotes RP Scherer Technologies LLC is also developing a tablet formulation (fast dissolving) for influenza vaccine with starch as immune stimulating agent [125].
T199 25400-25619 Sentence denotes Tablets are highly traditional and conventional dosage forms that are difficult to administer to patients who have dysphagia or Parkinson’s disease and are extremely difficult to administer to pediatrics and geriatrics.
T200 25620-25721 Sentence denotes Therefore, ODFs remain as an alternate choice of administration as they do not need water to consume.
T201 25722-25793 Sentence denotes Most importantly, they are easy to transport from one place to another.
T202 25794-25917 Sentence denotes Israel’s Migal Galilee Research Institute is actively developing a vaccine that is administered via oromucosal route [104].
T203 25918-26016 Sentence denotes Some of the vaccine preparations that are successfully formulated as ODFs are provided in Table 6.
T204 26017-26025 Sentence denotes Table 6.
T205 26027-26074 Sentence denotes Antiviral vaccines that are formulated as ODFs.
T206 26075-26192 Sentence denotes Name of the player Name of vaccine formulated as ODFs Polymer Plasticizer Method employed Key highlight(s) Ref.
T207 26193-26297 Sentence denotes The Johns Hopkins University Several live-attenuated viruses were proposed, including the corona virus.
T208 26298-26500 Sentence denotes Provided methodology to prepare rotavirus vaccine Eudragit Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Double emulsion solvent evaporation Prepared as monolayered or bi layered ODFs [126]
T209 26501-26834 Sentence denotes Brian Pulliam (single applicant and inventor) Rotavirus vaccine along with an antacid namely magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles for digestion purpose Polyvinyl pyrrolidone +  hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) PEG Solvent casting method (SCM) Antacid successfully combined with a vaccine in layered fashion [22]
T210 26835-27103 Sentence denotes Nitto Denko Corporation Cancer vaccine comprising WT1 peptide or Db126 along with a promoter namely lipopolysaccharide or quercetin or ioxoprofen Mannitol, PEG, and HPC PEG, mannitol SCM Composition successfully induces cellular immunity in cancer patients [127]
T211 27104-27329 Sentence denotes Nasir Uddin from Larkin University Gonorrhoea microparticulate vaccine a a SCM Microparticulate vaccine particles were obtained by spray dryingBilayered ODFs can be prepared, outer layer acts as protection layer [128]
T212 27330-27536 Sentence denotes Aridis Pharmaceuticals Rotavirus vaccine a a a Patent protected vaccine stabilization technology and plasticized glass stabilization technology were employed in preparing the vaccine film [129–131]
T213 27537-27554 Sentence denotes a Nothing found.
T214 27555-27755 Sentence denotes Administration of vaccines using fast dissolving buccal films is the most optimized form of administration as it has plethora of advantages when compared with parenteral route of administration [132].
T215 27756-27900 Sentence denotes Research suggests that vaccines administered via oral route are as good as or even better than those that are administered via parenteral route.
T216 27901-28155 Sentence denotes For instance, Bajrovic et al. demonstrated that oral administration (sublingual and buccal routes) of influenza virus vaccine as a thin film formulation has shown good or better results than the vaccine that is administered via intramuscular route [133].
T217 28156-28297 Sentence denotes From Table 6, it is evident that ODFs comprising vaccines can be prepared as mono or bilayered using the most popular solvent casting method.
T218 28298-28433 Sentence denotes Tian et al. prepared influenza virus vaccine by using trehalose and pullulan to maintain the stability and antigenicity of the vaccine.
T219 28434-28531 Sentence denotes They also employed hypromellose that further helped in enhancing the stability of the film [134].
T220 28532-28627 Sentence denotes ODFs remain an excellent option for delivery of vaccines to subjects across all the age groups.
T221 28628-28760 Sentence denotes They are easily portable and maintain stability of the vaccine during transportation till it reaches to the subject for consumption.
T222 28761-28859 Sentence denotes All these strongly suggest that ODFs are cost-effective carriers and easy to consume dosage forms.
T223 28861-28871 Sentence denotes Conclusion
T224 28872-29013 Sentence denotes In light of the above, ODFs are a novel oromucosal carriers that could be used to deliver a new active agent (drug/vaccine) against COVID-19.
T225 29014-29107 Sentence denotes ODFs have already proven its potential to act as a carrier for delivery of drug/herb/vaccine.
T226 29108-29180 Sentence denotes But, more research is still needed vis-a-vis loading vaccines onto ODFs.
T227 29181-29316 Sentence denotes Research in the domain of corona virus infections has taken the front seat across the globe and companies are heavily investing in R&D.
T228 29317-29489 Sentence denotes Hopefully, soon the world will witness a new active entity for treating COVID-19 and the life of all the human beings will come to normalcy – from unusual to life as usual.
T229 29491-29511 Sentence denotes Disclosure statement
T230 29512-29682 Sentence denotes The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.