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PMC:7755033 / 2086-14590 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
69 251-255 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
70 563-574 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
71 599-612 Species denotes coronaviridae Tax:11118
72 692-702 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
73 769-784 Species denotes β-coronaviruses Tax:694002
74 1116-1127 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
75 61-75 Disease denotes viral diseases MESH:D001102
76 196-229 Disease denotes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome MESH:D045169
77 278-310 Disease denotes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MESH:D018352
78 312-316 Disease denotes MERS MESH:D018352
79 434-443 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
80 733-741 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
81 912-920 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
82 935-941 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
83 1055-1061 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
96 1310-1315 Gene denotes spike Gene:43740568
97 1145-1158 Species denotes Coronaviruses Tax:11118
98 1202-1216 Species denotes ssRNA) viruses Tax:439488
99 1404-1417 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
100 1443-1453 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
101 1502-1510 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
102 1515-1523 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
103 1588-1599 Species denotes Coronavirus Tax:11118
104 1993-2003 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
105 1849-1858 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
106 1878-1906 Disease denotes respiratory tract infections MESH:D012141
107 1911-1934 Disease denotes multi-organ dysfunction MESH:D009102
109 3081-3094 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
132 3515-3520 Gene denotes IFN-α Gene:3439
133 3401-3407 Species denotes People Tax:9606
134 3677-3694 Species denotes novel coronavirus Tax:2697049
135 3811-3819 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
136 3885-3893 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
137 3954-3959 Species denotes human Tax:9606
138 4058-4065 Species denotes ferrets Tax:9669
139 4090-4094 Species denotes mice Tax:10090
140 4210-4218 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
141 3523-3542 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
142 3544-3565 Chemical denotes chloroquine phosphate MESH:C023676
143 3567-3576 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
144 3581-3588 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
145 3752-3771 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
146 3352-3360 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
147 3387-3395 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
148 3703-3712 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
149 3793-3801 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
150 3802-3810 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
151 3881-3884 Disease denotes HIV MESH:D015658
152 4194-4204 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
153 4251-4279 Disease denotes respiratory tract infections MESH:D012141
175 4704-4708 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
176 5095-5099 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
177 5460-5464 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
178 5555-5560 Gene denotes Spike Gene:43740568
179 5761-5765 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
180 4334-4339 Species denotes human Tax:9606
181 4351-4355 Species denotes CoVs Tax:11118
182 4622-4627 Species denotes human Tax:9606
183 4639-4652 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
184 4969-4979 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
185 5039-5049 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
186 5089-5094 Species denotes human Tax:9606
187 5248-5258 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
188 5454-5459 Species denotes human Tax:9606
189 4405-4415 Chemical denotes nucleoside MESH:D009705
190 4425-4435 Chemical denotes remdesivir MESH:C000606551
191 4437-4457 Chemical denotes tenofovir disoproxil MESH:D000068698
192 4465-4475 Chemical denotes umifenovir MESH:C086979
193 4477-4484 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
194 4490-4500 Chemical denotes lamivudine MESH:D019259
195 4502-4505 Chemical denotes 3TC MESH:D019259
205 6103-6109 Gene denotes PL-pro Gene:43740578
206 6691-6696 Gene denotes Nsp10 Gene:43740578
207 6970-6975 Gene denotes Nsp10 Gene:43740578
208 6309-6315 Gene denotes PL-pro Gene:43740578
209 5929-5939 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
210 6112-6119 Chemical denotes 3CL-pro
211 6939-6948 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
212 7044-7052 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
213 7053-7062 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
216 7303-7311 Disease denotes toxicity MESH:D064420
217 8154-8162 Disease denotes toxicity MESH:D064420
224 8627-8645 Species denotes Withania somnifera Tax:126910
225 8678-8685 Species denotes Ginseng Tax:4054
226 8692-8703 Species denotes Ashwagandha Tax:126910
227 8647-8649 Species denotes WS Tax:126910
228 8971-8982 Disease denotes hypotensive MESH:D007022
229 9036-9041 Disease denotes tumor MESH:D009369
232 9078-9107 Species denotes Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Tax:126910
233 9296-9307 Species denotes ashwagandha Tax:126910
244 9611-9615 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
245 9678-9695 Species denotes novel coronavirus Tax:2697049
246 10007-10017 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
247 9600-9602 Species denotes WS Tax:126910
248 9667-9669 Species denotes WS Tax:126910
249 9836-9838 Species denotes WS Tax:126910
250 9953-9955 Species denotes WS Tax:126910
251 9383-9395 Chemical denotes withanolides MESH:D054358
252 9652-9661 Chemical denotes withanone MESH:C560597
253 9484-9489 Disease denotes tumor MESH:D009369
256 10097-10115 Species denotes Withania somnifera Tax:126910
257 10079-10091 Chemical denotes withanolides MESH:D054358
261 10709-10749 Disease denotes Viscosalactone B Anaferine PubChem CID MESH:D006509
262 10901-10939 Disease denotes Alkaloid   Withasomnine   PubChem CID
263 10970-10978 CellLine denotes C12H12N2 CVCL:0189
273 11019-11031 Chemical denotes Withanolides MESH:D054358
274 11043-11055 Chemical denotes withanolides MESH:D054358
275 11057-11066 Chemical denotes , B, D, E
276 11068-11077 Chemical denotes anaferine
277 11079-11091 Chemical denotes withaferin A
278 11093-11105 Chemical denotes withasomnine MESH:C568582
279 11107-11116 Chemical denotes withanone MESH:C560597
280 11121-11137 Chemical denotes viscosalactone B
281 11321-11329 Chemical denotes lactones MESH:D007783
288 11370-11374 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
289 11886-11896 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
290 11789-11791 Species denotes WS Tax:126910
291 11771-11783 Chemical denotes withanolides MESH:D054358
292 11443-11463 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
293 11919-11927 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
307 12189-12193 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
308 12403-12408 Gene denotes Nsp10 Gene:43740578
309 12183-12188 Species denotes human Tax:9606
310 12204-12212 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
311 12217-12227 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
312 12245-12250 Gene denotes Spike Gene:43740568
313 11985-11993 Chemical denotes losartan MESH:D019808
314 11995-12007 Chemical denotes procainamide MESH:D011342
315 12009-12019 Chemical denotes cinacalcet MESH:D000069449
316 12021-12028 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
317 12030-12048 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
318 12050-12060 Chemical denotes oberadilol
319 12065-12075 Chemical denotes poziotinib MESH:C557213

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 434-443 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T2 1849-1858 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T3 1872-1906 Phenotype denotes lower respiratory tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002783
T4 2305-2310 Phenotype denotes shock http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031273
T5 3703-3712 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T6 4251-4279 Phenotype denotes respiratory tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T7 8318-8326 Phenotype denotes plethora http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001050
T8 8845-8853 Phenotype denotes plethora http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001050
T9 9036-9041 Phenotype denotes tumor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T10 9484-9489 Phenotype denotes tumor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T21 0-2 Sentence denotes 1.
T22 4-16 Sentence denotes Introduction
T23 17-130 Sentence denotes As per the World Health Organization (WHO), viral diseases are on the rise posing serious public health concerns.
T24 131-345 Sentence denotes Over the last twenty years, numerous viral epidemics such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002–2003, H1N1 influenza in 2009 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 have been reported.
T25 346-545 Sentence denotes Wuhan, the sprawling capital of Central China’s Hubei province very recently witnessed ‘pneumonia of unknown etiology’ that was first reported to the WHO Country Office in China on December 31, 2019.
T26 546-687 Sentence denotes The causal agent coronavirus belonging to the family coronaviridae are enveloped viruses which are divided into four genera (α, β, γ, and δ).
T27 688-870 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 virus (formerly designated as COVID-19) belonging to the class of β-coronaviruses is supposed to have evolved from bats and thereafter, spread like wildfire worldwide.
T28 871-1144 Sentence denotes A total of 43,825,003 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 1,165,289 deaths have been registered round the globe, whereas in India the confirmed cases has reached to 7,946,429 with 119,535 deaths as of October 27, 2020 (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/india/).
T29 1145-1255 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses are a large family of single stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses ranging from 60 to 140 nm in diameter.
T30 1256-1442 Sentence denotes Under the electron microscope, they appear to possess spike like projections present on the surface giving it a crown like appearance, hence named ‘coronaviruses’ (Richman et al., 2016).
T31 1443-1587 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads faster than its two predecessors (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), but has a lower fatality rate though it is highly contagious.
T32 1588-1641 Sentence denotes Coronavirus possesses four main structural proteins :
T33 1642-1754 Sentence denotes Spike (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein and nucleocapsid (N) protein (Bosch et al., 2003).
T34 1755-1935 Sentence denotes Published literature has tracked the onset of symptoms which include a pandemic of cases with pneumonia, unexplained lower respiratory tract infections and multi-organ dysfunction.
T35 1936-1992 Sentence denotes On the other hand, many reported cases are asymptomatic.
T36 1993-2072 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 has become one of the major disease pathogens in emerging outbreaks.
T37 2073-2220 Sentence denotes Intense co-operative worldwide efforts and aggressive isolation measures have more or less led to a progressive decline in the number of incidents.
T38 2221-2374 Sentence denotes The political and health authorities are making an extraordinary effort to halt the shock wave which is seriously challenging the health system globally.
T39 2375-2503 Sentence denotes Currently, therapeutic options are limited and preventive attempts to minimize social transmission are our best defence weapons.
T40 2504-2633 Sentence denotes Researchers are working diligently to find novel and/or repurposed therapeutic options to prevent and treat this global pandemic.
T41 2634-3159 Sentence denotes In this process, they have laid down three strategies , the first includes testing of existing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs (Chan et al., 2013), the second strategy is to use molecular dynamics tools to screen for natural molecules effective as therapeutic and preventive drugs (de Wilde et al., 2014; Dyalla et al., 2014), and third strategy includes the direct utilization of genomic information and pathological symptoms of different mutated coronaviruses to develop new targeted drugs from scratch (Zumla et al., 2016).
T42 3160-3361 Sentence denotes Till date, research has identified more than 30 therapeutic agents, including natural products, allopathic drugs and traditional Chinese medicines which could potentially be effective against COVID-19.
T43 3362-3713 Sentence denotes For initial treatment of COVID-19, the People's Republic of China National Health Commission (NHC) has included antiviral agents including interferon α (IFN-α), lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine phosphate, ribavirin and arbidol in the revised edition of the guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus-induced pneumonia.
T44 3714-3913 Sentence denotes Combinations of protease inhibitor(s) lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 infected patients have been evaluated which have been used previously to treat HIV patients (Liu et al., 2020).
T45 3914-4280 Sentence denotes In several animal models, including non-human primates (Fouchier et al., 2003; Kuiken et al., 2003; McAuliffe et al., 2004; Rowe et al., 2004), ferrets (Martina et al., 2003), mice (Glass et al., 2004; Hogan et al., 2004) and Syrians hamsters (Roberts et al., 2005), experimental infections with SARS-CoV have been found to cause severe respiratory tract infections.
T46 4281-4525 Sentence denotes Several antiviral therapies have been identified for human pathogenic CoVs including synthetic inhibitors of neuraminidase, nucleoside analogs, remdesivir, tenofovir disoproxil (TDF), umifenovir (arbidol) and lamivudine (3TC) (Li et al., 2005).
T47 4526-4668 Sentence denotes Studies involving identification of cellular receptors that facilitate the binding and entry of human associated coronaviruses have been done.
T48 4669-4911 Sentence denotes Angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a membrane bound aminopeptidase expressed in renal, cardiovascular, vascular and testicular tissue, as well as the small intestine (Donoghue et al., 2000; Hamming et al., 2004; Harmer et al., 2002).
T49 4912-5063 Sentence denotes It has been shown to be a co-receptor for viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 with increasing evidence that it has a significant role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
T50 5064-5247 Sentence denotes Therefore, targeting the human ACE2 receptor might block the entry and the subsequent pathophysiology of the virus and is one of the premises of the present study (Zhou et al., 2020).
T51 5248-5554 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is mediated by transmembrane spike(S) like glycoprotein that causes neutralization of antibodies, facilitates the projection of homotrimers from the viral surface, binds to human ACE2 receptor, and finally mediates membrane fusion and transport (Tortorici & Veesler, 2019).
T52 5555-5715 Sentence denotes Spike (S) protein initially cleaves itself into two functional subunits (S1 and S2) which remain non-covalently bound to each other in a prefusion conformation.
T53 5716-5928 Sentence denotes The S1 subunit is responsible for binding to ACE2, whereas S2 subunit has role in viral and host cell membrane fusion (Belouzard et al., 2009; Bosch et al., 2003; Burkard et al., 2014; Kirchdoerfer et al., 2016).
T54 5929-6111 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 also encodes a non-structural replicase polyprotein that is processed by viral proteases viz. the primary viral proteinase (3CL-pro) and the papain-like protease (PL-pro).
T55 6112-6208 Sentence denotes 3CL-pro (Nsp5) regulates viral replication and cleavage of Nsp4 to Nsp16 (Ziebuhr et al., 2000).
T56 6209-6308 Sentence denotes This main protease is another attractive therapeutic target (Anand et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2020).
T57 6309-6615 Sentence denotes PL-pro, another crucial non-structural protein, is a virally encoded cysteine protease which has a role in N-terminal processing of viral polyproteins causing release of Nsp1, Nsp2 and Nsp3 which are essential for viral replication to proceed in a correct manner (Chen et al., 2020; Harcourt et al., 2004).
T58 6616-6721 Sentence denotes Recently, the structure of two critical non-structural proteins in complex Nsp10/Nsp16 has been reported.
T59 6722-6844 Sentence denotes The complex is responsible for the modification of genetic material of virus in order to camouflage it with host cell DNA.
T60 6845-6949 Sentence denotes This permits viral evasion and escape from the immune cells of the host, thereby perpetuating infection.
T61 6950-7127 Sentence denotes Thus, targeting the Nsp10/Nsp16 complex might help in the effective combat and eradication of COVID-19 infection (https://www.anl.gov/article/new-drug-target-found-for-covid19).
T62 7128-7356 Sentence denotes In the past decade, hundreds of drugs were withdrawn from the market as a result of their failure to either exhibit the desired biological activity or due to their unexpected toxicity and adverse side effects in clinical trials.
T63 7357-7626 Sentence denotes These poor outcomes may be attributed due to lack of a planned and systematic approach to rational drug design and discovery leading to losses that place a heavy burden on the poor economic sections of the society in particular and the third world countries in general.
T64 7627-7803 Sentence denotes In the post genomic era, in silico prediction of chemical leads has a significant role in drug discovery, which has proven to be more time and cost effective (Xu et al., 2012).
T65 7804-7891 Sentence denotes Clinical studies of various drug like properties are very time consuming and expensive.
T66 7892-8034 Sentence denotes Therefore, computational techniques come is as helpful and handy before going for the expensive in vitro, in vivo studies and clinical trials.
T67 8035-8233 Sentence denotes Computational techniques can filter and predict the druglikeness, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) criteria of a prospective drug candidate (Cheng et al., 2012).
T68 8234-8458 Sentence denotes In this context, Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine encompassing a plethora of medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents(s) with proven diverse pharmacological activities, has remained largely unexplored.
T69 8459-8626 Sentence denotes Thus, Ayurveda offers a staggering array of natural products and prospective therapeutic agents for evaluation against the causal agent of the ongoing global pandemic.
T70 8627-9062 Sentence denotes Withania somnifera (WS), commonly known as ‘Indian Ginseng’ and ‘Ashwagandha’ in Hindi, belongs to family Solanaceae (Figure 1) and holds an important position in Ayurveda owing to its broad therapeutic spectrum and a plethora of pharmacological activities including anti-spasmodic, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, nerve soothing, hypotensive, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-stress and anti-tumor (Jain et al., 2012).
T71 9063-9309 Sentence denotes Figure 1. (a) Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Habit (b) Leaves (c) Flower (d) Fruit (e) Stem (Image courtesy naturesalive.wordpress.com, www.nmpb.nic.in, www.flowersofindia.net, Jain et al. (2012), https://stock.adobe.com/in/search?k=ashwagandha).
T72 9310-9507 Sentence denotes The plant comprises 29 natural secondary metabolites commonly called as ‘withanolides’ extracted from leaves, stems, roots, and flowers which are known for their potent anti-tumor effect (Table 1).
T73 9508-9765 Sentence denotes Some previous studies have reported the anti-influenza properties of active constituents of WS against H1N1 influenza and antiviral activity of withanone from WS against novel coronavirus (Balakrishnan et al., 2014; Cai et al., 2015; Varshney et al., 2020).
T74 9766-9857 Sentence denotes However, still, not much is known regarding the antiviral activity of WS phytoconstituents.
T75 9858-10060 Sentence denotes Therefore, one of the main aims of the present study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of WS phytoconstituents against major target proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of the ongoing pandemic.
T76 10061-10069 Sentence denotes Table 1.
T77 10071-10116 Sentence denotes List of withanolides from Withania somnifera.
T78 10117-10145 Sentence denotes Withaferin A Withanolide A
T79 10146-10158 Sentence denotes PubChem CID:
T80 10159-10179 Sentence denotes 265237 PubChem CID:
T81 10180-10188 Sentence denotes 11294368
T82 10189-10245 Sentence denotes Molecular Formula: C28H38O6 Molecular Formula: C28H38O6
T83 10246-10261 Sentence denotes Chemical Class:
T84 10262-10296 Sentence denotes Steroidal Lactone Chemical Class:
T85 10297-10314 Sentence denotes Steroidal Lactone
T86 10315-10344 Sentence denotes Withanolide B Withanolide D
T87 10345-10357 Sentence denotes PubChem CID:
T88 10358-10380 Sentence denotes 14236711 PubChem CID:
T89 10381-10387 Sentence denotes 161671
T90 10388-10444 Sentence denotes Molecular Formula: C28H38O5 Molecular Formula: C28H38O6
T91 10445-10460 Sentence denotes Chemical Class:
T92 10461-10495 Sentence denotes Steroidal Lactone Chemical Class:
T93 10496-10513 Sentence denotes Steroidal Lactone
T94 10514-10539 Sentence denotes Withanolide E Withanone
T95 10540-10552 Sentence denotes PubChem CID:
T96 10553-10573 Sentence denotes 301751 PubChem CID:
T97 10574-10582 Sentence denotes 21679027
T98 10583-10639 Sentence denotes Molecular Formula: C28H38O7 Molecular Formula: C28H38O6
T99 10640-10655 Sentence denotes Chemical Class:
T100 10656-10690 Sentence denotes Steroidal Lactone Chemical Class:
T101 10691-10708 Sentence denotes Steroidal Lactone
T102 10709-10737 Sentence denotes Viscosalactone B Anaferine
T103 10738-10750 Sentence denotes PubChem CID:
T104 10751-10773 Sentence denotes 57403080 PubChem CID:
T105 10774-10780 Sentence denotes 443143
T106 10781-10838 Sentence denotes Molecular Formula: C28H40O7 Molecular Formula: C13H24N2O
T107 10839-10854 Sentence denotes Chemical Class:
T108 10855-10889 Sentence denotes Steroidal Lactone Chemical Class:
T109 10890-10909 Sentence denotes Piperidine Alkaloid
T110 10910-10911 Sentence denotes  
T111 10912-10927 Sentence denotes Withasomnine  
T112 10928-10940 Sentence denotes PubChem CID:
T113 10941-10950 Sentence denotes 442877  
T114 10951-10981 Sentence denotes Molecular Formula: C12H12N2  
T115 10982-10997 Sentence denotes Chemical Class:
T116 10998-11261 Sentence denotes Pyrazole Alkaloid   Withanolides, including withanolides A, B, D, E, anaferine, withaferin A, withasomnine, withanone and viscosalactone B (Table 1) are responsible for various pharmacological activities as detailed above (Jain et al., 2012; Misra et al., 2008).
T117 11262-11330 Sentence denotes They belong to chemical classes of alkaloids and steroidal lactones.
T118 11331-11464 Sentence denotes Agents that can preferentially bind to ACE2 receptor can be thought of as promising ‘preventive’ agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T119 11465-11690 Sentence denotes Alternately, agents that bind to main viral proteins can interfere and/or block crucial stages in the viral life cycle such as viral entry, replication, membrane fusion and hence, can function as promising therapeutic agents.
T120 11691-11928 Sentence denotes The present paper attempts to highlight the preventive/therapeutic potential of withanolides from WS as promising antiviral agents to augment our limited armamentarium of drugs available against SARS-CoV-2 to effectively combat COVID-19.
T121 11929-12360 Sentence denotes All the standard reference drugs used in the study like losartan, procainamide, cinacalcet, arbidol, hydroxychloroquine, oberadilol and poziotinib are FDA-approved drugs that were chosen for their specific binding to proteins selected for the study viz. human ACE2 receptor, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 target proteins (Spike S glycoprotein, protease) as referenced in literature (Arya et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020, Wu et al., 2020).
T122 12361-12504 Sentence denotes Since there is no available literature on Nsp10/Nsp16 complex, two randomly selected reference drugs were chosen against it in binding studies.