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PMC:7717205 / 11717-19829 JSONTXT

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TEST0

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
33164094-235-241-4654 670-672 ["32325252"] denotes 11
33164094-236-242-4655 674-676 ["32424481"] denotes 12
33164094-212-218-4656 1024-1026 ["24834397"] denotes 13
33164094-13-19-4657 2363-2365 ["32171076"] denotes 16
33164094-13-19-4658 2473-2475 ["32240670"] denotes 17
33164094-153-158-4659 4740-4741 ["32411822"] denotes 8
33164094-127-133-4660 5020-5022 ["32323923"] denotes 20
33164094-151-157-4661 6019-6021 ["32257431"] denotes 21
33164094-155-161-4662 6023-6025 ["26628762"] denotes 22
33164094-111-117-4663 6404-6406 ["32304192"] denotes 10

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
333 489-496 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
334 660-668 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
335 266-274 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
336 275-284 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
337 438-442 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
338 502-523 Disease denotes pleural complications MESH:D010995
339 549-557 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
344 943-951 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
345 777-810 Disease denotes alveolar rupture and pneumothorax MESH:D011030
346 930-939 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
347 967-975 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
358 1060-1068 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
359 1111-1119 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
360 1166-1174 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
361 1243-1250 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
362 1352-1359 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
363 1154-1157 Chemical denotes H2O
364 1083-1095 Disease denotes pneumothorax MESH:D011030
365 1191-1207 Disease denotes H-type pneumonia MESH:D011014
366 1252-1264 Disease denotes pneumothorax MESH:D011030
367 1325-1337 Disease denotes pneumothorax MESH:D011030
373 1422-1430 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
374 1499-1507 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
375 1374-1386 Disease denotes pneumothorax MESH:D011030
376 1407-1421 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
377 1571-1583 Disease denotes pneumothorax MESH:D011030
383 1660-1668 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
384 1749-1757 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
385 1674-1682 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
386 1687-1699 Disease denotes pneumothorax MESH:D011030
387 1714-1726 Disease denotes pneumothorax MESH:D011030
395 1874-1882 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
396 1931-1939 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
397 1832-1848 Disease denotes pleural effusion MESH:D010996
398 1888-1896 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
399 1944-1961 Disease denotes pleural effusions MESH:D010996
400 1981-1988 Disease denotes empyema MESH:D004653
401 2023-2045 Disease denotes parapneumonic effusion MESH:D010996
404 2093-2109 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
405 2121-2141 Disease denotes secondary infections MESH:D060085
415 2326-2334 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
416 2392-2400 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
417 2522-2530 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
418 2295-2305 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
419 2340-2348 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
420 2406-2414 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
421 2428-2458 Disease denotes secondary bacterial infections MESH:D001424
422 2536-2544 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
423 2560-2570 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
430 2605-2613 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
431 2661-2669 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
432 2592-2599 Disease denotes empyema MESH:D004653
433 2671-2678 Disease denotes empyema MESH:D004653
434 2730-2742 Disease denotes pneumothorax MESH:D011030
435 2781-2788 Disease denotes empyema MESH:D004653
440 3098-3106 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
441 2988-3008 Disease denotes secondary infections MESH:D060085
442 3012-3020 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
443 3112-3120 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
450 3337-3345 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
451 3397-3405 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
452 3628-3636 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
453 3638-3642 Chemical denotes talc MESH:D013627
454 3292-3318 Disease denotes Malignant pleural effusion MESH:D016066
455 3351-3359 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
459 3710-3717 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
460 3763-3782 Disease denotes respiratory failure MESH:D012131
461 3790-3794 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
466 4345-4352 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
467 4001-4008 Chemical denotes heparin MESH:D006493
468 4028-4035 Chemical denotes heparin MESH:D006493
469 4071-4086 Chemical denotes tranexamic acid MESH:D014148
472 4528-4535 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
473 4744-4754 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
475 5644-5665 Disease denotes chest drainage bottle MESH:D002637
477 5868-5881 Species denotes Coronaviruses Tax:11118
484 6190-6197 Chemical denotes alcohol MESH:D000438
485 6209-6214 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
486 6328-6354 Chemical denotes dilute sodium hypochlorite
487 6381-6386 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
488 6493-6500 Chemical denotes alcohol MESH:D000438
489 6533-6552 Chemical denotes sodium hypochlorite MESH:D012973
493 7079-7087 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
494 6799-6816 Disease denotes pleural effusions MESH:D010996
495 7193-7210 Disease denotes pleural effusions MESH:D010996
499 7273-7279 Species denotes people Tax:9606
500 7418-7426 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
501 7442-7450 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
503 7473-7481 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
506 7756-7764 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
507 7850-7858 Species denotes patients Tax:9606

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T36 57-80 Phenotype denotes diffuse alveolar damage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033006
T37 798-810 Phenotype denotes pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002107
T38 930-939 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T39 1083-1095 Phenotype denotes pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002107
T40 1198-1207 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T41 1252-1264 Phenotype denotes pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002107
T42 1313-1337 Phenotype denotes spontaneous pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002108
T43 1374-1386 Phenotype denotes pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002107
T44 1571-1583 Phenotype denotes pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002107
T45 1687-1699 Phenotype denotes pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002107
T46 1714-1726 Phenotype denotes pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002107
T47 1832-1848 Phenotype denotes pleural effusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202
T48 1944-1961 Phenotype denotes pleural effusions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202
T49 2730-2742 Phenotype denotes pneumothorax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002107
T50 3199-3214 Phenotype denotes drug resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020174
T51 3302-3318 Phenotype denotes pleural effusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202
T52 3763-3782 Phenotype denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878
T53 6799-6816 Phenotype denotes pleural effusions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202
T54 7193-7210 Phenotype denotes pleural effusions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T116 0-10 Sentence denotes DISCUSSION
T117 11-285 Sentence denotes Novel pathological studies revealed exudative diffuse alveolar damage, capillary congestion and hyaline membrane formations in the early phase and interstitial and intra-alveolar proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrin deposition in the late phase of the COVID-19 infection.
T118 286-377 Sentence denotes Moreover, most autopsy reports showed disseminated fibrotic changes in the lung parenchyma.
T119 378-678 Sentence denotes Although these pathological changes are similar to those of ARDS, the clinical course is not the same in every patient, and pleural complications can develop due to these COVID-19-related pathophysiological changes, treatment and interventions applied or comorbid conditions of the patients [11, 12].
T120 679-811 Sentence denotes Several studies showed that high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) would be associated with alveolar rupture and pneumothorax.
T121 812-1032 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is important to see the prevailing pathophysiological picture and distinguish the ‘L-type’ and ‘H-type’ pneumonia in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in order to manage the ventilator successfully [13, 14].
T122 1033-1159 Sentence denotes In our case series, 4 of 6 patients who developed pneumothorax were intubated patients who underwent high PEEP (14–15 cm H2O).
T123 1160-1237 Sentence denotes These patients were those with H-type pneumonia who needed high PEEP therapy.
T124 1238-1360 Sentence denotes In 1 patient, pneumothorax developed secondary to tracheal laceration, and spontaneous pneumothorax was seen in 1 patient.
T125 1361-1431 Sentence denotes Detection of pneumothorax may be difficult in critically ill patients.
T126 1432-1584 Sentence denotes Therefore, sudden changes in respiratory parameters, especially in patients receiving high PEEP therapy, should suggest the possibility of pneumothorax.
T127 1585-1700 Sentence denotes We preferred to keep the chest tube clamped for 24 h before removing it in patients with COVID-19 and pneumothorax.
T128 1701-1758 Sentence denotes No recurrent pneumothorax was observed in these patients.
T129 1759-1897 Sentence denotes According to the novel case series and our clinical experience, isolated pleural effusion is extremely uncommon in patients with COVID-19.
T130 1898-1962 Sentence denotes In our case series, a total of 7 patients had pleural effusions.
T131 1963-2069 Sentence denotes Three of them had empyema; 2 had malignant effusions; 1 had parapneumonic effusion; and 1 had haemothorax.
T132 2070-2274 Sentence denotes It has been shown that viral infections facilitate secondary infections by disrupting mucociliary clearance, weakening neutrophil functions and affecting the functioning of immunological pathways [15–18].
T133 2275-2349 Sentence denotes Secondary bacterial infections can also be seen in patients with COVID-19.
T134 2350-2459 Sentence denotes Zhou et al. [16] demonstrated that 50% of patients with COVID-19 who died had secondary bacterial infections.
T135 2460-2579 Sentence denotes Wang et al. [17] showed that the most common complications in patients with COVID-19 were bacterial infections (42.8%).
T136 2580-2646 Sentence denotes We detected empyema in 4 patients and performed tube thoracostomy.
T137 2647-2743 Sentence denotes In 1 of these patients, empyema developed secondary to prolonged air leakage after pneumothorax.
T138 2744-2950 Sentence denotes Despite the complete drainage of the empyema, regular irrigation of the pleural cavity with antibiotic solutions and appropriate antibiotherapy, the mean drainage time was relatively long (16.7 ± 6.3 days).
T139 2951-3021 Sentence denotes Prevention is the ideal solution for secondary infections in COVID-19.
T140 3022-3121 Sentence denotes Several studies have shown the positive effect of empiric antibiotherapy in patients with COVID-19.
T141 3122-3291 Sentence denotes However, it is extremely important to know institutional antibiograms, local drug resistance and hospital epidemiological prototypes when choosing empiric regimens [18].
T142 3292-3360 Sentence denotes Malignant pleural effusion was detected in 2 patients with COVID-19.
T143 3361-3501 Sentence denotes The respiratory parameters of these patients were poor, and rapid progression of the effusions was observed despite recurrent thoracentesis.
T144 3502-3580 Sentence denotes Therefore, the chest tube was inserted, and total lung expansion was obtained.
T145 3581-3671 Sentence denotes Because of the poor general condition of these patients, talc slurry was not administered.
T146 3672-3795 Sentence denotes Massive haemothorax was observed in a patient undergoing ECMO with an indication of severe respiratory failure due to ARDS.
T147 3796-3901 Sentence denotes Haemothorax was unrelated to ECMO cannulation, and there was no history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
T148 3902-3991 Sentence denotes Left-sided tube thoracostomy was performed, and drainage of the haemothorax was obtained.
T149 3992-4112 Sentence denotes Low-dose heparin infusion (100 U/kg heparin) was discontinued, and intravenous tranexamic acid (500 mg q8h) was applied.
T150 4113-4186 Sentence denotes A total of 500 cc of haemorrhagic drainage was observed in the first 2 h.
T151 4187-4307 Sentence denotes Subsequently, a total of 1000 cc of haemorrhagic fluid drainage occurred in 24 h, and total lung expansion was obtained.
T152 4308-4400 Sentence denotes No deterioration was observed in the patient's vital signs with adequate volume replacement.
T153 4401-4448 Sentence denotes Therefore, no surgical intervention was needed.
T154 4449-4586 Sentence denotes Several guidelines and recommendations regarding a chest tube thoracostomy and patient follow-up during the pandemic have been published.
T155 4587-4743 Sentence denotes Common points in these guidelines include avoiding unnecessary surgical interventions and working with a small but sufficient number of medical staff [6–8].
T156 4744-4892 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 is not currently considered to be airborne, but several procedures like chest tube placement would be associated with aerosol generation.
T157 4893-5024 Sentence denotes Therefore, pleural procedures must be performed in a well-ventilated room, and personal protective equipment must be worn [19, 20].
T158 5025-5099 Sentence denotes Another important point is the risk of droplet spread from the chest tube.
T159 5100-5250 Sentence denotes Traditional underwater seal drainage bottles have a port that allows the air to escape and, if necessary, to connect to the low-pressure wall suction.
T160 5251-5416 Sentence denotes In the presence of air leakage, aerosolization can occur inside the drainage bottle, and air escaping through the port would increase the risk of viral transmission.
T161 5417-5514 Sentence denotes This issue has been noted before, and various suggestions have been made in the literature [7–9]:
T162 5515-5743 Sentence denotes Bilkhu et al. [7] suggested connecting the chest drain to the wall suction and attaching a viral filter to the suction port of a chest drainage bottle or using digital drain circuits to reduce droplet spread from the chest tube.
T163 5744-5867 Sentence denotes Barr et al. [9] described the ‘rocket tubing’ method to prevent viral transmission through the port of the drainage bottle.
T164 5868-6027 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses are ∼65–125 nm in size, and unlike standard filters, HEPA filters have a minimum 99.97% efficiency rating for removing particles ≥30 nm [21, 22].
T165 6028-6136 Sentence denotes Therefore, we used the HEPA filter mounted bottle system, including the trap and the underwater seal bottle.
T166 6137-6292 Sentence denotes The trap bottle was filled only with 200 cc (80%) of alcohol instead of water alone, and a HEPA filter was placed on the tip of the underwater seal bottle.
T167 6293-6408 Sentence denotes Pieracci et al. recommended adding dilute sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) to the water seal chamber [6, 10].
T168 6409-6614 Sentence denotes Although there is no evidence for which one is more protective, we preferred adding alcohol into the trap bottle instead of sodium hypochlorite because it is easily accessible and applicable in our clinic.
T169 6615-6817 Sentence denotes To prevent viral dissemination, pleural catheters, which may be inserted with the Seldinger technique, are preferred instead of traditional chest tube systems, especially in loculated pleural effusions.
T170 6818-6893 Sentence denotes In our centre, only the 8-Fr size of these types of catheters is available.
T171 6894-7021 Sentence denotes Consequently, they often become occluded in a short time after the placement, and repeated surgical procedures can be required.
T172 7022-7211 Sentence denotes Therefore, we did not use this type of catheter with any patients during the study period; however, it should be kept in mind as an alternative method for the drainage of pleural effusions.
T173 7212-7326 Sentence denotes In our centre, we organized a pleural intervention team of 3 people: a surgeon, a nurse and a surgical technician.
T174 7327-7451 Sentence denotes The primary purpose was to limit and regulate the contact of healthcare professionals with patients diagnosed with COVID-19.
T175 7452-7581 Sentence denotes During the pandemic, COVID-19 (or related symptoms) was not observed in any of the healthcare professionals in our surgical team.
T176 7583-7594 Sentence denotes Limitations
T177 7595-7630 Sentence denotes This study has several limitations.
T178 7631-7703 Sentence denotes First, it is a retrospective case series, and there is no control group.
T179 7704-7826 Sentence denotes Second, our study includes a heterogeneous group of patients; therefore, it is difficult to make comprehensive inferences.
T180 7827-7932 Sentence denotes Besides, the number of patients in our case series is small, so the conclusions of the study are limited.
T181 7933-8112 Sentence denotes However, the primary purpose of our research was to provide knowledge and share our experiences under pandemic conditions rather than to produce statistically significant results.