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LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 1325-1331 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T2 1360-1368 Phenotype denotes dementia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000726
T3 4772-4778 Phenotype denotes Cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T4 4779-4785 Phenotype denotes Cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T5 4855-4861 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T6 4990-4996 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T7 5138-5144 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T8 5551-5557 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T9 5699-5707 Phenotype denotes Dementia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000726
T10 5724-5732 Phenotype denotes dementia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000726
T11 5882-5888 Phenotype denotes stroke http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001297
T12 5972-5980 Phenotype denotes dementia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000726
T13 6171-6190 Phenotype denotes Alzheimer’s disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002511
T14 12169-12173 Phenotype denotes pain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012531
T15 12408-12418 Phenotype denotes depression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000716

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T22 0-2 Sentence denotes 1.
T23 4-16 Sentence denotes Introduction
T24 17-159 Sentence denotes The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a heavy toll on human life, health care, global economy and almost every aspect of human life [1,2].
T25 160-362 Sentence denotes Yet despite its devastating effects, it has also mobilized and united many elements of the drug discovery and development process to seek therapies to address this most pressing public health emergency.
T26 363-467 Sentence denotes In a record time frame, 36 vaccines have entered in clinical trials and 89 are in preclinical phase [3].
T27 468-740 Sentence denotes While it usually takes 10–15 years to develop a vaccine, in less than a year, promising results from phase III clinical trials of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine were recently announced with results from trials by other pharma companies expected to follow soon (Figure 1) [4].
T28 741-750 Sentence denotes Figure 1.
T29 751-893 Sentence denotes Comparison between the traditional vaccine development timeline and the accelerated development time line in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
T30 894-1113 Sentence denotes This momentous foot is a testament to the collective human resolve and can only be achieved in the presence of a global will, collaboration, and available resources needed to tackle a global health crisis of this scale.
T31 1114-1373 Sentence denotes Yet as the world remains focused on COVID-19 pandemic, the humankind still faces several intricate diseases many of which do not obey the standard Mendelian rules of inheritance such as infectious diseases [5], cancer [6], rare diseases [7], and dementia [8].
T32 1374-1550 Sentence denotes Despite skyrocketing technological advances, the impression has gained ground that we are clueless about most of the diseases’ etiologies, progression and molecular mechanisms.
T33 1551-1702 Sentence denotes Solving unmet medical needs is still a distant dream and there is a pressing need to develop new and effective medicines for several existing diseases.
T34 1703-1825 Sentence denotes To successfully address these challenges, developing efficient strategies, novel technologies, and policies are paramount.
T35 1826-1954 Sentence denotes The mounting cost, risk, and timely process are significant obstacles that hinders the drug discovery and development processes.
T36 1955-2176 Sentence denotes As global momentum continues to materialize in an effort to address the ongoing pandemic, valuable lessons and perhaps plunders can be learned and applied to address other global health-related challenges humankind faces.
T37 2177-2363 Sentence denotes In the following sections, major perplexing challenges to the health of humankind, the hurdles facing drug discovery and development and frontiers for potential solutions, are addressed.
T38 2365-2367 Sentence denotes 2.
T39 2369-2380 Sentence denotes Unmet needs
T40 2382-2386 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T41 2388-2420 Sentence denotes Alarming pace of deadly diseases
T42 2421-2529 Sentence denotes Death rates due to diseases largely depend on access to health care and availability of effective medicines.
T43 2530-2676 Sentence denotes The vast majority of the deadliest diseases are partially preventable with better access to preventive procedures and quality healthcare delivery.
T44 2677-2866 Sentence denotes With the advancements in medical sciences, we have seen a drastic reduction in death rates for many devastating diseases in developed nations and to a lesser extent in developing countries.
T45 2867-2967 Sentence denotes A brief summary of the global medical challenges the humankind continues to face is presented below.
T46 2969-2975 Sentence denotes 2.1.1.
T47 2977-2996 Sentence denotes Infectious diseases
T48 2997-3053 Sentence denotes Malaria is an ancient scourge as old as humanity itself.
T49 3054-3153 Sentence denotes There are over 200 million new infections and around half a million deaths reported every year [5].
T50 3154-3292 Sentence denotes Despite many attempts to design effective vaccines, none has been successful at providing long-lasting benefits at a population level [9].
T51 3293-3474 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, with 10,000 million infections and 1.5 million deaths in 2018 according to the world health organization [10].
T52 3475-3556 Sentence denotes Likewise, viruses continue to compromise the lives of tens of millions of people.
T53 3557-3702 Sentence denotes Globally, influenza virus infects a 1 billion people and causes up to 650,000 deaths every year despite the availability of the flu vaccine [11].
T54 3703-3807 Sentence denotes Viral infections inflect heavy societal and economic burdens beside their morbidity and mortality tolls.
T55 3808-4071 Sentence denotes The past half century has witnessed deadly outbreaks of novel viruses of animal origin other than SARS-CoV2 such as Nipah, Hendra, Hanta, Ebola, several influenza subtypes, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) [12].
T56 4072-4278 Sentence denotes These outbreaks warn the urgency of understanding the factors influencing viral diseases emergence and spread as well as global preparedness to halt these epidemics from becoming a full-blown pandemic [13].
T57 4279-4357 Sentence denotes Multidrug resistance is yet another emergent global public health threat [14].
T58 4358-4565 Sentence denotes The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogen are responsible for more than 700,000 deaths per year, and is projected to cause a 10 million deaths per year by 2050 [15].
T59 4566-4762 Sentence denotes The World Health Organization along with several other organization have called an urgent action to tackle the spread of antimicrobial resistance and invest in development of new antibiotics [16].
T60 4764-4770 Sentence denotes 2.1.2.
T61 4772-4778 Sentence denotes Cancer
T62 4779-4845 Sentence denotes Cancer remains as the second leading cause of mortality worldwide.
T63 4846-4944 Sentence denotes In 2018, cancer have affected an estimated 18.1 million people and caused 9.6 million deaths [17].
T64 4945-5123 Sentence denotes A close watch at the statistics reveals that cancer kills around 10 million people every year; which is about 20,000 people every day; that correlates to one person every second.
T65 5124-5249 Sentence denotes The number of cancer deaths in the United States alone is predicted to increase to 946,833 in 2030 from 595,690 in 2016 [18].
T66 5250-5410 Sentence denotes These disturbing figures desperately calls for the need to develop early diagnostics, novel, and effective medicines as well as new drug development strategies.
T67 5411-5587 Sentence denotes Partial solutions to this challenge by precision medicine and immunotherapy has been firmly established, merits to the recent inventions in cancer genomics and immunology [18].
T68 5589-5595 Sentence denotes 2.1.3.
T69 5597-5609 Sentence denotes CNS diseases
T70 5610-5713 Sentence denotes Another significant growing healthcare need with a major economic and medical impacts is Dementia [19].
T71 5714-5929 Sentence denotes Globally, dementia affects around 50 million people, and over the past 18 years, the percentage of death among Alzheimer’s patients doubled while deaths resulting from stroke, and heart diseases have decreased [20].
T72 5930-6096 Sentence denotes In the US alone the number of Alzheimer’s dementia cases is expected to shoot up to 13.8 million and impose a health care burden of 1.1 trillion dollars by 2050 [20].
T73 6097-6196 Sentence denotes As of today, there are no medications known to reverse the progression of Alzheimer’s disease [21].
T74 6198-6204 Sentence denotes 2.1.4.
T75 6206-6219 Sentence denotes Rare diseases
T76 6220-6343 Sentence denotes Although individual occurrence is rare, collectively rare diseases is a problem affecting 6–8% of the world population [7].
T77 6344-6482 Sentence denotes The Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network was established by The National Institutes of Health (NIH) to address these unique challenges.
T78 6483-6551 Sentence denotes Among the 7,000 rare diseases, treatments are available only for 5%.
T79 6552-6714 Sentence denotes Altogether across the globe, there are 350 million people diagnosed with rare diseases and half of them are children, a third of which are below 5-years old [22].
T80 6715-6882 Sentence denotes There is a great disparity in access to orphan medicinal products (OMPs) and healthcare services among world countries despite mounting international initiatives [23].
T81 6884-6886 Sentence denotes 3.
T82 6888-6942 Sentence denotes Challenges facing the current drug development process
T83 6943-7043 Sentence denotes The lack of ample effective and affordable medicines is one of the vexing challenges faced globally.
T84 7044-7187 Sentence denotes It is imperative to generate novel treatment strategies, however, fair pricing and quick access to medicines remain a massive global challenge.
T85 7188-7319 Sentence denotes Chronic shortages and rising demands for critical drugs affect patient community with many dying from easily curable diseases [24].
T86 7320-7497 Sentence denotes To a large extent, present day drug development and discovery is controlled oftentimes by private entities which are driven by vested economic interests and boundary conditions.
T87 7498-7648 Sentence denotes This leads to the burden trickling down to patients, their families and carers either through lack of effective medicines or mounting financial costs.
T88 7649-7886 Sentence denotes Addressing these global issues is the need of the hour and a plausible solution could be devising new tools and technologies, novel methodological approaches, and infrastructural changes to streamline the drug discovery review processes.
T89 7887-8024 Sentence denotes On the other hand, the desperate need for new effective drugs raises a concern over the efficacy of many of the currently marketed drugs.
T90 8025-8216 Sentence denotes A study examining efficacy of solid tumors therapies approved by the FDA between 2002 and 2014, found only 30 out of 71 therapies (42%) to have modest clinically meaningful improvements [25].
T91 8217-8318 Sentence denotes Sluggish data sharing and irreproducibility of published research remains as another major challenge.
T92 8319-8471 Sentence denotes A 2016 survey of 1,576 researchers by the journal Nature found that over 70% of researchers have failed to reproduce other scientist’s experiments [26].
T93 8472-8668 Sentence denotes The challenges in drug discovery and development for academics, research communities, and pharma industries needed for successful drug development can be broken down to cost, risk as well as pace.
T94 8670-8674 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T95 8676-8689 Sentence denotes Cost and risk
T96 8690-8845 Sentence denotes The amount spent to develop an individual drug largely depends on the costs to conduct safety and efficacy studies and also to secure regulatory approvals.
T97 8846-8964 Sentence denotes Estimates for the cost for Drug development range from ~ 1 billion to whopping 11.8 billion for a single drug [27,28].
T98 8965-9082 Sentence denotes However, around 90% of drugs in development for human use do not reach the market due to safety or efficacy concerns.
T99 9083-9190 Sentence denotes Such failures can be due to lack of efficacy, safety issues, or a lack of funding to complete a trial [29].
T100 9191-9454 Sentence denotes In other cases, failing to maintain good manufacturing protocols and follow FDA guidance, as well as problems with patient recruitment, enrollment, retention and follow up can all compound to both complicate and increase the cost needed for drug development [29].
T101 9455-9649 Sentence denotes Given this mounting cost with little success due to high attrition rates, it is obvious that the drug development as a business model is very risky purely from an economical and financial sense.
T102 9650-9873 Sentence denotes Aside from the high cost/high attrition rates nature of the drug discovery process, other drugs, like antibiotics or orphan drugs, are often abandoned and don’t reach the market due to little or no commercial interest [30].
T103 9875-9879 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T104 9881-9885 Sentence denotes Pace
T105 9886-10030 Sentence denotes The process of drug research and development is extremely slow taking at least 7 to 10 years for a lead candidate to reach the marketplace [28].
T106 10031-10186 Sentence denotes This is mainly due to the rigorous process needed to ensure safety and efficacy through clinical human trial and as well as obtaining regulatory approvals.
T107 10187-10294 Sentence denotes Duplication and reproducibility are other factors that also contributes to the slow pace of drug discovery.
T108 10295-10520 Sentence denotes While duplication and reproducibility can be seen as a squander of time and resources, they remain essential to provide more data and evidence and ensure the safety and efficiency before they are prescribed to the population.
T109 10521-10767 Sentence denotes The devastating malformations of children born to women prescribed ‘Thalidomide’, to treat morning sickness is a stark reminder of the important of independent rigorous evaluation of a drug’s safety profile before its release for population [31].
T110 10768-10959 Sentence denotes A more recent example, hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19, highlights the importance of multiple and independent studies needed to demonstrate a drug’s safety and efficiency [32].
T111 10960-11161 Sentence denotes Other factors include, suboptimal collaboration or lack of meaningful collaborative efforts among academia, industry, and government institutions despite several effort to encourage collaboration [33].
T112 11162-11302 Sentence denotes This have led, on many instances, to academics and pharma sectors working on similar ideas in parallel, in secret, and often in competition.
T113 11303-11469 Sentence denotes Therefore, the establishment of a trusted and fair framework of collaboration and data sharing can both speed up the pace and improve the outcome of successful drugs.
T114 11471-11475 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T115 11477-11509 Sentence denotes Limitations and more of the same
T116 11510-11644 Sentence denotes A large number of drugs approved by the FDA in the past 10 years are new formulations of existing drugs referred to as ‘me too drugs’.
T117 11645-11834 Sentence denotes While in some cases these drugs have offered some improvements over older versions, in many cases improvements remain marginal with slight changes in side effects or activity profiles [34].
T118 11835-11982 Sentence denotes Since these drugs have identical mechanism of action to older versions their innovative value and overall benefit is oftentimes insignificant [35].
T119 11983-12095 Sentence denotes Additionally, the molecular effects of several marketed drugs remain unknown despite their proven effectiveness.
T120 12096-12236 Sentence denotes For example, acetaminophen is used by millions to treat mild to moderate pain while lithium is a first-line treatment for biopolar disorder.
T121 12237-12315 Sentence denotes Yet the exact molecular target and mechanism of action remain unknown [36,37].
T122 12316-12452 Sentence denotes Many diseases particularly those affect the nervous system like Alzheimer, Parkinson’s, and depression lack accurate biomarkers [38,39].
T123 12453-12634 Sentence denotes While progress is being made, the lack of reliable biomarkers remains another impediment for the accurate diagnosis, prognosis and effective drug development against these diseases.
T124 12636-12638 Sentence denotes 4.
T125 12640-12714 Sentence denotes From bench to bedside translational research: the breakthrough of the hour
T126 12715-12853 Sentence denotes The combination of basic research and innovation is arguably one of the greatest catalysts in creating a paradigm shift in drug discovery.
T127 12854-13128 Sentence denotes From the accidental discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming’s and Warfarin by Karl Link while investigating hemorrhaging cattle to the more recent discovery and development of the CRISPR/Cas9, basic research and innovation are fundamental to the drug discovery process.
T128 13129-13391 Sentence denotes No one could have envisioned that a routine effort to sequence bacterial genomes to improve yogurt production would ultimately lead to the development of CRISPR/Cas9, the revolutionary gene-editing tool with its seemingly endless utilities and applications [40].
T129 13392-13664 Sentence denotes Basic research continues to expand our understanding of fundamental biological processes which in turn paves the way to innovation in translational research and opens up exciting new arenas in personalized and targeted therapies such as gene and cell-based therapies [41].
T130 13665-13842 Sentence denotes While these innovations are still in their infancy [42] and come with a high cost [43], they hold significant promise with some exciting trial reports beginning to roll in [44].
T131 13843-14036 Sentence denotes With at least 5 clinical trials evaluating cell-based therapy to treat COVID-19, this approach along with gene therapy are likely to transform treatment options as we move into the future [45].
T132 14038-14040 Sentence denotes 5.
T133 14042-14052 Sentence denotes Conclusion
T134 14053-14253 Sentence denotes In summary, inefficient data sharing, irreproducibility of published work, high cost, high failure rates, and slow pace remain as significant challenges for the drug discovery and development process.
T135 14254-14533 Sentence denotes Over the past few years, many research institutions around the world have developed an infrastructure in collaboration with pharma companies, peer research laboratories/institutions, government/philanthropy organizations to crowdsource resources, share knowledge and assess risk.
T136 14534-14697 Sentence denotes The idea was mooted with the formation of the Academic Drug Discovery Consortium (ADCC) that aims at nurturing the academic drug discovery centers in the USA [46].
T137 14698-14888 Sentence denotes ADCC initiated a collaborative network to facilitate exchange of expertise and technical know-how, and the formation of partnerships among the participating organizations including industry.
T138 14889-15121 Sentence denotes In addition to academic drug discovery centers, independent researchers around the globe have registered from various organizations, including universities, pharmaceutical companies, government institutions and diseases foundations.
T139 15122-15238 Sentence denotes Many companies have also approached the ADDC for assistance in designing specific disease/ drug research areas [46].
T140 15239-15434 Sentence denotes The success of ADCC emphasizes the need for networking/ collaboration to harness the best possible avenues in the most cost-effective way for the rapid discovery of novel and effective medicines.
T141 15435-15592 Sentence denotes Very recently, an unprecedented effort, as ever in the history, has been made to avert the COVID-19 pandemic by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) [47].
T142 15593-15751 Sentence denotes The NIH in collaboration with major drug companies and funders has announced a plan to conduct clinical trials employing drugs and vaccines to treat COVID-19.
T143 15752-15901 Sentence denotes Priorities have been designated for testing and development of selected drugs/vaccines to avoid duplication and wastage of time, money and resources.
T144 15902-16166 Sentence denotes The partnership called Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) is a collaborative network of NIH, government agencies in the U.S, pharma/biotech companies, academia and nonprofit Foundations of the National Institutes of Health (FNIH).
T145 16167-16322 Sentence denotes ACTIV is defined as an international strategy to evaluate data on most promising early drug candidates for clinical trials by efficient use of NIH funding.
T146 16323-16525 Sentence denotes The alliance will also study and analyze the genome of all SARS-CoV-2 strains, and how the virus infects various cell types and patients with different, underlining conditions, ages and genetic makeups.
T147 16526-16624 Sentence denotes This is what the whole world looks forward to, a global alliance for the benefit of the humankind.
T148 16625-16816 Sentence denotes Public–private partnerships, adaptive trial designs, and big data offers excellent avenues for innovating drug discovery and design process but face several challenges which must be met [27].
T149 16818-16820 Sentence denotes 6.
T150 16822-16836 Sentence denotes Expert opinion
T151 16837-17059 Sentence denotes We propose the need for establishing a consortium of various nations, academic institutions, clinicians, pharma companies, and funders to pave the way for efficient strategies to tackle the world’s major health challenges.
T152 17060-17282 Sentence denotes The consortium could bring in collaborative ideas that can quantify the benefits of open research to create a new ecosystem for the discovery and development of first-in-class effective and affordable medicines (Figure 2).
T153 17283-17292 Sentence denotes Figure 2.
T154 17293-17479 Sentence denotes Schematic representation depicting the challenges facing the current drug development process and proposed solutions toward rapid delivery of novel, affordable and effective therapeutics
T155 17480-17837 Sentence denotes Additionally, to maximize the opportunity from scientific advancements and to bring in the right therapies to the concerned patients in a timely manner, we propose the following imperative actions: enriched collaboration, crowd-sourcing, data sharing, improved patient access, and recruitment to clinical research, faster protocols for drug approval models.
T156 17838-17952 Sentence denotes The effort would bring in the best of global minds which would effectively contribute the success of this venture.
T157 17953-18163 Sentence denotes In addition, the above-mentioned scheme will also bring in various advancements in the field of scientific technology which would provide the necessary impetus to the sustainability and continuity of this idea.
T158 18164-18449 Sentence denotes In this desperate time ever, public–private partnerships and the extension of the precompetitive space among academia, industry, and government could offer solutions to the global health challenges and to rapidly deliver novel therapeutics that are effective and affordable (Figure 2).
T159 18450-18688 Sentence denotes And finally, what if a tiny fraction of the multi-trillion-dollar stimulus packages allocated by many nations to overcome the recession the world is experiencing now due to COVID-19, is apportioned for the proposed collaborative research?
T160 18689-18819 Sentence denotes We will leave it to the reader to imagine the potential benefit such an initiative can reflect on the global humankind well-being.

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
3 876-884 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
7 75-80 Species denotes human Tax:9606
8 142-147 Species denotes human Tax:9606
9 29-37 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
15 947-952 Species denotes human Tax:9606
16 1150-1158 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
17 1300-1319 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
18 1325-1331 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
19 1360-1368 Disease denotes dementia MESH:D003704
21 2405-2420 Disease denotes deadly diseases MESH:D003141
24 2421-2426 Disease denotes Death MESH:D003643
25 2756-2761 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
27 2977-2996 Disease denotes Infectious diseases MESH:D003141
51 3549-3555 Species denotes people Tax:9606
52 3567-3582 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11309
53 3603-3609 Species denotes people Tax:9606
54 3685-3696 Species denotes flu vaccine Tax:335812
55 3906-3915 Species denotes SARS-CoV2 Tax:2697049
56 3946-3951 Species denotes Ebola Tax:1570291
57 3961-3970 Species denotes influenza Tax:11309
58 2997-3004 Disease denotes Malaria MESH:D008288
59 3085-3095 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
60 3122-3128 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
61 3293-3305 Disease denotes Tuberculosis MESH:D014376
62 3347-3352 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
63 3384-3394 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
64 3411-3417 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
65 3635-3641 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
66 3703-3719 Disease denotes Viral infections MESH:D001102
67 3791-3800 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
68 3987-4020 Disease denotes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome MESH:D045169
69 4026-4030 Disease denotes MERS MESH:D018352
70 4032-4064 Disease denotes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MESH:D018352
71 4146-4160 Disease denotes viral diseases MESH:D001102
72 4480-4486 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
73 4536-4542 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
75 4772-4778 Disease denotes Cancer MESH:D009369
86 4902-4908 Species denotes people Tax:9606
87 5021-5027 Species denotes people Tax:9606
88 5062-5068 Species denotes people Tax:9606
89 4779-4785 Disease denotes Cancer MESH:D009369
90 4825-4834 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
91 4855-4861 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
92 4932-4938 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
93 4990-4996 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
94 5138-5151 Disease denotes cancer deaths MESH:D009369
95 5551-5557 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
97 5597-5609 Disease denotes CNS diseases MESH:D002493
108 5759-5765 Species denotes people Tax:9606
109 5837-5845 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
110 5724-5732 Disease denotes dementia MESH:D003704
111 5813-5818 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
112 5825-5836 Disease denotes Alzheimer’s MESH:D000544
113 5860-5866 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
114 5882-5888 Disease denotes stroke MESH:D020521
115 5894-5908 Disease denotes heart diseases MESH:D006331
116 5960-5980 Disease denotes Alzheimer’s dementia MESH:D000544
117 6171-6190 Disease denotes Alzheimer’s disease MESH:D000544
120 6603-6609 Species denotes people Tax:9606
121 6660-6668 Species denotes children Tax:9606
125 7251-7258 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
126 7541-7549 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
127 8061-8067 Disease denotes tumors MESH:D009369
130 9013-9018 Species denotes human Tax:9606
131 9306-9313 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
139 10128-10133 Species denotes human Tax:9606
140 10554-10562 Species denotes children Tax:9606
141 10571-10576 Species denotes women Tax:9606
142 10589-10600 Chemical denotes Thalidomide MESH:D013792
143 10791-10809 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
144 10537-10550 Disease denotes malformations MESH:D000014
145 10829-10837 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
152 12109-12122 Chemical denotes acetaminophen MESH:D000082
153 12180-12187 Chemical denotes lithium MESH:D008094
154 12169-12173 Disease denotes pain MESH:D010146
155 12380-12389 Disease denotes Alzheimer MESH:D000544
156 12391-12402 Disease denotes Parkinson’s MESH:D010300
157 12408-12418 Disease denotes depression MESH:D000275
162 12980-12986 Species denotes cattle Tax:9913
163 12887-12897 Chemical denotes penicillin MESH:D010406
164 12925-12933 Chemical denotes Warfarin MESH:D014859
165 13914-13922 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
171 16382-16392 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
172 16451-16459 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
173 15526-15534 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
174 15742-15750 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
175 15938-15946 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
179 17604-17612 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
180 17741-17748 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
181 18623-18631 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245