PMC:7782580 / 4124-6286 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"79","span":{"begin":38,"end":46},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"80","span":{"begin":55,"end":60},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"81","span":{"begin":62,"end":71},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"82","span":{"begin":73,"end":80},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"83","span":{"begin":86,"end":95},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"84","span":{"begin":257,"end":278},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"85","span":{"begin":301,"end":309},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"86","span":{"begin":342,"end":350},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"87","span":{"begin":433,"end":447},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"88","span":{"begin":451,"end":459},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"89","span":{"begin":569,"end":577},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"90","span":{"begin":1398,"end":1406},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"91","span":{"begin":2117,"end":2125},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A79","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"79","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A80","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"80","obj":"MESH:D005334"},{"id":"A81","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"81","obj":"MESH:D003371"},{"id":"A82","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"82","obj":"MESH:D004417"},{"id":"A83","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"83","obj":"MESH:D011014"},{"id":"A84","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"84","obj":"MESH:D012141"},{"id":"A85","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"85","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A86","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"86","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A87","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"87","obj":"MESH:D012141"},{"id":"A88","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"88","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A89","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"89","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A90","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"90","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A91","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"91","obj":"MESH:C000657245"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"The clinical symptoms associated with COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia, as described in the guideline released by the WHO13. It has been recommended to use the WHO’s case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) for monitoring COVID-1913. As reported by the CHINA-WHO COVID-19 joint investigation group (February 28, 2020)14, autopsies showed the presence of lung infection in COVID-19 victims. Therefore, medical imaging of the lungs might be a suitable auxiliary diagnostic testing method for COVID-19 since it uses available medical technology and clinical examinations. Chest radiography (CXR) and chest computed tomography (CT) are the most common medical imaging examinations for the lungs and are available in most hospitals worldwide15. Different tissues of the body absorb X-rays to different degrees16, resulting in grayscale images that allow for the detection of anomalies based on the contrast in the images. CT differs from normal CXR in that it has superior tissue contrast with different shades of gray (about 32–64 levels)17. The CT images are digitally processed18 to create a three-dimensional image of the body. However, CT examinations are more expensive than CXR examinations19. Recent studies reported that the use of CXR and CT images resulted in improved diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of COVID-1920,21. The interpretation of medical images is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often subjective. The medical images are first annotated by experts to generate a report of the radiography findings. Subsequently, the radiography findings are analyzed, and clinical factors are considered to obtain a diagnosis15. However, during the current pandemic, the frontline expert physicians are faced with a massive workload and lack of time, which increases the physical and psychological burden on staff and might adversely affect the diagnostic efficiency. Since modern hospitals have advanced digital imaging technology, medical image processing methods may have the potential for fast and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 to reduce the burden on the experts."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":55,"end":60},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":62,"end":71},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":73,"end":80},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":86,"end":95},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":257,"end":278},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A3","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031246"},{"id":"A4","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002094"},{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090"},{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947"}],"text":"The clinical symptoms associated with COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia, as described in the guideline released by the WHO13. It has been recommended to use the WHO’s case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) for monitoring COVID-1913. As reported by the CHINA-WHO COVID-19 joint investigation group (February 28, 2020)14, autopsies showed the presence of lung infection in COVID-19 victims. Therefore, medical imaging of the lungs might be a suitable auxiliary diagnostic testing method for COVID-19 since it uses available medical technology and clinical examinations. Chest radiography (CXR) and chest computed tomography (CT) are the most common medical imaging examinations for the lungs and are available in most hospitals worldwide15. Different tissues of the body absorb X-rays to different degrees16, resulting in grayscale images that allow for the detection of anomalies based on the contrast in the images. CT differs from normal CXR in that it has superior tissue contrast with different shades of gray (about 32–64 levels)17. The CT images are digitally processed18 to create a three-dimensional image of the body. However, CT examinations are more expensive than CXR examinations19. Recent studies reported that the use of CXR and CT images resulted in improved diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of COVID-1920,21. The interpretation of medical images is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often subjective. The medical images are first annotated by experts to generate a report of the radiography findings. Subsequently, the radiography findings are analyzed, and clinical factors are considered to obtain a diagnosis15. However, during the current pandemic, the frontline expert physicians are faced with a massive workload and lack of time, which increases the physical and psychological burden on staff and might adversely affect the diagnostic efficiency. Since modern hospitals have advanced digital imaging technology, medical image processing methods may have the potential for fast and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 to reduce the burden on the experts."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":0,"end":149},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":150,"end":312},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":313,"end":468},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":469,"end":647},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":648,"end":818},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":819,"end":995},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":996,"end":1116},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1117,"end":1205},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1206,"end":1274},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1275,"end":1412},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":1413,"end":1507},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1508,"end":1607},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":1608,"end":1721},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":1722,"end":1960},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1961,"end":2162},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"The clinical symptoms associated with COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia, as described in the guideline released by the WHO13. It has been recommended to use the WHO’s case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) for monitoring COVID-1913. As reported by the CHINA-WHO COVID-19 joint investigation group (February 28, 2020)14, autopsies showed the presence of lung infection in COVID-19 victims. Therefore, medical imaging of the lungs might be a suitable auxiliary diagnostic testing method for COVID-19 since it uses available medical technology and clinical examinations. Chest radiography (CXR) and chest computed tomography (CT) are the most common medical imaging examinations for the lungs and are available in most hospitals worldwide15. Different tissues of the body absorb X-rays to different degrees16, resulting in grayscale images that allow for the detection of anomalies based on the contrast in the images. CT differs from normal CXR in that it has superior tissue contrast with different shades of gray (about 32–64 levels)17. The CT images are digitally processed18 to create a three-dimensional image of the body. However, CT examinations are more expensive than CXR examinations19. Recent studies reported that the use of CXR and CT images resulted in improved diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of COVID-1920,21. The interpretation of medical images is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often subjective. The medical images are first annotated by experts to generate a report of the radiography findings. Subsequently, the radiography findings are analyzed, and clinical factors are considered to obtain a diagnosis15. However, during the current pandemic, the frontline expert physicians are faced with a massive workload and lack of time, which increases the physical and psychological burden on staff and might adversely affect the diagnostic efficiency. Since modern hospitals have advanced digital imaging technology, medical image processing methods may have the potential for fast and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 to reduce the burden on the experts."}