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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 95-103 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
5 311-323 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
6 238-246 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
7 505-514 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
11 703-713 Species denotes outpatient Tax:9606
12 628-636 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
13 747-756 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
15 1592-1600 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
23 1835-1840 Species denotes human Tax:9606
24 1967-1973 Species denotes people Tax:9606
25 2000-2047 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
26 2049-2059 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
27 1847-1866 Disease denotes Coronavirus disease MESH:D018352
28 1868-1876 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
29 1984-1992 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
36 2511-2517 Species denotes people Tax:9606
37 2606-2612 Species denotes people Tax:9606
38 2783-2793 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
39 2421-2429 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
40 2537-2546 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
41 2771-2779 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
45 2851-2861 Species denotes outpatient Tax:9606
46 3102-3110 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
47 3272-3280 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
51 3391-3401 Species denotes outpatient Tax:9606
52 3682-3694 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
53 3402-3410 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
61 3758-3766 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
62 3783-3793 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
63 3909-3917 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
64 4030-4038 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
65 4248-4256 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
66 4263-4270 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
67 4182-4191 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
74 4532-4544 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
75 4630-4640 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
76 4692-4700 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
77 4910-4917 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
78 4561-4569 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
79 4676-4684 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
86 5277-5289 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
87 5550-5568 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
88 5708-5726 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
89 5216-5225 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
90 5628-5637 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
91 5751-5759 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
97 6134-6152 Chemical denotes Hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
98 6181-6199 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
99 6586-6591 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
100 6595-6602 Chemical denotes alcohol MESH:D000438
101 6232-6240 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
103 7133-7148 Disease denotes keyboard errors MESH:D012030
109 8136-8139 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
110 7786-7789 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
111 7709-7721 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
112 7797-7809 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
113 8183-8191 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
115 8445-8448 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
121 9489-9497 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
122 9576-9588 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
123 9725-9733 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
124 9531-9539 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
125 9687-9695 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
128 10713-10725 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
129 10884-10896 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
145 11454-11462 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
146 11559-11571 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
147 12004-12016 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
148 12120-12128 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
149 12442-12450 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
150 12470-12482 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
151 11476-11494 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
152 11803-11821 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
153 12297-12304 Chemical denotes alcohol MESH:D000438
154 12328-12333 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
155 11433-11441 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
156 11630-11638 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
157 11776-11786 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
158 11932-11940 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
159 12840-12860 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
161 12925-12933 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
163 13100-13108 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
166 14189-14201 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
167 14449-14458 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
170 15126-15134 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
171 15371-15379 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
182 15449-15454 Species denotes human Tax:9606
183 15479-15484 Species denotes human Tax:9606
184 15883-15891 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
185 15909-15919 Species denotes outpatient Tax:9606
186 15947-15957 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
187 15406-15414 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
188 15673-15682 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
189 15684-15693 Disease denotes Infection MESH:D007239
190 16024-16032 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
191 16135-16143 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
198 16432-16435 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
199 16322-16325 Gene denotes age Gene:5973
200 16382-16390 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
201 16670-16679 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
202 17004-17013 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
203 17090-17098 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
211 17325-17335 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
212 18076-18082 Species denotes people Tax:9606
213 17174-17192 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
214 17365-17383 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
215 17447-17455 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
216 17642-17650 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
217 18264-18272 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
219 18389-18397 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
222 18891-18903 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
223 19285-19293 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
225 19501-19509 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
228 19792-19800 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
229 19918-19926 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
232 20097-20109 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
233 20263-20271 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
238 20942-20948 Species denotes people Tax:9606
239 20508-20517 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
240 20592-20601 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
241 20631-20639 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
247 21947-21965 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
248 21340-21349 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
249 21379-21387 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
250 21657-21665 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
251 22063-22071 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
253 22508-22513 Species denotes Human Tax:9606
256 22694-22701 Gene denotes RP – 29 Gene:54110
257 22549-22561 Species denotes participants Tax:9606

TEST0

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
33409060-116-121-2361959 15522-15523 ["32911201"] denotes 9
33409060-209-215-2361960 16601-16603 ["32592919"] denotes 10
33409060-170-176-2361961 17457-17459 ["32294495"] denotes 13
33409060-176-182-2361962 20886-20888 ["32268643"] denotes 16

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-113 Sentence denotes Association Between Self-Reported Adherence to Preventive Practices and Probability of Turning COVID-19 Positive:
T2 114-148 Sentence denotes A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
T3 150-158 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 159-169 Sentence denotes Background
T5 170-256 Sentence denotes Preventive practices are the mainstay to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
T6 257-366 Sentence denotes We tried to assess the self-reported adherence of our participants to the already known preventive practices.
T7 367-522 Sentence denotes Furthermore, we tried to determine whether the non-compliance to specific preventive practices was associated with the acquisition of the infection or not.
T8 523-530 Sentence denotes Methods
T9 531-721 Sentence denotes We enrolled 379 healthcare workers, hospital staff, and their family members who were tested for COVID-19 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in an outpatient clinic.
T10 722-840 Sentence denotes Socio-demography and the infection prevention practices of the individuals were recorded in a preformed questionnaire.
T11 841-961 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was performed to find out the statistical association between these factors and the RT-PCR results.
T12 962-1138 Sentence denotes Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios were determined to find out the degree of protection provided by each of the preventive practices concerning the development of the disease.
T13 1139-1146 Sentence denotes Results
T14 1147-1317 Sentence denotes Social distancing (p<0.001), hand hygiene (p<0.001), ensuring N-95 mask fit check (p<0.001), and the use of alternative medications (p=0.002) were found to be protective.
T15 1318-1438 Sentence denotes Resident doctors were at a lower risk of developing the disease as compared to the other healthcare workers (odds ratio:
T16 1439-1445 Sentence denotes 0.39).
T17 1446-1456 Sentence denotes Conclusion
T18 1457-1610 Sentence denotes The failure to practice the already known preventive practices is probably one of the most important factors in the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic.
T19 1611-1725 Sentence denotes Adherence to these practices is the intervention of choice to reduce disease transmission in the current scenario.
T20 1727-1739 Sentence denotes Introduction
T21 1740-1846 Sentence denotes This century has witnessed the biggest global health problem that has affected every aspect of human life.
T22 1847-2087 Sentence denotes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has already claimed almost 1.2 million lives all over the world, and 47 million people have been infected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) till November 2, 2020 [1].
T23 2088-2277 Sentence denotes To date, no reliable treatment or vaccine is available for the control of the disease, and thus adherence to preventive measures are the most important interventions to control the disease.
T24 2278-2496 Sentence denotes Several guidelines have recommended using masks, a physical distancing of more than six feet, and hand hygiene as prevention practices against COVID-19, which are effective in breaking the chain of transmission [2, 3].
T25 2497-2667 Sentence denotes Although most people are aware of these infection prevention practices, it is not certain what proportion of people comply with these practices in their day to day lives.
T26 2668-2819 Sentence denotes Whether a lapse in these preventive practices is actually associated with an increased chance of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 needs to be investigated.
T27 2820-3111 Sentence denotes This study was conducted in an outpatient setting at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India, to study the self-reported compliance to the preventive practices followed by the general public as well as the healthcare workers who visited the clinic to get themselves tested for COVID-19.
T28 3112-3290 Sentence denotes The study's objective was to determine whether a specific socio-demographic factor or preventive practice was associated with the probability of a person being COVID-19 positive.
T29 3292-3313 Sentence denotes Materials and methods
T30 3314-3466 Sentence denotes We conducted a single-center cross-sectional study among the attendees of an outpatient COVID-19 clinic at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India.
T31 3467-3578 Sentence denotes This clinic is run for providing healthcare services to the workers who are under institutional health schemes.
T32 3579-3718 Sentence denotes The institute ethics committee approved the study protocol, and appropriate consent was taken from the participants before their enrolment.
T33 3719-3878 Sentence denotes Between June 17 to July 1, 2020, 1,066 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the screening clinic.
T34 3879-4147 Sentence denotes Three hundred and eighty-four patients were included in the study based on successful telephonic communication and informed consent availability. Five patients were excluded from the study due to the non-availability of their test results due to pre-analytical issues.
T35 4148-4257 Sentence denotes We analyzed socio-demographic and infection prevention practices related to data collected from 379 patients.
T36 4258-4420 Sentence denotes Each patient was telephonically interviewed in the local language by a single investigator, and the answers were documented in a preformed questionnaire proforma.
T37 4421-4525 Sentence denotes To minimize bias, the telephonic communications were completed before their test results were generated.
T38 4526-4608 Sentence denotes Study participants were tested for COVID-19 after a thorough clinical examination.
T39 4609-4723 Sentence denotes Real-time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was performed for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in all patients included in our study.
T40 4724-4854 Sentence denotes Testing indications were based on the national regulatory authority's advisory, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) [4].
T41 4855-4918 Sentence denotes One nasal and one throat swab were collected from each patient.
T42 4919-5060 Sentence denotes Two swabs were put into a single vial of the viral transport medium (VTM) and were sent to the testing laboratory maintaining the cold chain.
T43 5061-5129 Sentence denotes The test reports were accessed from the hospital information system.
T44 5130-5300 Sentence denotes A questionnaire was developed to collect socio-economic, demographic, behavioral, and infection prevention practices information from the enrolled participants (Table 1).
T45 5301-5379 Sentence denotes Socio-economic status was documented as per the modified Kuppuswamy index [5].
T46 5380-5760 Sentence denotes More than three individuals residing in one room were considered as overcrowding [6]. In India, ICMR, the national regulatory authority, has recommended prophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine for workers who are at occupational risk of acquiring this infection [7]. Therefore, the healthcare workers were enquired about the use of hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis against COVID-19.
T47 5761-5871 Sentence denotes The prophylactic use of other medications (alternative medicines) was also recorded from the study population.
T48 5872-5949 Sentence denotes Table 1 Risk factors and preventive practices enquired from the participants
T49 5950-5985 Sentence denotes PPE - personal protective equipment
T50 5986-6023 Sentence denotes Parameters evaluated Questions asked
T51 6024-6116 Sentence denotes Commute to workplace Do you commute to your workplace alone or do you use public transport?
T52 6117-6125 Sentence denotes      Yes
T53 6126-6133 Sentence denotes      No
T54 6134-6241 Sentence denotes Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis Are you taking hydroxychloroquine tablets for prophylaxis against COVID-19?
T55 6242-6250 Sentence denotes      Yes
T56 6251-6258 Sentence denotes      No
T57 6259-6375 Sentence denotes Social distancing How frequently do you maintain social distancing which means staying 6 feet away from each other?
T58 6376-6412 Sentence denotes      Almost always (more than 90%)  
T59 6413-6438 Sentence denotes      Mostly (about 75%)  
T60 6439-6466 Sentence denotes      Commonly (about 50%)  
T61 6467-6495 Sentence denotes      Sometimes (about 25%)  
T62 6496-6523 Sentence denotes      Rarely (less than 10%)
T63 6524-6619 Sentence denotes Hand hygiene How frequently do you wash your hands with soap water or alcohol-based hand rubs?
T64 6620-6640 Sentence denotes      Once every hour
T65 6641-6662 Sentence denotes      Every 2-3 hourly
T66 6663-6684 Sentence denotes      Every 3-4 hourly
T67 6685-6706 Sentence denotes      Less than that  
T68 6707-6777 Sentence denotes Do you ensure that you spend 40 seconds every time washing your hands?
T69 6778-6786 Sentence denotes      Yes
T70 6787-6794 Sentence denotes      No
T71 6795-6889 Sentence denotes Use of PPE by healthcare workers What PPE do you use while working in the healthcare setting?
T72 6890-6901 Sentence denotes      Mask  
T73 6902-6913 Sentence denotes      Gown  
T74 6914-6927 Sentence denotes      Gloves  
T75 6928-6938 Sentence denotes      Cap  
T76 6939-6957 Sentence denotes      Shoe covers  
T77 6958-7004 Sentence denotes      Goggles/ Eyeshield   Statistical analysis
T78 7005-7086 Sentence denotes Data was recorded on a pre-designed proforma and managed in an excel spreadsheet.
T79 7087-7149 Sentence denotes All the entries were checked for any possible keyboard errors.
T80 7150-7376 Sentence denotes Quantitative variables were assessed for approximate normality and summarized as mean ± SD or median (Q1, Q3). In step 1, logistic regression analysis was used with the outcome and each of the independent variables separately.
T81 7377-7515 Sentence denotes In step 2, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with all the variables simultaneously with the outcome variable separately.
T82 7516-7613 Sentence denotes Stata 15.0 statistical software (StataCorp LLC, College Station, USA) was used for data analysis.
T83 7614-7689 Sentence denotes In this study, a p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
T84 7691-7698 Sentence denotes Results
T85 7699-8057 Sentence denotes Among 379 participants, 245 (64.6%) were males, and 134 (35.3%) were females. The mean age of the participants was years 35.2 ± 11.3 (SD). Most of them (37.9%) belonged to upper-lower socioeconomic status, followed by lower (20.8%), upper (14.5%), lower-middle (14.2%), and upper-middle (11.3%) categories as per the Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale (Table 2).
T86 8058-8213 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis of these findings did not reveal any association between age, gender, and socioeconomic status with the COVID-19 positive test result.
T87 8214-8287 Sentence denotes Table 2 General characteristics and risk factors of the study population
T88 8288-8344 Sentence denotes RT-PCR - reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
T89 8345-8439 Sentence denotes General characteristics RT-PCR positive n=126 (33.2%) RT-PCR negative n=253 (66.8%) p-value
T90 8440-8495 Sentence denotes Mean age (in years) ±SD 36.6 ± 12.4 34.5 ± 10.7 0.09
T91 8496-8504 Sentence denotes Sex 0.7
T92 8505-8541 Sentence denotes      Male 80 (63.5)   165 (65.2)  
T93 8542-8579 Sentence denotes      Female 46 (36.5)   88 (34.8)  
T94 8580-8626 Sentence denotes Socioeconomic status (Kuppuswamy index) 0.610
T95 8627-8665 Sentence denotes      Upper   18 (14.5)   37 (14.7)  
T96 8666-8711 Sentence denotes      Upper middle   17 (13.7)   26 (10.4)  
T97 8712-8755 Sentence denotes      Lower middle   21 (16.9)   33 (13.1)
T98 8756-8800 Sentence denotes      Upper lower   46 (37.1)   98 (39.0)  
T99 8801-8833 Sentence denotes      Lower 22 (17.7) 57 (22.7)
T100 8834-8851 Sentence denotes Occupation 0.009
T101 8852-8894 Sentence denotes      Doctor/ Faculty 3 (2.4)   4 (1.6)  
T102 8895-8942 Sentence denotes      Doctor/ Resident 16 (12.7)   78 (31.2)  
T103 8943-8986 Sentence denotes      Nursing officer 8 (6.3)   10 (4.0)  
T104 8987-9038 Sentence denotes      Laboratory technician   6 (4.8)   10 (4.0)  
T105 9039-9081 Sentence denotes      OT technician   6 (4.8)   9 (3.6)  
T106 9082-9125 Sentence denotes      Security guard   6 (4.8)   3 (1.2)  
T107 9126-9177 Sentence denotes      Housekeeping staff   20 (15.9)   31 (12.4)  
T108 9178-9212 Sentence denotes      Others 61 (48.4) 108 (43.2)
T109 9213-9262 Sentence denotes Overcrowding at home 17 (13.5) 39 (15.4) 0.619
T110 9263-9298 Sentence denotes Mode of commute to workplace 0.452
T111 9299-9337 Sentence denotes      Alone   19 (15.1)   44 (17.4)  
T112 9338-9405 Sentence denotes      Public transport with single occupancy   2 (1.6)   9 (3.6)  
T113 9406-9549 Sentence denotes      Public transport with multiple occupancy 105 (83.3)   200 (79.1) Out of 379 patients, 126 (33.2%) were detected to be COVID-19 positive.
T114 9550-9706 Sentence denotes Two hundred and one (53%) participants were healthcare workers, and 94 (46.7%) of them were the resident doctors who had been tested for COVID-19 (Table 2).
T115 9707-9809 Sentence denotes Occupation of the patients was statistically associated with the development of the disease (p=0.009).
T116 9810-9907 Sentence denotes It was found that the resident doctors were at the least risk to develop the disease (odds ratio:
T117 9908-9924 Sentence denotes 0.39) (Table 3).
T118 9925-9994 Sentence denotes Table 3 Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios against the risk factors
T119 9995-10069 Sentence denotes Risk factors Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
T120 10070-10110 Sentence denotes Social distancing of six feet or more   
T121 10111-10153 Sentence denotes      Almost always (more than 90%)   1 1
T122 10154-10221 Sentence denotes      Commonly (about 50%)   0.32 (0.10-0.97)   0.15 (0.07-0.32)  
T123 10222-10289 Sentence denotes      Sometimes (about 25%) 0.40 (0.01- 0.21)   0.08 (0.03-0.19)  
T124 10290-10355 Sentence denotes      Rarely (less than 10%) 0.20 (0.03-1.21) 0.15 (0.05-0.46)  
T125 10356-10381 Sentence denotes Hand hygiene frequency   
T126 10382-10410 Sentence denotes      Once every hour   1 1
T127 10411-10470 Sentence denotes      Every 2-3 hourly 0.80 (0.24-2.68) 0.36 (0.15-0.82)  
T128 10471-10534 Sentence denotes      Every 3-4 hourly   0.35 (0.11-1.10)   0.08 (0.03-0.22)  
T129 10535-10592 Sentence denotes      Less than that 0.25 (0.07-0.80) 0.14 (0.06-0.34)  
T130 10593-10657 Sentence denotes Ensuring N-95 mask fitness 2.04 (0.83-4.99)   0.35 (0.18-0.66)
T131 10658-10857 Sentence denotes Resident doctors 0.27 (0.05-1.34)   0.39 (0.19-0.79) Participants were enquired about their living conditions at their residence, and only 56 (14.7%) of them gave a history of overcrowding at home.
T132 10858-11017 Sentence denotes A large proportion of the participants (n=305, 80.4%) used public transport with multiple occupancies to commute to their workplace in this pandemic situation.
T133 11018-11206 Sentence denotes Among the rest, 16.6% used to commute alone either by walking or in their own vehicles, and only 3% traveled to their workplace in public transports with single commuter options (Table 2).
T134 11207-11352 Sentence denotes Overcrowding at home and the nature of commuting to the workplace did not reveal any statistical correlation with the acquisition of the disease.
T135 11353-11442 Sentence denotes We enquired about the medications that they were taking for prophylaxis against COVID-19.
T136 11443-11546 Sentence denotes Eighty-one patients (21.3%) took hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis as per India's national guidelines [7].
T137 11547-11649 Sentence denotes Some of the participants (30.3%) used alternative medicines as prophylaxis against COVID-19 (Table 4).
T138 11650-11791 Sentence denotes These traditional medicines are used for ages in this part of the world for their possible role in promoting immunity against infections [8].
T139 11792-11979 Sentence denotes The use of hydroxychloroquine was not found to be protective (p=0.059), while the alternative medicines have shown to be protective against COVID-19 (p=0.002) while used prophylactically.
T140 11980-12189 Sentence denotes Only sixty-seven of the participants (17.7%) followed social distancing of six feet or more at more than 90% of occasions, and 61.5% of the patients followed the same at 50% or less of the occasions (Table 4).
T141 12190-12369 Sentence denotes When inquired about hand hygiene practices, 144 (37.9%) of respondents performed hand washing (either with alcohol-based hand rub or soap water) once in every 2-3 hours intervals.
T142 12370-12451 Sentence denotes The appropriate duration of handwashing was ensured by only 118 (31.1%) patients.
T143 12452-12588 Sentence denotes Almost all of the participants used N-95 masks routinely, but only 86 (22.6%) used their masks after an appropriate fit check (Table 4).
T144 12589-12861 Sentence denotes We observed that maintaining social distancing of six feet or more, practicing hand hygiene, ensuring proper duration of handwashing, and adhering to N-95 mask fit checks were statistically significant (p<0.001) with the prevention of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T145 12862-12933 Sentence denotes Table 4 Reported compliance with preventive practices against COVID-19
T146 12934-12990 Sentence denotes RT-PCR - reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
T147 12991-13082 Sentence denotes Preventive practices RT-PCR positive n=126 (33.2%) RT-PCR negative n=253 (66.8%) p-value
T148 13083-13122 Sentence denotes Use of drugs for COVID-19 prophylaxis  
T149 13123-13189 Sentence denotes      Hydroxychloroquine     20 (16.3)     61 (24.9)     0.059  
T150 13190-13245 Sentence denotes      Alternative medicines 52 (41.9) 63 (26.2) 0.002
T151 13246-13320 Sentence denotes Practice social distancing of staying 6 feet away from each other < 0.001
T152 13321-13382 Sentence denotes      Almost always (more than 90%)   42 (33.3)   25 (9.9)  
T153 13383-13434 Sentence denotes      Mostly (about 75%)   33 (25.2)   46 (18.1)  
T154 13435-13488 Sentence denotes      Commonly (about 50%)   25 (19.8)   68 (26.9)  
T155 13489-13543 Sentence denotes      Sometimes (about 25%)   17 (13.5)   90 (35.6)  
T156 13544-13590 Sentence denotes      Rarely (less than 10%) 9 (7.1) 24 (9.4)
T157 13591-13646 Sentence denotes Practiced mask fit check 42 (33.3) 44 (17.4) < 0.001
T158 13647-13665 Sentence denotes Hand hygiene      
T159 13666-13701 Sentence denotes      Frequency         < 0.001  
T160 13702-13755 Sentence denotes           Once every hour   38 (32.8)   26 (10.3)  
T161 13756-13810 Sentence denotes           Every 2-3 hourly   30 (25.9)   50 (19.7)  
T162 13811-13865 Sentence denotes           Every 3-4 hourly   21 (18.1)   77 (30.4)  
T163 13866-13919 Sentence denotes           Less than that   37 (31.9)   100 (39.5)  
T164 13920-14285 Sentence denotes      Appropriate duration ensured   59 (46.8)   59 (23.3)   < 0.001 In order to understand the protective efficacy of personal protective equipment (PPE), we also assessed the appropriate usage of PPE and different PPE kits from the answers gathered from 150 of the participants (doctors, nursing staff, laboratory technicians, and the OT technicians) (Table 5).
T165 14286-14459 Sentence denotes The use of face shields for eye protection as a part of other PPE components was significantly associated (p=0.021) with a reduced chance of risk of acquiring the infection.
T166 14460-14502 Sentence denotes Table 5 PPE use among health care workers
T167 14503-14596 Sentence denotes PPE - personal protective equipment; RT-PCR - reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
T168 14597-14736 Sentence denotes Use of PPE during working in hospital by healthcare workers (n = 150)   RT-PCR positive n=39 (26%)   RT-PCR negative n=111 (74%) p-value
T169 14737-14792 Sentence denotes N-95 mask with fit check   18 (46.2) 67 (60.4) 0.124
T170 14793-14828 Sentence denotes Gown   16 (41.0) 57 (51.4) 0.267
T171 14829-14866 Sentence denotes Goggles   8 (20.5) 41 (36.9) 0.060
T172 14867-14909 Sentence denotes Face shield   10 (25.6) 52 (46.8) 0.021
T173 14910-14944 Sentence denotes Cap   11 (28.2) 49 (44.1) 0.080
T174 14945-15145 Sentence denotes Shoe covers   12 (30.8) 48 (42.3) 0.171 The unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated for preventive practices, which had a statistical influence on the development of COVID-19 (Table 5).
T175 15146-15393 Sentence denotes The practice of social distancing of more than six feet, maintenance of hand hygiene, ensuring the appropriate duration of hand washings, compliance with N-95 mask fit checks were found to be protective when analyzed against COVID-19 test results.
T176 15395-15405 Sentence denotes Discussion
T177 15406-15683 Sentence denotes COVID-19 has already taken a great toll on human lives and has disrupted human routines in an unprecedented manner [9]. Healthcare systems are devastated by the increasing number of cases, and the healthcare workers are exposed to the highest risk of contracting the infection.
T178 15684-15822 Sentence denotes Infection prevention practices are the mainstay of minimizing the risk of transmission, helping in mitigating the spread of this pandemic.
T179 15823-15958 Sentence denotes In this study, we have analyzed the preventive practices of patients presenting to an outpatient clinic for the testing for SARS-CoV-2.
T180 15959-16157 Sentence denotes The self-reported compliance was statistically analyzed with the COVID-19 RT-PCR reports to observe the association between the adherence to the preventive practices and their COVID-19 test results.
T181 16158-16208 Sentence denotes There are some significant findings in this study.
T182 16209-16391 Sentence denotes In the analysis of the socio-demographic features, there was no statistical correlation between the individuals' age, gender, socioeconomic status, and chances of acquiring COVID-19.
T183 16392-16608 Sentence denotes Though there are conflicting reports of age and gender as risk factors for acquiring the disease, the pandemic has crossed geographical and socio-economic boundaries to infect citizens at an exponential rate [10-12].
T184 16609-16724 Sentence denotes The resident doctors were at a lower risk of contracting the infection when compared with other healthcare workers.
T185 16725-16968 Sentence denotes They are the frontline workers in our hospital, being at the highest risk of exposure due to the nature of the work they use to perform, including aerosol-generating procedures, which carry the highest risk for transmission of the disease [3].
T186 16969-17149 Sentence denotes We assume that they adhered to the infection prevention practices to the maximum extent, leading to a lower incidence of COVID-19 amongst them while being present at the forefront.
T187 17150-17286 Sentence denotes The prophylactic use of hydroxychloroquine was associated with some protection level (p=0.059), which was not statistically significant.
T188 17287-17464 Sentence denotes With its in-vitro effectivity against SARS-CoV-2 and good lung concentration, hydroxychloroquine is a drug candidate selected to be used as prophylaxis against COVID-19 [13-15].
T189 17465-17561 Sentence denotes But the actual protection level is still unknown, and it is to be established by larger studies.
T190 17562-17678 Sentence denotes It was found in the study that the alternative medicines were effective against COVID-19 while taken as prophylaxis.
T191 17679-17883 Sentence denotes These medications are considered as immunity boosters and used by a larger portion of society in this subcontinent, though the actual form of the alternative medications was not enquired of in this study.
T192 17884-18273 Sentence denotes We do not conclude about the prophylactic role of these medications here as the possible reason for the apparent protection conferred by the alternative medications might lie in the fact that people exercising such measures are more conscious about other preventive practices like mask use and social distancing, which are proven to be effective in preventing the transmission of COVID-19.
T193 18274-18435 Sentence denotes The social distancing of more than six feet was found to be statistically relevant as a protective measure against COVID-19 and should be practiced at all times.
T194 18436-18524 Sentence denotes There is an established role of social distancing to mitigate the spread of the disease.
T195 18525-18765 Sentence denotes A systematic review had concluded that the transmission of the virus becomes significantly lower when a physical distancing of 1 meter (~ three feet) or more was maintained (n= 10,736, pooled adjusted odds ratio 0.18, 95% CI 0.09-0.38) [2].
T196 18766-18863 Sentence denotes The authors have also shown that the degree of protection improves if the distance is increased. 
T197 18864-19090 Sentence denotes It was not surprising that participants who reported to wash their hands at regular intervals while maintaining appropriate duration and who used their N-95 masks with recommended fit check were protected against this disease.
T198 19091-19298 Sentence denotes The practice of hand hygiene has been strongly recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) both for the general public and the health care workers as a part of contact precaution against COVID-19 [3].
T199 19299-19580 Sentence denotes While analyzing the practice of using PPE and PPE kits among frontline healthcare workers (n=150), we did not find any significant statistical correlation between their use and the chances of acquiring COVID-19 except for the use of face shields, which were found to be protective.
T200 19581-19658 Sentence denotes But no concluding remarks could not be made owing to the smaller sample size.
T201 19659-19801 Sentence denotes The study's major strength is that all the samples were tested by RT-PCR, which is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
T202 19802-19940 Sentence denotes This study is one of the first studies from India to report a direct association with preventive practices with the COVID-19 test results.
T203 19941-20053 Sentence denotes This study design was based on telephonic interviews, which might be responsible for some degree of recall bias.
T204 20054-20178 Sentence denotes There is some missing data for some of the participants, mainly due to network outages during the telephonic communications.
T205 20179-20375 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it was performed in a single center involving a specific population of patients; thus, the results may not be considered a reflection of the general population's behavioral practices.
T206 20376-20548 Sentence denotes There is a considerable amount of fear associated with this disease due to its rapid spread, high transmissibility, and substantial mortality in the susceptible population.
T207 20549-20709 Sentence denotes The general public is already aware of the infection prevention practices against COVID-19, which are already circulated in the news, printed, and social media.
T208 20710-20893 Sentence denotes There are several numbers of studies all over the world regarding the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the general population and healthcare workers during this pandemic [16-18].
T209 20894-21094 Sentence denotes But, it has been observed in other studies that people actually fail to practice the preventive measures in a consistent manner, which is largely responsible for the progression of this pandemic [19].
T210 21095-21273 Sentence denotes Thus, religious adherence to the preventive practices by the general public and healthcare workers can help implement proper preventive strategies in the current global scenario.
T211 21275-21286 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T212 21287-21463 Sentence denotes It is beyond any doubt that we have to adhere to the infection prevention practices against COVID-19 till an effective and safe vaccine becomes available to the general public.
T213 21464-21693 Sentence denotes Our study shows that it is not the socio-demographic factors but the lack of preventive practices that are statistically associated with the development of the disease among the attendees of a COVID-19 clinic in an urban setting.
T214 21694-21916 Sentence denotes The social distancing of more than six feet, maintaining hand hygiene at frequent intervals, and ensuring N-95 mask fitness were three major practices that showed protection against the disease when analyzed statistically.
T215 21917-22259 Sentence denotes Pre-exposure prophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine did not show any protective role, and the prophylactic role of the alternative medicines against COVID-19 is unclear in this study. Finally, the preventive practices go hand in hand with the awareness against the disease, and they are only effective when followed in every aspect of our lives.
T216 22260-22445 Sentence denotes Adherence to these practices is still not satisfactory; thus, behavioral modifications are required in the general public's day-to-day lives to follow preventive practices consistently.
T217 22447-22507 Sentence denotes The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
T218 22508-22520 Sentence denotes Human Ethics
T219 22521-22576 Sentence denotes Consent was obtained by all participants in this study.
T220 22577-22706 Sentence denotes Institute Ethics Committee, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi issued approval IEC – 441/22.05.2020, RP – 29/2020
T221 22707-22720 Sentence denotes Animal Ethics
T222 22721-22737 Sentence denotes Animal subjects:
T223 22738-22823 Sentence denotes All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue.
T224 22825-22946 Sentence denotes The authors wish to thank the staff in the Employee Health Scheme (EHS) clinic for their contribution in data collection.