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Implementation of Hospital Practices Supportive of Breastfeeding in the Context of COVID-19 — United States, July 15–August 20, 2020
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Breastfeeding has health benefits for both infants and mothers and is recommended by numerous health and medical organizations*,† (1). The birth hospitalization is a critical period for establishing breastfeeding; however, some hospital practices, particularly related to mother-newborn contact, have given rise to concern about the potential for mother-to-newborn transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (2). CDC conducted a COVID-19 survey (July 15–August 20, 2020) among 1,344 hospitals that completed the 2018 Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) survey to assess current practices and breastfeeding support while in the hospital. Among mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, 14.0% of hospitals discouraged and 6.5% prohibited skin-to-skin care; 37.8% discouraged and 5.3% prohibited rooming-in; 20.1% discouraged direct breastfeeding but allowed it if the mother chose; and 12.7% did not support direct breastfeeding, but encouraged feeding of expressed breast milk. In response to the pandemic, 17.9% of hospitals reported reduced in-person lactation support, and 72.9% reported discharging mothers and their newborns <48 hours after birth. Some of the infection prevention and control (IPC) practices that hospitals were implementing conflicted with evidence-based care to support breastfeeding. Mothers who are separated from their newborn or not feeding directly at the breast might need additional postdischarge breastfeeding support. In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that newborns discharged before 48 hours receive prompt follow-up with a pediatric health care provider.
Peripartum practices, including immediate maternal-newborn skin-to-skin contact, enabling mothers and newborns to room-in together, and teaching mothers to breastfeed (e.g., demonstrating good positioning and attachment and supporting mothers to express breast milk if they are temporarily separated from their newborns), are recommended worldwide for implementation in birth hospitals (3,4). These practices have a positive impact on both short- and long-term breastfeeding outcomes, which in turn benefit maternal and child health (5,6). Guidance on care during the birth hospitalization has evolved with the pandemic and at times has varied across public health and professional medical organizations.
CDC’s mPINC survey is a census of all birth hospitals in the United States and its territories.§ The 2,039 hospitals that completed the 2018 mPINC survey (70% response) were sent an e-mail link to a 13-item COVID-19 survey, conducted using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) (version 10.0.08; Vanderbilt University). The survey was open during July 15–August 20, 2020 and asked about current hospital practices. Maternity services had been closed at 22 hospitals, and 130 e-mailed surveys were undeliverable (i.e., e-mails bounced back). Overall, 1,344 hospitals completed the survey (66.6% overall response rate; 71.2% among delivered surveys). Hospitals were asked about their actual or planned approach to managing maternity patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (as defined by the hospital), and the approximate number of these patients they had cared for. Descriptive analyses were conducted using SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.¶ Data on annual births and hospital type were obtained from the 2018 mPINC survey.
Among 1,343 hospitals with available information, 724 (53.9%) had cared for one to 19 newborns whose mothers had confirmed COVID-19; 152 (11.4%) had cared for 20 or more, and 457 (34.0%) had not cared for any (Table 1). Approximately one half of the hospitals reported fewer than 1,000 annual births, 42.0% reported 1,000–4,999, and 2.8% reported 5,000 or more. The majority (78.8%) of hospitals were nonprofit.
TABLE 1 Characteristics of hospitals participating in CDC’s Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) COVID-19 survey — U.S. states and territories, July 15–August 20, 2020
Characteristic No. (%)
Total responding hospitals 1,344 (100.0)
No. of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19 since the start of the pandemic*
0 457 (34.0)
1–19 724 (53.9)
20–59 111 (8.3)
60–99 24 (1.8)
≥100 17 (1.3)
Do not know 10 (0.7)
Hospital type †
Nonprofit 1,059 (78.8)
Private 221 (16.4)
Government/Military 64 (4.8)
Hospital annual births †
<500 438 (32.6)
500–999 305 (22.7)
1,000–1,999 285 (21.2)
2,000–4,999 279 (20.8)
≥5,000 37 (2.8)
Abbreviation: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
* Because of a missing response, the sample size for this question is 1,343. Hospitals were asked to estimate the approximate number of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19; no definition of confirmed COVID-19 was provided.
† Hospital type and annual births were reported by hospitals in the 2018 mPINC survey. Among 1,344 birth hospitals, 1,211 (90.2%) reported having enough COVID-19 tests, and 864 (64.3%) were performing universal COVID-19 testing of women admitted to labor and delivery (Table 2). Few hospitals (4.8%) reported separating all mothers and newborns until the mother received a negative test result, and 28.6% separated newborns and mothers if the mother was symptomatic or had a known exposure until test results were obtained; 24.2% separated mothers and newborns only if the mother received a positive test result.
TABLE 2 Hospital maternity care practices and breastfeeding support in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic — U.S. states and territories, July 15–August 20, 2020
Hospital maternity care practices (no. with available information) No. (%)
Universal COVID-19 testing among women admitted to labor and delivery (1,344) 864 (64.3)
Adequate COVID-19 tests available for women admitted to labor and delivery (1,343) 1,211 (90.2)
Is hospital separating mothers and newborns until the mother receives a negative COVID-19 test? (1,322)
Yes, all newborns are separated until mother receives a negative result 64 (4.8)
No, newborns are only separated from mothers with symptoms or known exposure while awaiting results 378 (28.6)
No, all mothers and newborns remain together until the mother receives a positive result 320 (24.2)
No, all mothers and newborns are kept together regardless of symptoms, known exposure, or test results 560 (42.4)
Skin-to-skin care in the first hour after birth of a healthy newborn whose mother has suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,335)
Encouraged 178 (13.3)
Determined case-by-case as shared decision with the mother 883 (66.1)
Discouraged 187 (14.0)
Prohibited 87 (6.5)
Rooming-in for newborns of mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
Encouraged; no precautions required 34 (2.6)
Encouraged with precautions to maintain distance 726 (54.4)
Discouraged, but allowed if mother’s preference 504 (37.8)
Prohibited; newborn was cared for in a room separate from mother 70 (5.3)
Breastfeeding for mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
Direct breastfeeding encouraged with precautions (e.g., mask, handwashing) 893 (66.9)
Direct breastfeeding discouraged but allowed with precautions if mother chooses 268 (20.1)
Direct breastfeeding not supported, but mothers encouraged to express breast milk for feeding by a healthy caregiver 170 (12.7)
Formula feeding recommended 3 (0.2)
Mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 who are not breastfeeding are supported to start expressing breast milk (1,316)
Within 1 hr of birth 438 (33.3)
1–3 hrs after birth 645 (49.0)
4–6 hrs after birth 195 (14.8)
Timing is not a consideration 34 (2.6)
Mothers are discouraged from expressing breast milk 4 (0.3)
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, direct lactation support has decreased (1,339) 239 (17.9)
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospital is discharging mothers and newborns <48 hrs after birth (1,337) 975 (72.9)
Postdischarge breastfeeding support currently offered by the hospital* (1,344)
In-person breastfeeding support consultations 802 (59.7)
Virtual breastfeeding consultations 655 (48.7)
Information on how to access a breast pump 1,047 (77.9)
Renting or lending hospital-grade breast pumps 469 (34.9)
Hospital exclusive breastfeeding rate since start of the pandemic (1,341)
Increased 152 (11.3)
Decreased 164 (12.2)
Stayed about the same 924 (68.9)
Don’t know 101 (7.5)
Abbreviation: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
* Hospital could indicate all types of discharge support that applied. Overall, 178 (13.3%) hospitals encouraged skin-to-skin contact between mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and their newborns immediately after birth, and 883 (66.1%) decided this on a case-by-case basis; 187 (14.0%) hospitals discouraged, and 87 (6.5%) prohibited skin-to-skin contact between mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and their newborns. Approximately one half of hospitals (726; 54.4%) encouraged rooming-in for mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, with precautions to maintain distance, whereas 504 (37.8%) discouraged and 70 (5.3%) prohibited rooming-in. Approximately two thirds of hospitals supported direct breastfeeding with precautions (e.g., mask use and handwashing) for mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (893; 66.9%), whereas 268 (20.1%) discouraged direct breastfeeding but would allow it according to mother’s choice, and 170 (12.7%) did not support direct breastfeeding but encouraged expressed breast milk feeding by a healthy caregiver. When mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were not breastfeeding directly, 438 (33.3%) hospitals reported supporting expression of breast milk within 1 hour of birth, and 645 (49.0%) within 1–3 hours.
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, 239 (17.9%) hospitals reported decreased access to in-person lactation support and 72.9% discharged mothers and newborns <48 hours after birth. After discharge, 802 (59.7%) and 655 (48.7%) hospitals offered in-person and virtual breastfeeding consultations, respectively. Since the start of the pandemic, 924 hospitals (68.9%) reported that their exclusive breastfeeding rates during hospitalization had stayed about the same, and similar percentages reported increases (11.3%), compared with decreases (12.2%).
Discussion
During a 5-week period (July 15–August 20) when many areas of the country were experiencing substantial community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, hospitals were implementing a variety of practices intended to balance evidence-based maternity care with COVID-19-related IPC. Hospital practices are likely evolving along with the pandemic (7), potentially driven by multiple factors, including level of community transmission, guidance from public health and medical professional organizations, and a hospital’s own experience in preparation for or caring for pregnant women and newborns with COVID-19.
Various organizations have promulgated COVID-19 guidance on care for pregnant women and newborns, which at times has been conflicting. The World Health Organization recommends that mothers with COVID-19 be able to practice skin-to-skin care, rooming-in, and direct breastfeeding while wearing a mask, unless they are too ill to do so**; similar guidance is supported by the American Academy of Family Physicians,†† and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists§§ promotes shared decision-making with the mother and the health care team. On the other hand, when this survey was launched, CDC and AAP recommended temporary separation of newborns from mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (8). During data collection for this survey, CDC (August 3¶¶) and AAP (July 22***) updated their guidance, supporting maternal autonomy in decision-making. Changes in guidance reflect evolving knowledge about the virus and its potential impact on newborns. To date, there has been no definitive evidence of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk. In addition, there have been reports of secretory immunoglobulin A against SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk samples of women with COVID-19, suggesting that breastfeeding might be particularly important for newborns of mothers with COVID-19 (9).
One third of hospitals in this study reported not having cared for any neonates born to mothers with COVID-19; however, others had extensive experience, including 17 hospitals reporting caring for at least 100 of these newborns. Follow-up of mothers with COVID-19 delivering at three large New York birth hospitals found reduced breastfeeding rates both in the hospital and after returning home among mothers who had been separated from their newborns (7). After identification of this finding, and the observed stress among mothers and newborns as a result of separation, the hospital system revised its policy and began to allow asymptomatic mothers with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 to room-in and breastfeed.
Nearly one in five hospitals in this study reported that in-person lactation support had decreased during the pandemic. Approximately 60% of hospitals in this study reported offering in-person breastfeeding consultations postdischarge, compared with 69% of hospitals reporting offering this in the 2018 mPINC survey (CDC, unpublished data, 2020). Lactation specialists working in health care settings should follow recommended IPC measures for those settings.††† Nearly one half of hospitals reported offering virtual breastfeeding consultations; however, no data are available on this practice before the pandemic. Notably, these changes in lactation support affect newborns broadly, not just those born to mothers with COVID-19.
Approximately equal numbers of hospitals reported that their exclusive breastfeeding rates had increased and decreased; the majority reported the rate had stayed approximately the same. The reasons for these changes are unknown. However, the pandemic could contribute to reduced breastfeeding as a result of maternal/newborn separation and reductions in lactation support. On the other hand, the visitor restriction policies implemented by many hospitals could potentially provide more opportunities for breastfeeding and for a mother to learn her newborn’s feeding cues.§§§ Longer-term monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge will be important to assess as one measure of the impact of the pandemic on infant health.
Approximately three fourths of hospitals reported discharging mothers and their newborns <48 hours after birth because of the pandemic. No standard length of stay for the birth hospitalization exists, but the Newborn Mothers’ Health and Protection Act of 1996 prohibits the restriction of benefits to <48 hours for a vaginal delivery or <96 hours for a cesarean section.¶¶¶ AAP describes discharge <48 hours after delivery as a “shortened hospital stay” and notes that although it can be accommodated for healthy term newborns, it is not appropriate for all mothers and infants (10). AAP also recommends that all newborns discharged <48 hours after birth be evaluated by a pediatric health care provider within 48 hours of discharge (10). This visit, in part, assesses effective feeding, which might be more critical during the pandemic when breastfeeding mothers might be receiving reduced hospital lactation support.
The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, although mPINC is a census of all birth hospitals, this survey was only sent to the hospitals that completed the 2018 mPINC survey. Second, hospitals used their own definitions for suspected and confirmed COVID-19, and those definitions might have been different. Finally, data captured in this survey represent a single point in time. Policies and practices likely will continue to change as the pandemic evolves.
Women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who are separated from their newborns and whose newborns are not feeding directly at the breast might need timely, professional, breastfeeding support.**** In addition, AAP advises that infants discharged <48 hours after delivery receive prompt follow-up with a pediatric health care provider to ensure optimal feeding.
Summary
What is already known about this topic?
Evidence-based hospital practices supporting breastfeeding have sometimes conflicted with COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures.
What is added by this report?
During summer 2020, hospitals implemented a variety of practices intended to balance evidence-based maternity care with infection prevention and control. Because of the pandemic, 17.9% of hospitals reported that in-person lactation support had decreased, and 72.9% reported discharging mothers and their babies <48 hours after birth.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Additional postdischarge breastfeeding support and newborn follow-up might be needed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longer-term monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge will be important for assessing this aspect of the pandemic on infant health.
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Breastfeeding has health benefits for both infants and mothers and is recommended by numerous health and medical organizations*,† (1). The birth hospitalization is a critical period for establishing breastfeeding; however, some hospital practices, particularly related to mother-newborn contact, have given rise to concern about the potential for mother-to-newborn transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (2). CDC conducted a COVID-19 survey (July 15–August 20, 2020) among 1,344 hospitals that completed the 2018 Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) survey to assess current practices and breastfeeding support while in the hospital. Among mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, 14.0% of hospitals discouraged and 6.5% prohibited skin-to-skin care; 37.8% discouraged and 5.3% prohibited rooming-in; 20.1% discouraged direct breastfeeding but allowed it if the mother chose; and 12.7% did not support direct breastfeeding, but encouraged feeding of expressed breast milk. In response to the pandemic, 17.9% of hospitals reported reduced in-person lactation support, and 72.9% reported discharging mothers and their newborns <48 hours after birth. Some of the infection prevention and control (IPC) practices that hospitals were implementing conflicted with evidence-based care to support breastfeeding. Mothers who are separated from their newborn or not feeding directly at the breast might need additional postdischarge breastfeeding support. In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that newborns discharged before 48 hours receive prompt follow-up with a pediatric health care provider.
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Peripartum practices, including immediate maternal-newborn skin-to-skin contact, enabling mothers and newborns to room-in together, and teaching mothers to breastfeed (e.g., demonstrating good positioning and attachment and supporting mothers to express breast milk if they are temporarily separated from their newborns), are recommended worldwide for implementation in birth hospitals (3,4). These practices have a positive impact on both short- and long-term breastfeeding outcomes, which in turn benefit maternal and child health (5,6). Guidance on care during the birth hospitalization has evolved with the pandemic and at times has varied across public health and professional medical organizations.
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CDC’s mPINC survey is a census of all birth hospitals in the United States and its territories.§ The 2,039 hospitals that completed the 2018 mPINC survey (70% response) were sent an e-mail link to a 13-item COVID-19 survey, conducted using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) (version 10.0.08; Vanderbilt University). The survey was open during July 15–August 20, 2020 and asked about current hospital practices. Maternity services had been closed at 22 hospitals, and 130 e-mailed surveys were undeliverable (i.e., e-mails bounced back). Overall, 1,344 hospitals completed the survey (66.6% overall response rate; 71.2% among delivered surveys). Hospitals were asked about their actual or planned approach to managing maternity patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (as defined by the hospital), and the approximate number of these patients they had cared for. Descriptive analyses were conducted using SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.¶ Data on annual births and hospital type were obtained from the 2018 mPINC survey.
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Among 1,343 hospitals with available information, 724 (53.9%) had cared for one to 19 newborns whose mothers had confirmed COVID-19; 152 (11.4%) had cared for 20 or more, and 457 (34.0%) had not cared for any (Table 1). Approximately one half of the hospitals reported fewer than 1,000 annual births, 42.0% reported 1,000–4,999, and 2.8% reported 5,000 or more. The majority (78.8%) of hospitals were nonprofit.
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TABLE 1 Characteristics of hospitals participating in CDC’s Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) COVID-19 survey — U.S. states and territories, July 15–August 20, 2020
Characteristic No. (%)
Total responding hospitals 1,344 (100.0)
No. of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19 since the start of the pandemic*
0 457 (34.0)
1–19 724 (53.9)
20–59 111 (8.3)
60–99 24 (1.8)
≥100 17 (1.3)
Do not know 10 (0.7)
Hospital type †
Nonprofit 1,059 (78.8)
Private 221 (16.4)
Government/Military 64 (4.8)
Hospital annual births †
<500 438 (32.6)
500–999 305 (22.7)
1,000–1,999 285 (21.2)
2,000–4,999 279 (20.8)
≥5,000 37 (2.8)
Abbreviation: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
* Because of a missing response, the sample size for this question is 1,343. Hospitals were asked to estimate the approximate number of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19; no definition of confirmed COVID-19 was provided.
† Hospital type and annual births were reported by hospitals in the 2018 mPINC survey.
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TABLE 1
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Characteristics of hospitals participating in CDC’s Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) COVID-19 survey — U.S. states and territories, July 15–August 20, 2020
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Characteristics of hospitals participating in CDC’s Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) COVID-19 survey — U.S. states and territories, July 15–August 20, 2020
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Characteristic No. (%)
Total responding hospitals 1,344 (100.0)
No. of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19 since the start of the pandemic*
0 457 (34.0)
1–19 724 (53.9)
20–59 111 (8.3)
60–99 24 (1.8)
≥100 17 (1.3)
Do not know 10 (0.7)
Hospital type †
Nonprofit 1,059 (78.8)
Private 221 (16.4)
Government/Military 64 (4.8)
Hospital annual births †
<500 438 (32.6)
500–999 305 (22.7)
1,000–1,999 285 (21.2)
2,000–4,999 279 (20.8)
≥5,000 37 (2.8)
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Characteristic No. (%)
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Characteristic
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No. (%)
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Total responding hospitals 1,344 (100.0)
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Total responding hospitals
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1,344 (100.0)
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No. of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19 since the start of the pandemic*
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No. of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19 since the start of the pandemic*
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0 457 (34.0)
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0
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457 (34.0)
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1–19 724 (53.9)
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1–19
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724 (53.9)
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20–59 111 (8.3)
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20–59
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111 (8.3)
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60–99 24 (1.8)
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60–99
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24 (1.8)
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≥100 17 (1.3)
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≥100
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17 (1.3)
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Do not know 10 (0.7)
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Do not know
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10 (0.7)
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Hospital type †
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Hospital type †
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Nonprofit 1,059 (78.8)
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Nonprofit
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1,059 (78.8)
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Private 221 (16.4)
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Private
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221 (16.4)
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Government/Military 64 (4.8)
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Government/Military
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64 (4.8)
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Hospital annual births †
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Hospital annual births †
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<500 438 (32.6)
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<500
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438 (32.6)
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500–999 305 (22.7)
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500–999
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305 (22.7)
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1,000–1,999 285 (21.2)
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1,000–1,999
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285 (21.2)
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2,000–4,999 279 (20.8)
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2,000–4,999
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279 (20.8)
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≥5,000 37 (2.8)
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≥5,000
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37 (2.8)
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Abbreviation: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
* Because of a missing response, the sample size for this question is 1,343. Hospitals were asked to estimate the approximate number of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19; no definition of confirmed COVID-19 was provided.
† Hospital type and annual births were reported by hospitals in the 2018 mPINC survey.
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Abbreviation: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
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* Because of a missing response, the sample size for this question is 1,343. Hospitals were asked to estimate the approximate number of infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19; no definition of confirmed COVID-19 was provided.
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† Hospital type and annual births were reported by hospitals in the 2018 mPINC survey.
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Among 1,344 birth hospitals, 1,211 (90.2%) reported having enough COVID-19 tests, and 864 (64.3%) were performing universal COVID-19 testing of women admitted to labor and delivery (Table 2). Few hospitals (4.8%) reported separating all mothers and newborns until the mother received a negative test result, and 28.6% separated newborns and mothers if the mother was symptomatic or had a known exposure until test results were obtained; 24.2% separated mothers and newborns only if the mother received a positive test result.
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TABLE 2 Hospital maternity care practices and breastfeeding support in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic — U.S. states and territories, July 15–August 20, 2020
Hospital maternity care practices (no. with available information) No. (%)
Universal COVID-19 testing among women admitted to labor and delivery (1,344) 864 (64.3)
Adequate COVID-19 tests available for women admitted to labor and delivery (1,343) 1,211 (90.2)
Is hospital separating mothers and newborns until the mother receives a negative COVID-19 test? (1,322)
Yes, all newborns are separated until mother receives a negative result 64 (4.8)
No, newborns are only separated from mothers with symptoms or known exposure while awaiting results 378 (28.6)
No, all mothers and newborns remain together until the mother receives a positive result 320 (24.2)
No, all mothers and newborns are kept together regardless of symptoms, known exposure, or test results 560 (42.4)
Skin-to-skin care in the first hour after birth of a healthy newborn whose mother has suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,335)
Encouraged 178 (13.3)
Determined case-by-case as shared decision with the mother 883 (66.1)
Discouraged 187 (14.0)
Prohibited 87 (6.5)
Rooming-in for newborns of mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
Encouraged; no precautions required 34 (2.6)
Encouraged with precautions to maintain distance 726 (54.4)
Discouraged, but allowed if mother’s preference 504 (37.8)
Prohibited; newborn was cared for in a room separate from mother 70 (5.3)
Breastfeeding for mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
Direct breastfeeding encouraged with precautions (e.g., mask, handwashing) 893 (66.9)
Direct breastfeeding discouraged but allowed with precautions if mother chooses 268 (20.1)
Direct breastfeeding not supported, but mothers encouraged to express breast milk for feeding by a healthy caregiver 170 (12.7)
Formula feeding recommended 3 (0.2)
Mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 who are not breastfeeding are supported to start expressing breast milk (1,316)
Within 1 hr of birth 438 (33.3)
1–3 hrs after birth 645 (49.0)
4–6 hrs after birth 195 (14.8)
Timing is not a consideration 34 (2.6)
Mothers are discouraged from expressing breast milk 4 (0.3)
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, direct lactation support has decreased (1,339) 239 (17.9)
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospital is discharging mothers and newborns <48 hrs after birth (1,337) 975 (72.9)
Postdischarge breastfeeding support currently offered by the hospital* (1,344)
In-person breastfeeding support consultations 802 (59.7)
Virtual breastfeeding consultations 655 (48.7)
Information on how to access a breast pump 1,047 (77.9)
Renting or lending hospital-grade breast pumps 469 (34.9)
Hospital exclusive breastfeeding rate since start of the pandemic (1,341)
Increased 152 (11.3)
Decreased 164 (12.2)
Stayed about the same 924 (68.9)
Don’t know 101 (7.5)
Abbreviation: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
* Hospital could indicate all types of discharge support that applied.
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TABLE 2
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Hospital maternity care practices and breastfeeding support in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic — U.S. states and territories, July 15–August 20, 2020
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Hospital maternity care practices and breastfeeding support in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic — U.S. states and territories, July 15–August 20, 2020
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Hospital maternity care practices (no. with available information) No. (%)
Universal COVID-19 testing among women admitted to labor and delivery (1,344) 864 (64.3)
Adequate COVID-19 tests available for women admitted to labor and delivery (1,343) 1,211 (90.2)
Is hospital separating mothers and newborns until the mother receives a negative COVID-19 test? (1,322)
Yes, all newborns are separated until mother receives a negative result 64 (4.8)
No, newborns are only separated from mothers with symptoms or known exposure while awaiting results 378 (28.6)
No, all mothers and newborns remain together until the mother receives a positive result 320 (24.2)
No, all mothers and newborns are kept together regardless of symptoms, known exposure, or test results 560 (42.4)
Skin-to-skin care in the first hour after birth of a healthy newborn whose mother has suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,335)
Encouraged 178 (13.3)
Determined case-by-case as shared decision with the mother 883 (66.1)
Discouraged 187 (14.0)
Prohibited 87 (6.5)
Rooming-in for newborns of mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
Encouraged; no precautions required 34 (2.6)
Encouraged with precautions to maintain distance 726 (54.4)
Discouraged, but allowed if mother’s preference 504 (37.8)
Prohibited; newborn was cared for in a room separate from mother 70 (5.3)
Breastfeeding for mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
Direct breastfeeding encouraged with precautions (e.g., mask, handwashing) 893 (66.9)
Direct breastfeeding discouraged but allowed with precautions if mother chooses 268 (20.1)
Direct breastfeeding not supported, but mothers encouraged to express breast milk for feeding by a healthy caregiver 170 (12.7)
Formula feeding recommended 3 (0.2)
Mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 who are not breastfeeding are supported to start expressing breast milk (1,316)
Within 1 hr of birth 438 (33.3)
1–3 hrs after birth 645 (49.0)
4–6 hrs after birth 195 (14.8)
Timing is not a consideration 34 (2.6)
Mothers are discouraged from expressing breast milk 4 (0.3)
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, direct lactation support has decreased (1,339) 239 (17.9)
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospital is discharging mothers and newborns <48 hrs after birth (1,337) 975 (72.9)
Postdischarge breastfeeding support currently offered by the hospital* (1,344)
In-person breastfeeding support consultations 802 (59.7)
Virtual breastfeeding consultations 655 (48.7)
Information on how to access a breast pump 1,047 (77.9)
Renting or lending hospital-grade breast pumps 469 (34.9)
Hospital exclusive breastfeeding rate since start of the pandemic (1,341)
Increased 152 (11.3)
Decreased 164 (12.2)
Stayed about the same 924 (68.9)
Don’t know 101 (7.5)
|
|
tr
|
Hospital maternity care practices (no. with available information) No. (%)
|
|
th
|
Hospital maternity care practices (no. with available information)
|
|
th
|
No. (%)
|
|
tr
|
Universal COVID-19 testing among women admitted to labor and delivery (1,344) 864 (64.3)
|
|
th
|
Universal COVID-19 testing among women admitted to labor and delivery (1,344)
|
|
th
|
864 (64.3)
|
|
tr
|
Adequate COVID-19 tests available for women admitted to labor and delivery (1,343) 1,211 (90.2)
|
|
th
|
Adequate COVID-19 tests available for women admitted to labor and delivery (1,343)
|
|
th
|
1,211 (90.2)
|
|
tr
|
Is hospital separating mothers and newborns until the mother receives a negative COVID-19 test? (1,322)
|
|
td
|
Is hospital separating mothers and newborns until the mother receives a negative COVID-19 test? (1,322)
|
|
tr
|
Yes, all newborns are separated until mother receives a negative result 64 (4.8)
|
|
td
|
Yes, all newborns are separated until mother receives a negative result
|
|
td
|
64 (4.8)
|
|
tr
|
No, newborns are only separated from mothers with symptoms or known exposure while awaiting results 378 (28.6)
|
|
td
|
No, newborns are only separated from mothers with symptoms or known exposure while awaiting results
|
|
td
|
378 (28.6)
|
|
tr
|
No, all mothers and newborns remain together until the mother receives a positive result 320 (24.2)
|
|
td
|
No, all mothers and newborns remain together until the mother receives a positive result
|
|
td
|
320 (24.2)
|
|
tr
|
No, all mothers and newborns are kept together regardless of symptoms, known exposure, or test results 560 (42.4)
|
|
td
|
No, all mothers and newborns are kept together regardless of symptoms, known exposure, or test results
|
|
td
|
560 (42.4)
|
|
tr
|
Skin-to-skin care in the first hour after birth of a healthy newborn whose mother has suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,335)
|
|
td
|
Skin-to-skin care in the first hour after birth of a healthy newborn whose mother has suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,335)
|
|
tr
|
Encouraged 178 (13.3)
|
|
td
|
Encouraged
|
|
td
|
178 (13.3)
|
|
tr
|
Determined case-by-case as shared decision with the mother 883 (66.1)
|
|
td
|
Determined case-by-case as shared decision with the mother
|
|
td
|
883 (66.1)
|
|
tr
|
Discouraged 187 (14.0)
|
|
td
|
Discouraged
|
|
td
|
187 (14.0)
|
|
tr
|
Prohibited 87 (6.5)
|
|
td
|
Prohibited
|
|
td
|
87 (6.5)
|
|
tr
|
Rooming-in for newborns of mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
|
|
td
|
Rooming-in for newborns of mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
|
|
tr
|
Encouraged; no precautions required 34 (2.6)
|
|
td
|
Encouraged; no precautions required
|
|
td
|
34 (2.6)
|
|
tr
|
Encouraged with precautions to maintain distance 726 (54.4)
|
|
td
|
Encouraged with precautions to maintain distance
|
|
td
|
726 (54.4)
|
|
tr
|
Discouraged, but allowed if mother’s preference 504 (37.8)
|
|
td
|
Discouraged, but allowed if mother’s preference
|
|
td
|
504 (37.8)
|
|
tr
|
Prohibited; newborn was cared for in a room separate from mother 70 (5.3)
|
|
td
|
Prohibited; newborn was cared for in a room separate from mother
|
|
td
|
70 (5.3)
|
|
tr
|
Breastfeeding for mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
|
|
td
|
Breastfeeding for mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 (1,334)
|
|
tr
|
Direct breastfeeding encouraged with precautions (e.g., mask, handwashing) 893 (66.9)
|
|
td
|
Direct breastfeeding encouraged with precautions (e.g., mask, handwashing)
|
|
td
|
893 (66.9)
|
|
tr
|
Direct breastfeeding discouraged but allowed with precautions if mother chooses 268 (20.1)
|
|
td
|
Direct breastfeeding discouraged but allowed with precautions if mother chooses
|
|
td
|
268 (20.1)
|
|
tr
|
Direct breastfeeding not supported, but mothers encouraged to express breast milk for feeding by a healthy caregiver 170 (12.7)
|
|
td
|
Direct breastfeeding not supported, but mothers encouraged to express breast milk for feeding by a healthy caregiver
|
|
td
|
170 (12.7)
|
|
tr
|
Formula feeding recommended 3 (0.2)
|
|
td
|
Formula feeding recommended
|
|
td
|
3 (0.2)
|
|
tr
|
Mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 who are not breastfeeding are supported to start expressing breast milk (1,316)
|
|
td
|
Mothers with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 who are not breastfeeding are supported to start expressing breast milk (1,316)
|
|
tr
|
Within 1 hr of birth 438 (33.3)
|
|
td
|
Within 1 hr of birth
|
|
td
|
438 (33.3)
|
|
tr
|
1–3 hrs after birth 645 (49.0)
|
|
td
|
1–3 hrs after birth
|
|
td
|
645 (49.0)
|
|
tr
|
4–6 hrs after birth 195 (14.8)
|
|
td
|
4–6 hrs after birth
|
|
td
|
195 (14.8)
|
|
tr
|
Timing is not a consideration 34 (2.6)
|
|
td
|
Timing is not a consideration
|
|
td
|
34 (2.6)
|
|
tr
|
Mothers are discouraged from expressing breast milk 4 (0.3)
|
|
td
|
Mothers are discouraged from expressing breast milk
|
|
td
|
4 (0.3)
|
|
tr
|
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, direct lactation support has decreased (1,339) 239 (17.9)
|
|
td
|
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, direct lactation support has decreased (1,339)
|
|
td
|
239 (17.9)
|
|
tr
|
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospital is discharging mothers and newborns <48 hrs after birth (1,337) 975 (72.9)
|
|
td
|
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospital is discharging mothers and newborns <48 hrs after birth (1,337)
|
|
td
|
975 (72.9)
|
|
tr
|
Postdischarge breastfeeding support currently offered by the hospital* (1,344)
|
|
td
|
Postdischarge breastfeeding support currently offered by the hospital* (1,344)
|
|
tr
|
In-person breastfeeding support consultations 802 (59.7)
|
|
td
|
In-person breastfeeding support consultations
|
|
td
|
802 (59.7)
|
|
tr
|
Virtual breastfeeding consultations 655 (48.7)
|
|
td
|
Virtual breastfeeding consultations
|
|
td
|
655 (48.7)
|
|
tr
|
Information on how to access a breast pump 1,047 (77.9)
|
|
td
|
Information on how to access a breast pump
|
|
td
|
1,047 (77.9)
|
|
tr
|
Renting or lending hospital-grade breast pumps 469 (34.9)
|
|
td
|
Renting or lending hospital-grade breast pumps
|
|
td
|
469 (34.9)
|
|
tr
|
Hospital exclusive breastfeeding rate since start of the pandemic (1,341)
|
|
td
|
Hospital exclusive breastfeeding rate since start of the pandemic (1,341)
|
|
tr
|
Increased 152 (11.3)
|
|
td
|
Increased
|
|
td
|
152 (11.3)
|
|
tr
|
Decreased 164 (12.2)
|
|
td
|
Decreased
|
|
td
|
164 (12.2)
|
|
tr
|
Stayed about the same 924 (68.9)
|
|
td
|
Stayed about the same
|
|
td
|
924 (68.9)
|
|
tr
|
Don’t know 101 (7.5)
|
|
td
|
Don’t know
|
|
td
|
101 (7.5)
|
|
table-wrap-foot
|
Abbreviation: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
* Hospital could indicate all types of discharge support that applied.
|
|
p
|
Abbreviation: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
|
|
p
|
* Hospital could indicate all types of discharge support that applied.
|
|
p
|
Overall, 178 (13.3%) hospitals encouraged skin-to-skin contact between mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and their newborns immediately after birth, and 883 (66.1%) decided this on a case-by-case basis; 187 (14.0%) hospitals discouraged, and 87 (6.5%) prohibited skin-to-skin contact between mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and their newborns. Approximately one half of hospitals (726; 54.4%) encouraged rooming-in for mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, with precautions to maintain distance, whereas 504 (37.8%) discouraged and 70 (5.3%) prohibited rooming-in. Approximately two thirds of hospitals supported direct breastfeeding with precautions (e.g., mask use and handwashing) for mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (893; 66.9%), whereas 268 (20.1%) discouraged direct breastfeeding but would allow it according to mother’s choice, and 170 (12.7%) did not support direct breastfeeding but encouraged expressed breast milk feeding by a healthy caregiver. When mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were not breastfeeding directly, 438 (33.3%) hospitals reported supporting expression of breast milk within 1 hour of birth, and 645 (49.0%) within 1–3 hours.
|
|
p
|
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, 239 (17.9%) hospitals reported decreased access to in-person lactation support and 72.9% discharged mothers and newborns <48 hours after birth. After discharge, 802 (59.7%) and 655 (48.7%) hospitals offered in-person and virtual breastfeeding consultations, respectively. Since the start of the pandemic, 924 hospitals (68.9%) reported that their exclusive breastfeeding rates during hospitalization had stayed about the same, and similar percentages reported increases (11.3%), compared with decreases (12.2%).
|
|
sec
|
Discussion
During a 5-week period (July 15–August 20) when many areas of the country were experiencing substantial community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, hospitals were implementing a variety of practices intended to balance evidence-based maternity care with COVID-19-related IPC. Hospital practices are likely evolving along with the pandemic (7), potentially driven by multiple factors, including level of community transmission, guidance from public health and medical professional organizations, and a hospital’s own experience in preparation for or caring for pregnant women and newborns with COVID-19.
Various organizations have promulgated COVID-19 guidance on care for pregnant women and newborns, which at times has been conflicting. The World Health Organization recommends that mothers with COVID-19 be able to practice skin-to-skin care, rooming-in, and direct breastfeeding while wearing a mask, unless they are too ill to do so**; similar guidance is supported by the American Academy of Family Physicians,†† and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists§§ promotes shared decision-making with the mother and the health care team. On the other hand, when this survey was launched, CDC and AAP recommended temporary separation of newborns from mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (8). During data collection for this survey, CDC (August 3¶¶) and AAP (July 22***) updated their guidance, supporting maternal autonomy in decision-making. Changes in guidance reflect evolving knowledge about the virus and its potential impact on newborns. To date, there has been no definitive evidence of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk. In addition, there have been reports of secretory immunoglobulin A against SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk samples of women with COVID-19, suggesting that breastfeeding might be particularly important for newborns of mothers with COVID-19 (9).
One third of hospitals in this study reported not having cared for any neonates born to mothers with COVID-19; however, others had extensive experience, including 17 hospitals reporting caring for at least 100 of these newborns. Follow-up of mothers with COVID-19 delivering at three large New York birth hospitals found reduced breastfeeding rates both in the hospital and after returning home among mothers who had been separated from their newborns (7). After identification of this finding, and the observed stress among mothers and newborns as a result of separation, the hospital system revised its policy and began to allow asymptomatic mothers with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 to room-in and breastfeed.
Nearly one in five hospitals in this study reported that in-person lactation support had decreased during the pandemic. Approximately 60% of hospitals in this study reported offering in-person breastfeeding consultations postdischarge, compared with 69% of hospitals reporting offering this in the 2018 mPINC survey (CDC, unpublished data, 2020). Lactation specialists working in health care settings should follow recommended IPC measures for those settings.††† Nearly one half of hospitals reported offering virtual breastfeeding consultations; however, no data are available on this practice before the pandemic. Notably, these changes in lactation support affect newborns broadly, not just those born to mothers with COVID-19.
Approximately equal numbers of hospitals reported that their exclusive breastfeeding rates had increased and decreased; the majority reported the rate had stayed approximately the same. The reasons for these changes are unknown. However, the pandemic could contribute to reduced breastfeeding as a result of maternal/newborn separation and reductions in lactation support. On the other hand, the visitor restriction policies implemented by many hospitals could potentially provide more opportunities for breastfeeding and for a mother to learn her newborn’s feeding cues.§§§ Longer-term monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge will be important to assess as one measure of the impact of the pandemic on infant health.
Approximately three fourths of hospitals reported discharging mothers and their newborns <48 hours after birth because of the pandemic. No standard length of stay for the birth hospitalization exists, but the Newborn Mothers’ Health and Protection Act of 1996 prohibits the restriction of benefits to <48 hours for a vaginal delivery or <96 hours for a cesarean section.¶¶¶ AAP describes discharge <48 hours after delivery as a “shortened hospital stay” and notes that although it can be accommodated for healthy term newborns, it is not appropriate for all mothers and infants (10). AAP also recommends that all newborns discharged <48 hours after birth be evaluated by a pediatric health care provider within 48 hours of discharge (10). This visit, in part, assesses effective feeding, which might be more critical during the pandemic when breastfeeding mothers might be receiving reduced hospital lactation support.
The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, although mPINC is a census of all birth hospitals, this survey was only sent to the hospitals that completed the 2018 mPINC survey. Second, hospitals used their own definitions for suspected and confirmed COVID-19, and those definitions might have been different. Finally, data captured in this survey represent a single point in time. Policies and practices likely will continue to change as the pandemic evolves.
Women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who are separated from their newborns and whose newborns are not feeding directly at the breast might need timely, professional, breastfeeding support.**** In addition, AAP advises that infants discharged <48 hours after delivery receive prompt follow-up with a pediatric health care provider to ensure optimal feeding.
Summary
What is already known about this topic?
Evidence-based hospital practices supporting breastfeeding have sometimes conflicted with COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures.
What is added by this report?
During summer 2020, hospitals implemented a variety of practices intended to balance evidence-based maternity care with infection prevention and control. Because of the pandemic, 17.9% of hospitals reported that in-person lactation support had decreased, and 72.9% reported discharging mothers and their babies <48 hours after birth.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Additional postdischarge breastfeeding support and newborn follow-up might be needed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longer-term monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge will be important for assessing this aspect of the pandemic on infant health.
|
|
title
|
Discussion
|
|
p
|
During a 5-week period (July 15–August 20) when many areas of the country were experiencing substantial community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, hospitals were implementing a variety of practices intended to balance evidence-based maternity care with COVID-19-related IPC. Hospital practices are likely evolving along with the pandemic (7), potentially driven by multiple factors, including level of community transmission, guidance from public health and medical professional organizations, and a hospital’s own experience in preparation for or caring for pregnant women and newborns with COVID-19.
|
|
p
|
Various organizations have promulgated COVID-19 guidance on care for pregnant women and newborns, which at times has been conflicting. The World Health Organization recommends that mothers with COVID-19 be able to practice skin-to-skin care, rooming-in, and direct breastfeeding while wearing a mask, unless they are too ill to do so**; similar guidance is supported by the American Academy of Family Physicians,†† and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists§§ promotes shared decision-making with the mother and the health care team. On the other hand, when this survey was launched, CDC and AAP recommended temporary separation of newborns from mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (8). During data collection for this survey, CDC (August 3¶¶) and AAP (July 22***) updated their guidance, supporting maternal autonomy in decision-making. Changes in guidance reflect evolving knowledge about the virus and its potential impact on newborns. To date, there has been no definitive evidence of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk. In addition, there have been reports of secretory immunoglobulin A against SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk samples of women with COVID-19, suggesting that breastfeeding might be particularly important for newborns of mothers with COVID-19 (9).
|
|
p
|
One third of hospitals in this study reported not having cared for any neonates born to mothers with COVID-19; however, others had extensive experience, including 17 hospitals reporting caring for at least 100 of these newborns. Follow-up of mothers with COVID-19 delivering at three large New York birth hospitals found reduced breastfeeding rates both in the hospital and after returning home among mothers who had been separated from their newborns (7). After identification of this finding, and the observed stress among mothers and newborns as a result of separation, the hospital system revised its policy and began to allow asymptomatic mothers with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 to room-in and breastfeed.
|
|
p
|
Nearly one in five hospitals in this study reported that in-person lactation support had decreased during the pandemic. Approximately 60% of hospitals in this study reported offering in-person breastfeeding consultations postdischarge, compared with 69% of hospitals reporting offering this in the 2018 mPINC survey (CDC, unpublished data, 2020). Lactation specialists working in health care settings should follow recommended IPC measures for those settings.††† Nearly one half of hospitals reported offering virtual breastfeeding consultations; however, no data are available on this practice before the pandemic. Notably, these changes in lactation support affect newborns broadly, not just those born to mothers with COVID-19.
|
|
p
|
Approximately equal numbers of hospitals reported that their exclusive breastfeeding rates had increased and decreased; the majority reported the rate had stayed approximately the same. The reasons for these changes are unknown. However, the pandemic could contribute to reduced breastfeeding as a result of maternal/newborn separation and reductions in lactation support. On the other hand, the visitor restriction policies implemented by many hospitals could potentially provide more opportunities for breastfeeding and for a mother to learn her newborn’s feeding cues.§§§ Longer-term monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge will be important to assess as one measure of the impact of the pandemic on infant health.
|
|
p
|
Approximately three fourths of hospitals reported discharging mothers and their newborns <48 hours after birth because of the pandemic. No standard length of stay for the birth hospitalization exists, but the Newborn Mothers’ Health and Protection Act of 1996 prohibits the restriction of benefits to <48 hours for a vaginal delivery or <96 hours for a cesarean section.¶¶¶ AAP describes discharge <48 hours after delivery as a “shortened hospital stay” and notes that although it can be accommodated for healthy term newborns, it is not appropriate for all mothers and infants (10). AAP also recommends that all newborns discharged <48 hours after birth be evaluated by a pediatric health care provider within 48 hours of discharge (10). This visit, in part, assesses effective feeding, which might be more critical during the pandemic when breastfeeding mothers might be receiving reduced hospital lactation support.
|
|
p
|
The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, although mPINC is a census of all birth hospitals, this survey was only sent to the hospitals that completed the 2018 mPINC survey. Second, hospitals used their own definitions for suspected and confirmed COVID-19, and those definitions might have been different. Finally, data captured in this survey represent a single point in time. Policies and practices likely will continue to change as the pandemic evolves.
|
|
p
|
Women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who are separated from their newborns and whose newborns are not feeding directly at the breast might need timely, professional, breastfeeding support.**** In addition, AAP advises that infants discharged <48 hours after delivery receive prompt follow-up with a pediatric health care provider to ensure optimal feeding.
|
|
caption
|
Summary
|
|
title
|
Summary
|
|
sec
|
What is already known about this topic?
Evidence-based hospital practices supporting breastfeeding have sometimes conflicted with COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures.
|
|
title
|
What is already known about this topic?
|
|
p
|
Evidence-based hospital practices supporting breastfeeding have sometimes conflicted with COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures.
|
|
sec
|
What is added by this report?
During summer 2020, hospitals implemented a variety of practices intended to balance evidence-based maternity care with infection prevention and control. Because of the pandemic, 17.9% of hospitals reported that in-person lactation support had decreased, and 72.9% reported discharging mothers and their babies <48 hours after birth.
|
|
title
|
What is added by this report?
|
|
p
|
During summer 2020, hospitals implemented a variety of practices intended to balance evidence-based maternity care with infection prevention and control. Because of the pandemic, 17.9% of hospitals reported that in-person lactation support had decreased, and 72.9% reported discharging mothers and their babies <48 hours after birth.
|
|
sec
|
What are the implications for public health practice?
Additional postdischarge breastfeeding support and newborn follow-up might be needed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longer-term monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge will be important for assessing this aspect of the pandemic on infant health.
|
|
title
|
What are the implications for public health practice?
|
|
p
|
Additional postdischarge breastfeeding support and newborn follow-up might be needed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longer-term monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge will be important for assessing this aspect of the pandemic on infant health.
|
|
back
|
* https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/about-breastfeeding/why-it-matters.html.
† https://apps.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/index.html.
§ https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc.
¶ 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.
** https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/breastfeeding-and-covid-19.
†† https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/breastfeeding-covid19.html.
§§ https://www.acog.org/en/Clinical/Clinical%20Guidance/Practice%20Advisory/Articles/2020/03/Novel%20Coronavirus%202019.
¶¶ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/caring-for-newborns.html.
*** https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/faqs-management-of-infants-born-to-covid-19-mothers/.
††† https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control-recommendations.html.
§§§ https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/933964.
¶¶¶ https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Other-Insurance-Protections/nmhpa_factsheet.
**** https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/care-for-breastfeeding-women.html.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
|
|
footnote
|
* https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/about-breastfeeding/why-it-matters.html.
|
|
label
|
*
|
|
p
|
https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/about-breastfeeding/why-it-matters.html.
|
|
footnote
|
† https://apps.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/index.html.
|
|
label
|
†
|
|
p
|
https://apps.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/index.html.
|
|
footnote
|
§ https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc.
|
|
label
|
§
|
|
p
|
https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc.
|
|
footnote
|
¶ 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.
|
|
label
|
¶
|
|
p
|
45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.
|
|
footnote
|
** https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/breastfeeding-and-covid-19.
|
|
label
|
**
|
|
p
|
https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/breastfeeding-and-covid-19.
|
|
footnote
|
†† https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/breastfeeding-covid19.html.
|
|
label
|
††
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p
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https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/breastfeeding-covid19.html.
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footnote
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§§ https://www.acog.org/en/Clinical/Clinical%20Guidance/Practice%20Advisory/Articles/2020/03/Novel%20Coronavirus%202019.
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label
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§§
|
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p
|
https://www.acog.org/en/Clinical/Clinical%20Guidance/Practice%20Advisory/Articles/2020/03/Novel%20Coronavirus%202019.
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footnote
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¶¶ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/caring-for-newborns.html.
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label
|
¶¶
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p
|
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/caring-for-newborns.html.
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footnote
|
*** https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/faqs-management-of-infants-born-to-covid-19-mothers/.
|
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label
|
***
|
|
p
|
https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/faqs-management-of-infants-born-to-covid-19-mothers/.
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|
footnote
|
††† https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control-recommendations.html.
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|
label
|
†††
|
|
p
|
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control-recommendations.html.
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|
footnote
|
§§§ https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/933964.
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|
label
|
§§§
|
|
p
|
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/933964.
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footnote
|
¶¶¶ https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Other-Insurance-Protections/nmhpa_factsheet.
|
|
label
|
¶¶¶
|
|
p
|
https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Other-Insurance-Protections/nmhpa_factsheet.
|
|
footnote
|
**** https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/care-for-breastfeeding-women.html.
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label
|
****
|
|
p
|
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/care-for-breastfeeding-women.html.
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|
notes
|
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
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footnote
|
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
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|
p
|
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
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