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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id tao:has_standard_notation
1 0-8 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4 148-156 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
5 527-533 Disease denotes breath MESH:D004417
7 887-895 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
21 1179-1186 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
22 1382-1389 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
23 1472-1483 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
24 1485-1488 Species denotes CoV Tax:11118
25 1497-1507 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
26 1571-1584 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
27 1592-1607 Species denotes Betacoronavirus Tax:694002
28 1127-1132 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
29 1134-1143 Disease denotes dizziness MESH:D004244
30 1164-1169 Disease denotes cough MESH:D003371
31 1290-1309 Disease denotes respiratory disease MESH:D012140
32 1332-1340 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
33 1458-1466 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
49 1633-1643 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
50 1673-1686 Species denotes Coronaviridae Tax:11118
51 1703-1709 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
52 1721-1724 Species denotes CoV Tax:11118
53 1764-1772 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
54 2031-2037 Species denotes people Tax:9606
55 2049-2057 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
56 2085-2090 Species denotes human Tax:9606
57 2164-2174 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
58 1806-1815 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
59 1836-1869 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome MESH:D045169
60 2269-2277 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
61 2413-2421 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
62 2563-2571 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
63 2650-2656 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
66 2830-2840 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
67 2979-2989 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
72 4776-4791 Chemical denotes petroleum jelly MESH:D010577
73 4823-4836 Chemical denotes polypropylene MESH:D011126
74 4945-4950 Chemical denotes nylon MESH:D009757
75 4722-4726 Disease denotes fits MESH:D012640
82 6001-6005 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
83 6009-6014 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
84 6650-6656 Disease denotes breath MESH:D004417
85 6746-6752 Disease denotes breath MESH:D004417
86 6839-6845 Disease denotes breath MESH:D004417
87 6042-6046 Mutation denotes C28P p.C28P
90 7959-7967 Chemical denotes elastane MESH:D011140
91 8017-8030 Chemical denotes polypropylene MESH:D011126
93 9173-9182 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
95 10821-10827 Disease denotes breath MESH:D004417
98 13785-13792 Species denotes ferrets Tax:9669
99 13896-13906 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
101 14733-14738 Species denotes human Tax:9606
103 15018-15026 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
106 16149-16152 Species denotes SAR Tax:2698737
107 16153-16158 Species denotes CoV-2 Tax:2697049
109 16310-16318 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
111 16710-16718 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 1127-1132 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T2 1134-1143 Phenotype denotes dizziness http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002321
T3 1164-1169 Phenotype denotes cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T4 1806-1815 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-59 Sentence denotes COVID-19: mask efficacy is dependent on both fabric and fit
T2 61-69 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 70-74 Sentence denotes Aim:
T4 75-157 Sentence denotes Face masks are an important addition to our arsenal in the fight against COVID-19.
T5 158-323 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to present a novel method of measuring mask performance which can simultaneously assess both fabric penetration and leakage due to poor fit.
T6 324-344 Sentence denotes Materials & methods:
T7 345-412 Sentence denotes A synthetic aerosol is introduced into the lung of a medical dummy.
T8 413-534 Sentence denotes A conical laser sheet surrounds the face of the dummy where it illuminates the aerosol emitted during a simulated breath.
T9 535-583 Sentence denotes The system is demonstrated with five mask types.
T10 584-596 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T11 597-713 Sentence denotes The curved laser sheet highlights both penetration through the mask fabric and leakage around the edges of the mask.
T12 714-786 Sentence denotes A large variation in both material penetration and leakage was observed.
T13 788-806 Sentence denotes Graphical abstract
T14 808-826 Sentence denotes Tweetable abstract
T15 827-896 Sentence denotes Face masks are an effective means of stemming the spread of COVID-19.
T16 897-1022 Sentence denotes However, mask performance varies considerably depending on the fabric from which they are made, and how they fit on the face.
T17 1024-1174 Sentence denotes On 26 December 2019, a 41-year-old male was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan, presenting with fever, dizziness and an unproductive cough [1].
T18 1175-1341 Sentence denotes The patient, a worker at a seafood market in Wuhan, was one of the first reported cases of a newly emerging severe respiratory disease, which we now know as COVID-19.
T19 1342-1632 Sentence denotes Metagenomic analysis of a sample of the patient’s bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed that the causative agent of COVID-19 is a coronavirus (CoV); named SARS-CoV-2, owing to its phylogenetic relatedness to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus).
T20 1633-1710 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh member of the Coronaviridae known to infect humans.
T21 1711-2042 Sentence denotes The first CoV to achieve international notoriety was SARS-CoV; linked to clusters of ‘atypical pneumonia’ (later named SARS; severe acute respiratory syndrome) initially presenting in the Chinese Province of Guangdong, in 2003, before spreading first to Hong Kong and then to some 26 countries; infecting more than 8000 people [2].
T22 2043-2254 Sentence denotes While SARS-CoV originated from bats, with human transmission occurring via an intermediate host [3], the true origins of SARS-CoV-2 remain unknown (though bats, pangolins and snakes have all been suggested [4]).
T23 2255-2373 Sentence denotes As with SARS, COVID-19 spread rapidly from its Chinese epicenter, though with a considerably farther reach and impact.
T24 2374-2453 Sentence denotes On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic [5].
T25 2454-2661 Sentence denotes At the time of writing, 216 countries & territories and two international conveyances have reported cases of COVID-19, with the total number approaching 64 million and over 1.4 million associated deaths [6].
T26 2662-2845 Sentence denotes Previously we suggested that, in the absence of an effective vaccine, ‘do-it-yourself’ (DIY) face masks were likely to play an important role in stemming the spread of SARS-CoV-2 [7].
T27 2846-2997 Sentence denotes The scientific evidence appears to support this, with several reports outlining the role of face coverings in stemming the spread of SARS-CoV-2 [8–13].
T28 2998-3144 Sentence denotes However, as the world now faces an inevitable ‘second wave’, it is essential that we redouble our efforts to halt the spread of the virus [14–16].
T29 3145-3227 Sentence denotes One approach is to refine and improve face masks, both in terms of fabric and fit.
T30 3228-3330 Sentence denotes Face masks worn in a pandemic function more effectively as source control rather than protection [17].
T31 3331-3453 Sentence denotes Particles can escape from the mask in two ways- either direct penetration of the fabric, or leakage around the sides [18].
T32 3454-3708 Sentence denotes While inward leakage testing is part of the requirements for personal protective equipment (PPE) masks in European Standard (EN) 149, the standard for medical masks, EN 14683, does not have any requirement for a leakage test – neither inward nor outward.
T33 3709-3836 Sentence denotes The European Committee for Standardisation Workshop Agreement (CWA) 17553 for face coverings also has no quantitative fit test.
T34 3837-3915 Sentence denotes In fact, to our knowledge, a standard test for outward leakage does not exist.
T35 3916-4045 Sentence denotes When both leakage and fabric penetration are considered for workplace usage of PPE, the result is the assigned protection factor.
T36 4046-4158 Sentence denotes These values typically show far lower protection than would be assumed from the performance of the fabric alone.
T37 4159-4262 Sentence denotes We propose a new metric to take into account outward leakage, which we call outward suppression factor.
T38 4263-4380 Sentence denotes One would expect outward leakage to be more challenging to fix as the exhaling pressure potentially reduces the seal.
T39 4381-4578 Sentence denotes While many recent studies have focused on the penetration of aerosols through various domestic fabrics [19], comparatively fewer studies have looked at outward leakage as opposed to inward leakage.
T40 4579-4849 Sentence denotes Better fitting medical or N95 masks have been found to significantly improve the source control of particles from a dummy head [17] and better fits have been achieved with an improved mask design, petroleum jelly [20], adhesive tape or fluffed polypropylene fibers [21].
T41 4850-5037 Sentence denotes For cloth masks, the only study explicitly addressing fit found a large benefit from wearing a nylon stocking worn over the top of a mask [22], although they measured inward leakage only.
T42 5038-5261 Sentence denotes Other studies that measured the overall outward mask performance by collecting air around the head did not attempt to separate leakage from fabric penetration as a parameter which contributes to the mask efficiency [23,24].
T43 5262-5375 Sentence denotes The extractive techniques used in many of these studies cannot alone distinguish between leakage and penetration.
T44 5376-5443 Sentence denotes Laser sheets, on the other hand, can visualize the leakage in situ.
T45 5444-5616 Sentence denotes A flat laser sheet is not optimal for this purpose, for example in the study of Fischer et al. [25], it is not clear whether leakages would be detected in their laser beam.
T46 5617-5767 Sentence denotes Herein we describe, for the first time, the use of a curved laser sheet for simultaneous yet separable detection of both mask leakage and penetration.
T47 5768-5905 Sentence denotes We envisage this to be used as a tool for mask designers to improve performance without diminishing the breathability of the mask fabric.
T48 5907-5926 Sentence denotes Materials & methods
T49 5927-5971 Sentence denotes The experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.
T50 5972-6214 Sentence denotes The aerosol consisted of 10% NaCl in water from a nebulizer (Omron NE-C28P, mass median aerodynamic diameter of 3 μm) fed through one of the lung ports of a dummy head (Laerdal airway management trainer) lying face upward on an optical bench.
T51 6215-6411 Sentence denotes Prior to measurement, the airway was primed with aerosol by turning on the nebulizer briefly while squeezing the attached lung ten-times, then waiting for 30 s for the exhaled aerosol to disperse.
T52 6412-6565 Sentence denotes A fume extractor was running continuously above the head (ULT Jumbo Filter Trolley 2.0 running at 0.3 m/s in a position 15 cm above the tip of the nose).
T53 6566-6657 Sentence denotes After initiating the camera acquisition, the lung was squeezed by hand to deliver a breath.
T54 6658-6737 Sentence denotes These were measured to deliver 300 ml quite reproducibly (wright respirometer).
T55 6738-6859 Sentence denotes For the breath duration of 1 s, the average flow of 0.3 l/s is similar to the peak flow for a normal breath 0.5 m/s [26].
T56 6860-7011 Sentence denotes The aerosol was visualized with a conical laser sheet generated with a 488 nm DPSS laser (Coherent Sapphire 75 mW) and axicon lens (Thorlabs AX1220-A).
T57 7012-7173 Sentence denotes The conical cyan sheet surrounds the face at a distance of approximately 2.5 cm from the nose and at a closer distance at the cheek to allow space for the masks.
T58 7174-7274 Sentence denotes A beam block was used at the axicon’s aperture to prevent direct illumination of parts of the dummy.
T59 7275-7284 Sentence denotes Figure 1.
T60 7286-7356 Sentence denotes Photographs of the setup, showing the laser cone on an unmasked dummy.
T61 7357-7503 Sentence denotes The extractor is turned off to enhance laser appearance (A) view from the left (B) view from top parallel to laser (C) view from the right bottom.
T62 7504-7602 Sentence denotes The camera was a 2048*2048 pixel sCMOS array (Andor Sona 4BV11) with Nikkor 50 mm F1.8 AI MF lens.
T63 7603-7675 Sentence denotes It recorded a sequence of 30 frames at 7 Hz (acquisition time of 10 ms).
T64 7676-7811 Sentence denotes Raw 16-bit images were processed in SAOimage DS9 by applying the ‘bb’ colormap on a value range of 100–20,000 counts using log scaling.
T65 7812-7859 Sentence denotes The masks and dummy used are shown in Figure 2.
T66 7860-8031 Sentence denotes The three-layer mask in Figure 2B has two outer layers each 0.4-mm thick made of 80% polyester 20% elastane with the internal filter layer being 1.0 mm 100% polypropylene.
T67 8032-8155 Sentence denotes The filter covers the area of the mouth and nose but around chin, cheeks and nose bridge the fabric is just a single layer.
T68 8156-8278 Sentence denotes Compliance with the testing methods of the CWA 17553 was claimed by the supplier but packaging was not marked accordingly.
T69 8279-8288 Sentence denotes Figure 2.
T70 8290-8324 Sentence denotes Photographs of the test materials.
T71 8325-8434 Sentence denotes (A) the unmasked dummy, (B) three-layer mask with middle filter layer removed, (C) single-layer textile mask.
T72 8435-8549 Sentence denotes Bottom row: (D) CE marked FFP1 personal protective equipment mask, (E) CE marked Type 2 medical mask, (F) bandana.
T73 8550-8673 Sentence denotes The single layer mask in Figure 2C is of unknown 1.0-mm thick material, of a design which was cheaply and widely available.
T74 8674-8716 Sentence denotes Compliance with CWA 17553 was not claimed.
T75 8717-8831 Sentence denotes The CE-marked FFP1 respirator mask in Figure 2D has no exhalation valve and it is marked as complying with EN 149.
T76 8832-8944 Sentence denotes The CE-marked type 2 medical mask in Figure 2E had a metal nose clip which was cinched down firmly on the dummy.
T77 8945-8997 Sentence denotes The packaging was marked as complying with EN 14683.
T78 8998-9127 Sentence denotes The bandana or neck gaiter in Figure 2(f) was 0.33 mm thick 100% polyester and was folded into three layers in these experiments.
T79 9128-9263 Sentence denotes Dating from 2019 this was never intended for infection control, although the same material has been seen to be used as a face covering.
T80 9265-9272 Sentence denotes Results
T81 9273-9359 Sentence denotes Figure 3A–F shows images of the unmasked dummy and with five different face coverings.
T82 9360-9474 Sentence denotes The frames shown here are the brightest of the sequence of 30 frames, corresponding to the peak particle emission.
T83 9475-9561 Sentence denotes All other frames, together with raw data, are available in the supplemental materials.
T84 9562-9649 Sentence denotes Distinct differences in the effectiveness of the various materials can be clearly seen.
T85 9650-9772 Sentence denotes The unmasked dummy should have the highest particle emission, but the scattering plume appears relatively dim (Figure 3A).
T86 9773-9904 Sentence denotes This is because the narrow jet crosses the laser sheet quickly, so that at any one-time there are few particles in the laser sheet.
T87 9905-10094 Sentence denotes The three-layer mask shows some fabric penetration directly in front of the mouth and some turbulent leakage from under the eyes which crosses the laser cone above the forehead (Figure 3B).
T88 10095-10174 Sentence denotes The single-layer mask shows very high penetration and some leakage (Figure 3C).
T89 10175-10360 Sentence denotes The brightness of the penetrating aerosol is around five-times greater than even the unmasked dummy, but this is due to the slower, broader flow which fills the laser beam with aerosol.
T90 10361-10370 Sentence denotes Figure 3.
T91 10372-10400 Sentence denotes Testing mask fabric and fit.
T92 10401-10483 Sentence denotes Top row: (A) no mask, (B) three-layer textile mask, (C) single-layer textile mask.
T93 10484-10572 Sentence denotes Bottom row: (D) CE marked FFP1 PPE mask, (E) CE marked Type 2 medical mask, (F) bandana.
T94 10573-10631 Sentence denotes Intensity scaled to 100–20,000 counts with ‘bb’ colourmap.
T95 10632-10690 Sentence denotes Similarly, the bandana shows high penetration (Figure 3F).
T96 10691-10863 Sentence denotes In this case, the leakage appears less intense, likely as there is less resistance from the fabric that would otherwise force the breath to find a path of lower resistance.
T97 10864-11015 Sentence denotes The medical mask (Figure 3E) and FFP1 (Figure 3D) mask display no detectable penetration but instead show a few turbulent jets from the cheek and eyes.
T98 11016-11132 Sentence denotes The leakage at the cheek is easier to discern from inspection of the whole time series (see supplemental materials).
T99 11133-11265 Sentence denotes In the image of the FFP1 mask, the wisp in front of the mask can be seen to originate at the cheek and did not penetrate the fabric.
T100 11266-11421 Sentence denotes These leakage jets tend to be directed over the forehead, or across the cheek, and are only partly moved into the laser cone by the extraction air current.
T101 11423-11433 Sentence denotes Discussion
T102 11434-11583 Sentence denotes The FFP1 mask is the only one which must pass a fit test to be awarded a CE mark, and indeed it showed the lowest leakage and undetected penetration.
T103 11584-11741 Sentence denotes For the other mask types, the fabrics with lower penetration showed higher leakage, indicating that these masks displayed a trade-off between fabric and fit.
T104 11742-11842 Sentence denotes The scattering of light by small particles is described by Mie theory [27], and is quite non linear.
T105 11843-12043 Sentence denotes However, using the experimental setup described herein, these nonlinearities will smooth over to a large extent due to the breadth and angle of the laser cone, and wide distribution of particle sizes.
T106 12044-12140 Sentence denotes The brightness can, therefore, be taken as approximately proportional to the volume of material.
T107 12141-12317 Sentence denotes Although it is possible to extract pseudo-quantitative results from these images by merely summing up the brightness of each pixel, we caution against doing so for two reasons.
T108 12318-12478 Sentence denotes As seen in the no-mask image (Figure 3A), a narrow, fast-moving jet appears dim due to the small area of laser sheet it covers, despite carrying a large volume.
T109 12479-12543 Sentence denotes This weakness could be addressed by more complex image analysis.
T110 12544-12634 Sentence denotes Another caveat is that the results are dependent on the exact position of the laser sheet.
T111 12635-12750 Sentence denotes In the configuration used in the current study, for example, any leakage from under the chin would not be detected.
T112 12751-12893 Sentence denotes However, when using additional laser sheets, it is apparent that almost all leakage occurs around the eyes and cheeks for the masks we tested.
T113 12894-13006 Sentence denotes These additional laser sheets complicate the interpretation of the images, even if using different laser colors.
T114 13007-13145 Sentence denotes Directing the cone straight onto the face to form a laser ring around the masks results in a large background scatter from the dummy skin.
T115 13146-13303 Sentence denotes Although this background can be reduced by black paint and image processing, this configuration would then require another laser sheet to detect penetration.
T116 13304-13521 Sentence denotes It is also important to note that the aerosol used in the current experimental setup has a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 3 μm but is also a broad distribution with 10% of the mass in particles larger than 10 μm.
T117 13522-13672 Sentence denotes This covers the range of particle sizes emitted from speech [28], but whether this also correlates to the infectious particles is not currently known.
T118 13673-13751 Sentence denotes Most of the fabric testing to date has focused on submicron particles [29,30].
T119 13752-13891 Sentence denotes However, a study of influenza in ferrets found the disease was transmitted in particles larger than 1.5 μm, but not smaller particles [31].
T120 13892-14003 Sentence denotes For SARS-CoV-2, we do not yet know which size of the aerosol is likely to carry the most infectious viral load.
T121 14004-14073 Sentence denotes Larger particles are more likely to be captured by the mask material.
T122 14074-14208 Sentence denotes To an extent this is also true for leaks, as larger particles are more likely to deposit due to impaction when passing around corners.
T123 14209-14284 Sentence denotes It is also unknown how different leakage patterns could affect infectivity.
T124 14285-14448 Sentence denotes Even the worst performing single-layer mask served to slow down the flow from the mouth, which would reduce the spread of particles even if they were not captured.
T125 14449-14541 Sentence denotes The fate of leakage jets directed to the side, or upward, would depend on the local airflow.
T126 14542-14744 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the dummy head used in this study is larger than 95% of adult male heads (tip of the nose to the back of head 237 mm), meaning that the masks were a tighter fit than the average human head.
T127 14745-14841 Sentence denotes The exact shape of the nose would also have a potentially considerable influence on the leakage.
T128 14842-14969 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, despite these limitations, our preliminary findings are clear – mask efficacy is dependent on both fabric and fit.
T129 14971-14981 Sentence denotes Conclusion
T130 14982-15241 Sentence denotes Given that the reproduction rate of COVID-19 is super-linearly related to both the efficacy of face coverings and the percentage of a population wearing face coverings, a small change in either will result in a large change in disease transmission rates [32].
T131 15242-15496 Sentence denotes It is therefore critical that universal public masking will involve optimally suppressive materials that are comfortable to wear for extended periods, can be produced in large quantities from common household materials, and are re-usable and inexpensive.
T132 15497-15575 Sentence denotes Importantly, such face coverings will not negatively impact PPE supplies [33].
T133 15576-15648 Sentence denotes Testing of pandemic masks has been largely focused on the material only.
T134 15649-15788 Sentence denotes We have demonstrated a technique based on a curved laser sheet that suggests fit is an important parameter in determining mask performance.
T135 15789-15992 Sentence denotes Measurements like this could help mask designers make improvements simply by altering the design rather than using a different fabric that may potentially be more expensive or have a lower breathability.
T136 15993-16217 Sentence denotes Quantitative analysis of the most efficient and effective face masks (in terms of both fit and fabric) will undoubtedly help to stem the spread of not just SAR-CoV-2 but also any illness spread through respiratory particles.
T137 16218-16232 Sentence denotes Summary points
T138 16233-16319 Sentence denotes The use of face masks has had a significant impact on limiting the spread of COVID-19.
T139 16320-16541 Sentence denotes We provide qualitative evidence based on a novel curved laser sheet which suggests that there is considerable variation in the efficacy of face masks depending not only on fabric type, but also on the fit around the face.
T140 16542-16719 Sentence denotes These results highlight the pressing need for more quantitative analyses based on real life usage to define the most effective face masks for controlling the spread of COVID-19.
T141 16720-16901 Sentence denotes Improved face masks will not only help to suppress the spread of the disease but will also assist in preserving vital personal protective equipment for essential frontline services.
T142 16903-16923 Sentence denotes Author contributions
T143 16924-16978 Sentence denotes S Darby, K Chulliyallipalil performed the experiments.
T144 16979-17032 Sentence denotes S Darby, M Przyjalgowski, P McGowan built the system.
T145 17033-17126 Sentence denotes S Darby, K Chulliyallipalil, S Jeffers, A Giltinan, N Smith and RD Sleator analyzed the data.
T146 17127-17171 Sentence denotes S Darby and RD Sleator wrote the manuscript.
T147 17172-17227 Sentence denotes RD Sleator, N Smith and L Lewis supervised the project.
T148 17228-17264 Sentence denotes All authors reviewed the manuscript.
T149 17266-17281 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments
T150 17282-17452 Sentence denotes The authors gratefully acknowledge support from Andor Technology (Belfast) for the loan of the Sona sCMOS camera platform for a large field of view and low light imaging.
T151 17453-17562 Sentence denotes The authors also acknowledge the ASSERT training centre of University College Cork for the loan of the dummy.
T152 17564-17606 Sentence denotes Financial & competing interests disclosure
T153 17607-17804 Sentence denotes Authors S Darby, A Giltinan, N Smith and RD Sleator are members of the National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI) expert advisory group on face coverings contributing to SWiFT 19 and CWA 17553.
T154 17805-17866 Sentence denotes S Darby is also a member of CEN/TC248/WG38 on face coverings.
T155 17867-17995 Sentence denotes This work was funded by Science Foundation Ireland under the SFI COVID-19 Rapid Response Funding Call (proposal ID 20/COV/0253).
T156 17996-18244 Sentence denotes The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.
T157 18245-18317 Sentence denotes No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.