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PMC:7736111 / 55001-60580 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T14 3421-3445 Phenotype denotes interstitial pneumonitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0006515

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1437 489-492 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1438 541-544 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1439 579-582 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1440 611-614 Gene denotes TH1 Gene:51497
1441 927-931 Gene denotes IL-4 Gene:3565
1442 936-940 Gene denotes IL-5 Gene:3567
1443 1076-1081 Gene denotes IL-17 Gene:3605
1444 672-675 Gene denotes TH1 Gene:51497
1445 878-886 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1446 1039-1047 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1447 1231-1239 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1448 1368-1375 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
1449 834-837 Chemical denotes TH2
1450 106-120 Disease denotes virus-infected MESH:D001102
1451 282-290 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1452 728-746 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infection MESH:C000657245
1453 869-877 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1454 1222-1230 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1455 1268-1278 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1491 1463-1468 Gene denotes IFN-γ Gene:3458
1492 1525-1531 Gene denotes B7-1/2 Gene:941
1493 1550-1554 Gene denotes IL-6 Gene:3569
1494 1715-1719 Gene denotes CCL3 Gene:6348
1495 1721-1725 Gene denotes CCL4 Gene:6351
1496 1727-1731 Gene denotes CCL5 Gene:6352
1497 1733-1737 Gene denotes CCL8 Gene:6355
1498 1831-1835 Gene denotes IL-2 Gene:3558
1499 1837-1842 Gene denotes IFN-γ Gene:3458
1500 1855-1860 Gene denotes TNF-α Gene:7124
1501 1955-1958 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1502 2096-2099 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1503 2110-2114 Gene denotes IL-2 Gene:3558
1504 2135-2138 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1505 2268-2271 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1506 2332-2335 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1507 2452-2455 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1508 2602-2606 Gene denotes CCL3 Gene:6348
1509 2608-2612 Gene denotes CCL4 Gene:6351
1510 2614-2618 Gene denotes CCL5 Gene:6352
1511 2620-2625 Gene denotes CXCL9 Gene:4283
1512 2631-2637 Gene denotes CXCL10 Gene:3627
1513 3061-3066 Gene denotes IFN-γ Gene:3458
1514 3071-3076 Gene denotes TNF-α Gene:7124
1515 1740-1743 Gene denotes TH1 Gene:51497
1516 1416-1419 Gene denotes TH1 Gene:51497
1517 1406-1414 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
1518 3153-3157 Species denotes CoVs Tax:11118
1519 2377-2380 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
1520 1384-1400 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
1521 1779-1788 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1522 1899-1918 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infections MESH:C000657245
1523 2660-2668 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1524 2732-2740 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1525 3140-3149 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1539 3267-3270 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1540 3362-3365 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1541 4012-4015 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1542 4023-4026 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1543 3692-3695 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1544 3701-3704 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1545 3549-3552 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1546 3540-3543 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1547 3281-3289 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
1548 3731-3739 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1549 3434-3445 Disease denotes pneumonitis MESH:D011014
1550 3863-3881 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infection MESH:C000657245
1551 4082-4100 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infection MESH:C000657245
1567 4158-4161 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1568 4167-4170 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1569 4287-4290 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1570 4354-4358 Gene denotes IL-2 Gene:3558
1571 4360-4365 Gene denotes IL-21 Gene:59067
1572 4392-4397 Gene denotes CD40L Gene:959
1573 4445-4448 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1574 4518-4521 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1575 4547-4552 Gene denotes IL-10 Gene:3586
1576 4590-4593 Gene denotes CD4 Gene:920
1577 4599-4602 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
1578 4668-4676 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1579 4255-4260 Chemical denotes TCR-p
1580 4235-4244 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1581 4650-4667 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infected MESH:C000657245
1587 5230-5240 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1588 5569-5577 Species denotes Patients Tax:9606
1589 4978-4987 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1590 5387-5395 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1591 5560-5568 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T317 0-15 Sentence denotes T Cell Response
T318 16-229 Sentence denotes Generation of early adaptive immune response is critical for the selective elimination of virus-infected cells and neutralization of viral antigens, thereby preventing the damage to the underlying lung parenchyma.
T319 230-435 Sentence denotes Cytokines, chemokines, PAMPs, and DAMPs released by infected ATII and activated AMs in the lung are adequate to mount a well-coordinated and regulated adaptive immune response by priming lung resident DCs.
T320 436-554 Sentence denotes After encountering the antigen-presenting DCs, naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into effector and memory CD4+ T cells.
T321 555-777 Sentence denotes At least five different CD4+ T cell lineages are known (TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH, and TREG cells) with prominent roles of TH1 and TFH cells in mounting antiviral response during SARS-CoV infection (Channappanavar et al., 2014).
T322 778-887 Sentence denotes Additionally, some studies have also shown a functional TH2 response in PBMCs derived from COVID-19 patients.
T323 888-1021 Sentence denotes Release of TH2 specific cytokines like IL-4 and IL-5 was observed in vitro after these cells were stimulated (Weiskopf et al., 2020).
T324 1022-1169 Sentence denotes Similarly, these patients show enhanced production of IL-17 along with other TH17 cell-specific cytokines (Liu J. et al., 2020; Wu and Yang, 2020).
T325 1170-1376 Sentence denotes These findings suggest that the TH cell response in COVID-19 patients is complex concerning other infections, and this complexity may partly depend upon the prevailing pathophysiological state of a patient.
T326 1377-1541 Sentence denotes During viral infections like SARS-CoV, TH1 differentiation is influenced by IL-12 and IFN-γ secreted by DCs along with co-stimulatory signaling via B7-1/2 and CD28.
T327 1542-1679 Sentence denotes Whereas IL-6 secreted by DCs influence TFH differentiation to aid in antibody secretion by B cells (Tang et al., 2008; Lau et al., 2012).
T328 1680-1937 Sentence denotes Under the influence of chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8), TH1 cells are recruited to the site of infection and are distinguished by the secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α as the main effector cytokines during SARS-CoV infections (Li et al., 2008).
T329 1938-2109 Sentence denotes Similarly, naive CD8+ T cells are activated by DCs by engaging MHC-I and TCR receptors, along with CD28-B7 co-stimulatory signaling and cytokines released by CD4+ T cells.
T330 2110-2258 Sentence denotes IL-2 secreted chiefly by CD4+ T cells is also implicated in their long-term maintenance and proliferation (Eickhoff et al., 2015; Hor et al., 2015).
T331 2259-2435 Sentence denotes Notably, CD8+ T cells could also be activated independently of help from CD4+ T cells under conditions where a robust IFN Type I response is present (Wiesel and Oxenius, 2012).
T332 2436-2652 Sentence denotes These activated CD8+ T cells [also referred to as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)] get subsequently recruited to the effector organ under the influence of chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10) (Nolz, 2015).
T333 2653-2852 Sentence denotes At the infected site, CTLs mount an antiviral response by directly killing the infected cells via secretion of cytotoxic molecules like granzymes, perforins, granulysin, and other cytotoxic granules.
T334 2853-3100 Sentence denotes Very recently, a study shows that CTLs secrete the granzymes and perforins as supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs) in a glycoprotein complex along with over 283 other proteins (including cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α) (Bálint et al., 2020).
T335 3101-3202 Sentence denotes It will be interesting to know whether infection by CoVs also influences the release of SMAP by CTLs.
T336 3203-3344 Sentence denotes Animal studies have revealed the critical molecular insights of CD4+ cells in SARS-CoV clearance and attenuation of a pathological condition.
T337 3345-3484 Sentence denotes The depletion of CD4+ cells was associated with reduced virus clearance and interstitial pneumonitis (Jin et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2006).
T338 3485-3610 Sentence denotes In comparison, the adoptive transfer of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells resulted in viral clearance (Zhao et al., 2010).
T339 3611-3827 Sentence denotes Similarly, clinical data has consistently shown the presence of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the recovered patients, akin to what was found in immunized animals, reviewed in Channappanavar et al. (2014).
T340 3828-3964 Sentence denotes On the other hand, severe cases of SARS-CoV infection were associated with a decline in T cells, as will be discussed in later sections.
T341 3965-4138 Sentence denotes Thus, based on these animal and clinical data, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were central to the antiviral response during SARS-CoV infection (Peng et al., 2006; Oh et al., 2012).
T342 4139-4254 Sentence denotes A subset of primed CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differentiates into long-acting memory cells after the infection subsides.
T343 4255-4428 Sentence denotes TCR-p: MHCII signaling helps in CD4+ T memory cell formation along with presence of cytokines like IL-2, IL-21 and interaction via CD40R-CD40L (Jaigirdar and MacLeod, 2015).
T344 4429-4576 Sentence denotes Similarly, This CD8+ T cell transition to memory cells take place under the influence of CD8+ TREG cells via secreted IL-10 (Laidlaw et al., 2015).
T345 4577-4714 Sentence denotes Long lasting CD4+ and CD8+ T memory cells were detected in the recovered SARS-CoV infected patients (Peng et al., 2006; Li et al., 2008).
T346 4715-4875 Sentence denotes Besides, other T cells subsets which are involved in antiviral response include unconventional NKT cells (CD56+) and MAIT (mucosa-associated invariant T) cells.
T347 4876-5045 Sentence denotes NKT cells act at the interface between innate and adaptive immune response and traffic to the site of infection under the influence of cytokines (Tsay and Zouali, 2018).
T348 5046-5154 Sentence denotes MAIT cells reside in the mucosal lining, such as in the lungs where they serve an immunoregulatory function.
T349 5155-5297 Sentence denotes Both these cell types play an essential role in the early clearance of the SARS-CoV-2, along with other T cell subsets (Grifoni et al., 2020).
T350 5298-5408 Sentence denotes Strategies to enhance their function are proposed to enhance the virial clearance during COVID-19 (Cao, 2020).
T351 5409-5579 Sentence denotes Role of these cells will be further discussed under the dysfunctional immune response in section “T and B Cell Response in Mild/Moderate and Recovered COVID-19 Patients.”