Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T88 |
0-7 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Results |
T89 |
9-68 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Sensitivity of RT-LAMP assay using in vitro synthesized RNA |
T90 |
69-214 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We designed two SARS-CoV-2 specific LAMP primer sets that targeted conserved sequences in the ORF1b region (name: ORF1b-1 and ORF1b-2) (Table 1). |
T91 |
215-406 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To examine the sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assay for SARS-CoV-2, serial 10-fold dilutions of in vitro synthesized RNA possessing the target sequence of Wuhan-Hu-1 strain were used as template. |
T92 |
407-591 |
Sentence |
denotes |
All (6/6) or 83% (5/6) of the reactions with 50 copies of RNA yielded positive results with ORF1b-1 (RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1) or ORF 1b-2 primer sets (RT-LAMP/ORF1b-2), respectively (Table 2). |
T93 |
592-690 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Additionally, RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 could detect samples containing 5 RNA copies once in six replicates. |
T94 |
691-827 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Moreover, both RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 and RT-LAMP/ORF1b-2 could detect 500 RNA copies within 8 min and 50 RNA copies within 11.8 min (Table 2). |
T95 |
828-953 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These results indicate that this RT-LAMP assay can be used as a rapid and sensitive test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. |
T96 |
954-1011 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Table 2 Sensitivity and detection time of RT-LAMP assay. |
T97 |
1012-1019 |
Sentence |
denotes |
ORF1b-1 |
T98 |
1020-1054 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Copies/reaction 500 50 5 Water |
T99 |
1055-1081 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Time (min) 7.5 9.0 - - |
T100 |
1082-1099 |
Sentence |
denotes |
7.3 8.8 10.5 - |
T101 |
1100-1115 |
Sentence |
denotes |
8.0 11.8 - - |
T102 |
1116-1128 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.8 9.3 - |
T103 |
1129-1143 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.8 9.0 - - |
T104 |
1144-1158 |
Sentence |
denotes |
7.3 8.5 - - |
T105 |
1159-1182 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 7.3 9.4 - - |
T106 |
1183-1201 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.4 1.1 - - |
T107 |
1202-1230 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 6/6 6/6 1/6 0/6 |
T108 |
1231-1238 |
Sentence |
denotes |
ORF1b-2 |
T109 |
1239-1274 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Copies/ reaction 500 50 5 Water |
T110 |
1275-1302 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Time (min) 8.0 11.8 - - |
T111 |
1303-1315 |
Sentence |
denotes |
7.8 - - - |
T112 |
1316-1331 |
Sentence |
denotes |
7.3 11.5 - - |
T113 |
1332-1346 |
Sentence |
denotes |
7.5 9.0 - - |
T114 |
1347-1361 |
Sentence |
denotes |
7.3 9.5 - - |
T115 |
1362-1377 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.8 10.3 - - |
T116 |
1378-1402 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 7.4 10.4 - - |
T117 |
1403-1421 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.4 1.1 - - |
T118 |
1422-1450 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 6/6 5/6 0/6 0/6 |
T119 |
1452-1480 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Specificity of RT-LAMP assay |
T120 |
1481-1714 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Following this, to examine the specificity of the RT-LAMP assay, we performed the assay using RNAs extracted from SARS-CoV, which is the most closely related human coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2, and SARS-CoV-2 (n = 2 for each viral RNA). |
T121 |
1715-1869 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The RT-LAMP did not detect SARS-CoV RNA regardless of the primer set used, while SARS-CoV-2 RNA was successfully detected with both primer sets (Table 3). |
T122 |
1870-2024 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We confirmed the presence of SARS-CoV RNA using RT-qPCR with WHO primer (Table 3, Ct = 27.5 (7,780 copies) and 27.7 (6,890 copies) in duplicated samples). |
T123 |
2025-2105 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These results indicate that our RT-LAMP assay is highly specific for SARS-CoV-2. |
T124 |
2106-2144 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Table 3 Specificity of RT-LAMP assay. |
T125 |
2145-2173 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Primer set SARS SARS-CoV-2 |
T126 |
2174-2211 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RT-LAMP(min) ORF1b-1 - - + (11.5) |
T127 |
2212-2235 |
Sentence |
denotes |
ORF1b-2 - - + (9.75) |
T128 |
2236-2273 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RT-qPCR (Ct) WHO + (27.5) + (27.7) |
T129 |
2275-2337 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Sensitivity comparison between RT-LAMP assay and RT-qPCR assay |
T130 |
2338-2611 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To compare the sensitivity of RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1, RT-LAMP/ORF1b-2, and RT-qPCR assays using the NIID (RT-qPCR/NIID) or the WHO (RT-qPCR/WHO) primer sets, we prepared 10-fold serial dilutions of viral RNA extracted from SARS-CoV-2 JPN/TY/WK-521 strain (GISAID: EPI-ISL-408667). |
T131 |
2612-2724 |
Sentence |
denotes |
All RT-LAMP and RT-qPCR assays could detect the viral RNA in all samples of dilutions lower than 10−4 (Table 4). |
T132 |
2725-2783 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The average detection time of RT-LAMP assays was 12.8 min. |
T133 |
2784-2980 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Ct values of the RT-qPCR/NIID and RT-qPCR/WHO for 10−4 dilution samples were 37.75±0.21 and 35.81±0.19, which corresponded to 15.9±2.2 and 26.7±4.0 copies per reaction, respectively (Table 4). |
T134 |
2981-3127 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, RT-qPCR/NIID and RT-qPCR/WHO assays detected the 10−5 dilution of the viral RNA samples twice and once in 3 replicates, respectively. |
T135 |
3128-3298 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Furthermore, the RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 assay also detected the 10−5 virus dilution once in 3 replicates; although, the RT-LAMP/ORF1b-2 failed to detect these samples (Table 4). |
T136 |
3299-3409 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The 10−5 dilution was estimated to include 5.6 copies in RT-qPCR/NIID and 2.6 copies in RT-qPCR/WHO (Table 4). |
T137 |
3410-3575 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Taken together, these results indicate that the RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 assay has almost the same sensitivity as RT-qPCR assay, which is a highly sensitive detection method. |
T138 |
3576-3646 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Table 4 Comparison of sensitivity between RT-qPCR and RT-LAMP assays. |
T139 |
3647-3673 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Dilution rate of viral RNA |
T140 |
3674-3703 |
Sentence |
denotes |
10−2 10−3 10−4 10−5 Water |
T141 |
3704-3753 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RT-LAMP ORF1b_1 Time (min) 6.5 7.8 9.0 - - |
T142 |
3754-3775 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.3 7.3 9.0 9.5 - |
T143 |
3776-3796 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.5 7.8 12.8 - - |
T144 |
3797-3826 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 6.4 7.6 10.3 - - |
T145 |
3827-3850 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.1 0.2 1.8 - - |
T146 |
3851-3884 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 3/3 3/3 3/3 1/3 0/3 |
T147 |
3885-3925 |
Sentence |
denotes |
ORF1b_2 Time (min) 6.8 7.5 9.5 - - |
T148 |
3926-3946 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.0 7.8 10.8 - - |
T149 |
3947-3967 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.8 7.5 10.5 - - |
T150 |
3968-3997 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 6.5 7.6 10.3 - - |
T151 |
3998-4021 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.4 0.1 0.5 - - |
T152 |
4022-4055 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 3/3 3/3 3/3 0/3 0/3 |
T153 |
4056-4110 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RT-qPCR NIID Ct value 30.93 34.08 37.59 39.08 - |
T154 |
4111-4140 |
Sentence |
denotes |
30.79 34.12 38.05 39.34 - |
T155 |
4141-4166 |
Sentence |
denotes |
30.60 33.79 37.61 - - |
T156 |
4167-4205 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 30.77 34.00 37.75 39.21 - |
T157 |
4206-4235 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.14 0.15 0.21 0.13 - |
T158 |
4236-4281 |
Sentence |
denotes |
copies/ reaction 2036.9 214.4 17.5 6.1 - |
T159 |
4282-4309 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2249.6 208.6 12.7 5.0 - |
T160 |
4310-4335 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2577.0 264.4 17.3 - - |
T161 |
4336-4372 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 2287.8 229.1 15.9 5.6 - |
T162 |
4373-4401 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 222.1 25.0 2.2 0.5 - |
T163 |
4402-4435 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 3/3 3/3 3/3 2/3 0/3 |
T164 |
4436-4480 |
Sentence |
denotes |
WHO Ct value 29.31 32.80 35.96 38.93 - |
T165 |
4481-4506 |
Sentence |
denotes |
29.23 32.72 35.94 - - |
T166 |
4507-4532 |
Sentence |
denotes |
29.41 32.79 35.55 - - |
T167 |
4533-4571 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 29.32 32.77 35.81 38.93 - |
T168 |
4572-4601 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.07 0.03 0.19 0.00 - |
T169 |
4602-4647 |
Sentence |
denotes |
copies/ reaction 3503.2 254.9 23.7 2.6 - |
T170 |
4648-4673 |
Sentence |
denotes |
3694.3 269.0 24.1 - - |
T171 |
4674-4699 |
Sentence |
denotes |
3246.6 256.5 32.4 - - |
T172 |
4700-4736 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 3481.4 260.2 26.7 2.6 - |
T173 |
4737-4764 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 183.5 6.3 4.0 0.0 - |
T174 |
4765-4798 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 3/3 3/3 3/3 1/3 0/3 |
T175 |
4800-4855 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Evaluation of RT-LAMP assay without RNA extraction step |
T176 |
4856-4974 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In most cases, genome analysis for detection of RNA viruses requires a step of RNA extraction from clinical specimens. |
T177 |
4975-5071 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Since this step usually takes about 30 min, it is one of the main obstacles for rapid diagnosis. |
T178 |
5072-5274 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, the feasibility of the RT-LAMP assay without RNA extraction for clinical specimens was evaluated using human nasal and oral mixed swab suspensions spiked with SARS-CoV-2 JPN/TY/WK-521 strain. |
T179 |
5275-5369 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We prepared the nasal and oral mixed swab samples with 10-fold serial dilutions of SARS-CoV-2. |
T180 |
5370-5457 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These mixed swab samples were heated at 95°C for 10 min for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. |
T181 |
5458-5618 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We conducted RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 and RT-qPCR/NIID assays with the heat inactivated swab samples, which we named “Direct RT-LAMP” and “Direct RT-qPCR,” respectively. |
T182 |
5619-5799 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Simultaneously, we also conducted RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 and RT-qPCR/NIID assays using RNAs extracted from the nasal and oral mixed swab samples spiked with SARS-CoV-2 as reference tests. |
T183 |
5800-5933 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Sample viral dilutions ranging from 10−2 to 10−6 dilution were detected within 10.5 min in both RT-LAMP and Direct RT-LAMP (Table 5). |
T184 |
5934-6102 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Furthermore, both Direct RT-LAMP and RT-LAMP could detect 10−7 diluted virus samples with 33% probability; nevertheless, RT-qPCR could efficiently detect these samples. |
T185 |
6103-6163 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In this swab spike tests, both assays have same sensitivity. |
T186 |
6164-6258 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, the detection time for Direct RT-LAMP is longer than that of RT-LAMP (mean 0.75 min). |
T187 |
6259-6365 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, composition of swab samples may affect the efficiency of genome amplification in RT-LAMP assay. |
T188 |
6366-6523 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Standard RT-qPCR using extracted RNA indicated that 10−6 and 10−7 dilution include 203 ± 21.4 and 12.8 ± 4.78 copies of viral RNA per reaction, respectively. |
T189 |
6524-6656 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Taken together, these results suggest that Direct RT-LAMP assay can be used as a rapid and sensitive diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2. |
T190 |
6657-6722 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Table 5 Evaluation of RT-LAMP assay without RNA extraction step. |
T191 |
6723-6745 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Dilution rate of virus |
T192 |
6746-6798 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Template 10−2 10−3 10−4 10−5 10−6 10−7 Water |
T193 |
6799-6872 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Direct RT-LAMP Swab solution Time (min) 5.5 6.0 6.8 7.5 10.5 - - |
T194 |
6873-6905 |
Sentence |
denotes |
5.3 6.0 6.8 7.3 9.0 10.5 - |
T195 |
6906-6935 |
Sentence |
denotes |
5.5 6.0 7.3 7.5 9.0 - - |
T196 |
6936-6974 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 5.4 6.0 6.9 7.4 9.5 - - |
T197 |
6975-7008 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.7 - - |
T198 |
7009-7052 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 1/3 0/3 |
T199 |
7053-7108 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RT-LAMP RNA Time (min) 4.3 5.0 5.8 6.5 7.3 - - |
T200 |
7109-7138 |
Sentence |
denotes |
5.5 6.0 7.3 7.5 9.0 - - |
T201 |
7139-7170 |
Sentence |
denotes |
4.8 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.5 9.5 - |
T202 |
7171-7209 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 4.8 5.6 6.4 6.9 7.9 - - |
T203 |
7210-7243 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 - - |
T204 |
7244-7287 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 1/3 0/3 |
T205 |
7288-7368 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Direct RT-qPCR Swab solution Ct value 23.14 26.47 29.86 33.43 36.40 - - |
T206 |
7369-7408 |
Sentence |
denotes |
23.22 26.50 29.87 33.29 36.93 - - |
T207 |
7409-7448 |
Sentence |
denotes |
23.01 26.46 29.75 33.28 36.96 - - |
T208 |
7449-7497 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 23.12 26.48 29.83 33.34 36.76 - - |
T209 |
7498-7536 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.26 - - |
T210 |
7537-7610 |
Sentence |
denotes |
copies/ reaction 1.14× 106 9.07×104 6.92×103 4.62×102 4.87×101 - - |
T211 |
7611-7666 |
Sentence |
denotes |
1.06× 106 8.84×104 6.89×103 5.12×102 3.25×101 - - |
T212 |
7667-7723 |
Sentence |
denotes |
1.25× 10−6 9.15×104 7.50×103 5.17×102 3.17×101 - - |
T213 |
7724-7787 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 1.15×106 9.02×104 7.10×104 4.97×102 3.77×101 - - |
T214 |
7788-7846 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 7.73×104 1.30×103 2.81×102 2.49×101 7.85×100 - - |
T215 |
7847-7890 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 0/3 0/3 |
T216 |
7891-7958 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RT-qPCR RNA Ct value 20.89 24.29 27.76 31.13 34.70 38.95 - |
T217 |
7959-8002 |
Sentence |
denotes |
20.97 24.34 27.80 31.18 34.35 37.66 - |
T218 |
8003-8046 |
Sentence |
denotes |
20.75 24.28 27.65 31.00 34.51 38.16 - |
T219 |
8047-8099 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 20.87 24.30 27.74 31.10 34.52 38.26 - |
T220 |
8100-8141 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.53 - |
T221 |
8142-8221 |
Sentence |
denotes |
copies/ reaction 6.23×106 4.75×105 3.41×104 2.64×103 1.77×102 7.03×100 - |
T222 |
8222-8283 |
Sentence |
denotes |
5.85×106 4.56×105 3.29×104 2.55×103 2.29×102 1.87×101 - |
T223 |
8284-8345 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.93×106 4.77×105 3.72×104 2.92×103 2.04×102 1.28×101 - |
T224 |
8346-8416 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Average 6.33×106 4.69×105 3.47×104 2.71×103 2.03×102 1.28×101 - |
T225 |
8417-8482 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SD 4.45×105 9.44×104 1.78×103 1.56×102 2.14×101 4.78×100 - |
T226 |
8483-8526 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Positive 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 0/3 |
T227 |
8528-8580 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Evaluation of RT-LAMP assay using clinical specimens |
T228 |
8581-8803 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of RT-LAMP and Direct RT-LAMP, we analyzed 224 nasal swab samples from suspected COVID-19 patients using these experimental protocols at the same time has RT-qPCR/NIID as reference test. |
T229 |
8804-8960 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Sixteen samples were suspended in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) and the remaining samples were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. |
T230 |
8961-9184 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As shown in Fig 1, the detection time of RT-LAMP and Direct RT-LAMP was significantly correlated with copy number of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (Peason’s correlation (r) = -0.25 and -0.22, for RT-LAMP and Direct RT-LAMP, respectively). |
T231 |
9185-9322 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This correlation indicates that viral RNA copies in clinical samples could be roughly estimated from the detection time of RT-LAMP assay. |
T232 |
9323-9430 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fig 1 Detection time of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from clinical specimens with the RT-LAMP and Direct RT-LAMP assays. |
T233 |
9431-9611 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Detection time of clinical samples determined by RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 (A) and Direct RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 (B) were plotted to viral RNA copy numbers per reaction with reference RT-qPCR/NIID. |
T234 |
9612-9693 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The samples suspended by PBS or HBSS are shown as blue or red dots, respectively. |
T235 |
9694-9854 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The detection time for Direct RT-LAMP using PBS-suspended samples PBS was delayed on average by only 0.45 min compared with RT-LAMP using extracted RNA (Fig 2). |
T236 |
9855-10119 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In contrast, the detection time of Direct RT-LAMP using HBSS-suspended swab samples was 3 to 8 min (mean 4.8 min) later than that of RT-LAMP using extracted RNA (Fig 2), suggesting that HBSS is not appropriate as swab sample suspension solution for Direct RT-LAMP. |
T237 |
10120-10221 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, the results of the 16 samples suspended in HBSS were excluded from the analysis (Table 6). |
T238 |
10222-10293 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fig 2 Comparison of detection time between RT-LAMP and Direct RT-LAMP. |
T239 |
10294-10391 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The delay time of detection by Direct RT-LAMP is shown for nasal swabs suspended in HBSS and PBS. |
T240 |
10392-10528 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Table 6 Diagnostic accuracy of the RT-LAMP assay and the Direct RT-LAMP assay for SARS-CoV-2 compared with the reference RT-qPCR assay. |
T241 |
10529-10552 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RT-LAMP Direct RT-LAMP |
T242 |
10553-10634 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Copies/reaction Positive Negative Sensitivity Positive Negative Sensitivity |
T243 |
10635-10682 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RT-qPCR Positive >107 2 0 100% 1 0 100% |
T244 |
10683-10716 |
Sentence |
denotes |
106−107 17 0 100% 14 0 100% |
T245 |
10717-10750 |
Sentence |
denotes |
105−106 24 0 100% 17 0 100% |
T246 |
10751-10784 |
Sentence |
denotes |
104−105 18 0 100% 21 0 100% |
T247 |
10785-10817 |
Sentence |
denotes |
103−104 18 0 100% 16 1 94% |
T248 |
10818-10849 |
Sentence |
denotes |
102−103 18 0 100% 9 8 53% |
T249 |
10850-10881 |
Sentence |
denotes |
101−102 12 2 86% 2 18 10% |
T250 |
10882-10909 |
Sentence |
denotes |
101> 10 5 67% 0 19 0% |
T251 |
10910-11002 |
Sentence |
denotes |
negative 15 67 A total of 126 samples were deemed positive by the reference RT-qPCR assay. |
T252 |
11003-11143 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In this evaluation test, the RNA amount of each clinical sample was estimated to be in the range from 1.3 to 6.88 x 107 copies per reaction. |
T253 |
11144-11316 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The RT-LAMP/ORF1b-1 assay detected all clinical samples that had more than 23.7 copies of viral RNA as positive for SARS-CoV-2 with 100% probability (Table 6 and S1 Table). |
T254 |
11317-11414 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Detection probabilities of the assay were 50% for 10–19.8 copies and 67% for less than 10 copies. |
T255 |
11415-11488 |
Sentence |
denotes |
All positive results were obtained within 14.5 min (Fig 1A and S1 Table). |
T256 |
11489-11644 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Direct RT-LAMP with ORF1b-1 primer set detected samples that had more than 1.43 x 103 copies of viral RNA with 100% probability (Table 6 and S2 Table). |
T257 |
11645-11745 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The assay still showed 53% and 10% probabilities for 102−103 and 101−102 viral copies, respectively. |
T258 |
11746-11828 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The minimum copy numbers which were possible to detect was 70.8 copies (S2 Table). |
T259 |
11829-12060 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For samples that had 7.08 x 101−1.41 x 103 viral copies, composition of swab samples seem to affect the results; although, the results were consistent with those from Direct RT-LAMP for swab samples spiked with the virus (Table 5). |
T260 |
12061-12225 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, it should be carefully noted that low viral RNA copy numbers may not be detected by this Direct RT-LAMP assay depending on the composition of the sample. |
T261 |
12226-12324 |
Sentence |
denotes |
And, this Direct RT-LAMP assay cannot be used to prove a negative result for SARS-CoV-2 infection. |