Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T352 |
0-15 |
Sentence |
denotes |
B Cell Response |
T353 |
16-104 |
Sentence |
denotes |
B cells, along with T cells, form the central adaptive response during viral infections. |
T354 |
105-235 |
Sentence |
denotes |
B cell response is highly specific, mounted by the virus-specific antibodies and other effector cytokines secreted by these cells. |
T355 |
236-417 |
Sentence |
denotes |
B cell activation can be follicular helper T (TFH) cell-dependent, or in some instances, independent of helper cells; both instances are prevalent in COVID-19 (Mathew et al., 2020). |
T356 |
418-701 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Under the influence of antigen-presenting dendritic cells, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into TFH cells, which are marked by high expressions of CXCR5 and IL-21, and low expressions of CCR7, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 (Rasheed et al., 2006; Nurieva et al., 2008; Morita et al., 2011). |
T357 |
702-895 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The activated TFH cells interact with B cells via CD40R-CD40L and other associated receptors to induce the production of antigen-specific antibodies in a well-coordinated and regulated process. |
T358 |
896-1124 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This CD40R-CD40L interaction along with the secretion of IL-21 also allows the formation of long-lived memory B cells, while B cell-derived IL-6 and IL-27 help in reciprocal maintenance of TFH cells (Nurieva et al., 2008, 2009). |
T359 |
1125-1289 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A previous animal study has shown the essential role of these helper cells in mounting an adequate antibody response against SARS-CoV infection (Chen et al., 2010). |
T360 |
1290-1398 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The depletion of these cells was associated with a decline in antibody response and reduced viral clearance. |
T361 |
1399-1517 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Thus, virus-specific antibodies produced by B cells are critical for an effective immune response mounted by the host. |
T362 |
1518-1722 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These antibodies facilitate the clearance of the virus by either directly activating phagocytosis, opsonization, or activation of the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) via effector NK cells. |
T363 |
1723-1834 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Cytokines released by the activation of innate and adaptive immune systems also activate the complement system. |
T364 |
1835-1984 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Viruses coated with the secreted antibodies from plasma cells eventually get eliminated by the complement system, reviewed by Risitano et al. (2020). |