PMC:7712180 / 52228-54526 JSONTXT

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2010, metagenomic analysis of viruses from feces, oral swabs, urine and tissues of 3 North American bat species, including big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province, by Appalachian Laboratory of the University of Maryland Center revealed that HCoV-NL63-related CoV, named Appalachian Ridge CoV strain 2 (ARCoV.2), existed in feces of tricolored bats in the family Vespertilionidae [209]. The results of molecular clock analysis suggested that HCoV-NL63 shares a common ancestor with ARCoV.2 with a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of approximately 1190–1449 C.E [210]. In 2017, BtKYNL63-9a was reported to be the most closely related to HCoV-NL63 among three HCoV-NL63-related CoVs that were identified in fecal specimens collected between 2007 and 2010 from African trident bats (Triaenops afer) in the family Hipposideridae in Kenya and to be more closely related to HCoV-NL63 than to ARCoV.2 [127]. However, the genetic distance between HCoV-NL63 and ARCoV.2 or between HCoV-NL63 and BtKYNL63-9a is too large, and both ARCoV.2 and BtKYNL63-9a are therefore classified as not conspecific with HCoV-NL63 [211]. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses, all proteins of HCoV-NL63 were found to cluster with the Triaenops bat NL63-related group, except for the S protein, which was nested within the Hipposideros bat 229E-related group, suggesting a chimeric genome of HCoV-NL63. Genome comparison indicated that there are two recombination breakpoints in the S gene: (i) near the 5′ end and (ii) at around 200 nucleotides upstream of the 3′ end. These data suggested that the conspecific ancestor of HCoV-NL63 is a recombination virus that emerged through co-infection between the Triaenops bat NL63-related CoV and the Hipposideros bat 229E-related CoV [127]. Thus, the recombinant virus should exist in bats or in an intermediate host (currently unknown for HCoV-NL63, probably a terrestrial mammal) that should be further identified. In addition, investigation of the relationship between Perimyotis ARCoV.2 and Triaenops bat NL63-related CoV may contribute to an understanding of the evolutionary origin prior to emergence of the recombinant ancestor of HCoV-NL63."}

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