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LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T127 1420-1436 Phenotype denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002721
T128 4197-4202 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T129 4223-4232 Phenotype denotes dry cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031246
T130 4710-4715 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T131 6995-7004 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T132 7429-7438 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T133 11695-11704 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T134 13372-13391 Phenotype denotes autoimmune diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002960
T135 13401-13421 Phenotype denotes rheumatoid arthritis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001370
T136 13423-13451 Phenotype denotes systemic lupus erythematosus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002725
T137 15605-15614 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T138 19021-19027 Phenotype denotes nausea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002018
T139 19029-19037 Phenotype denotes pruritus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000989
T140 19039-19047 Phenotype denotes headache http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002315
T141 19049-19061 Phenotype denotes hypoglycemia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001943
T142 19107-19123 Phenotype denotes hypersensitivity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0041092
T143 19176-19187 Phenotype denotes retinopathy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000488
T144 19198-19206 Phenotype denotes myopathy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003198
T145 19208-19218 Phenotype denotes neuropathy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0009830
T146 19220-19246 Phenotype denotes restrictive cardiomyopathy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001723
T147 19378-19389 Phenotype denotes arrhythmias http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011675
T148 19705-19713 Phenotype denotes vomiting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002013
T149 19715-19729 Phenotype denotes abdominal pain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002027
T150 19731-19737 Phenotype denotes nausea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002018
T151 19739-19747 Phenotype denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T152 19762-19767 Phenotype denotes cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T153 19773-19792 Phenotype denotes shortness of breath http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098
T154 20252-20261 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T155 20620-20640 Phenotype denotes respiratory distress http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098
T156 21584-21616 Phenotype denotes increased creatine phosphokinase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003236
T157 24803-24815 Phenotype denotes malnutrition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004395
T158 25496-25518 Phenotype denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T159 26248-26286 Phenotype denotes disseminated intravascular coagulation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0005521
T160 26291-26303 Phenotype denotes coagulopathy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003256
T161 26325-26331 Phenotype denotes sepsis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100806
T162 26336-26374 Phenotype denotes disseminated intravascular coagulation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0005521
T163 26387-26401 Phenotype denotes thromboembolic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001907
T164 26514-26523 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T165 27276-27288 Phenotype denotes coagulopathy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003256
T166 27515-27521 Phenotype denotes sepsis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100806
T167 27530-27542 Phenotype denotes coagulopathy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003256
T168 28936-28957 Phenotype denotes autoimmune conditions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002960

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T421 0-31 Sentence denotes Drug Options Against SARS-CoV-2
T422 32-192 Sentence denotes Although some drugs appear to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 and are able to improve COVID-19 symptoms, there is no specific antiviral compound for this virus.
T423 193-453 Sentence denotes In the face of such a global health emergency, several clinically used drugs are being reviewed and redirected to be tested in patients who have critical complications of COVID-19 in an attempt to eliminate the virus and modulate the patient’s immune response.
T424 455-465 Sentence denotes Antivirals
T425 466-713 Sentence denotes Due to the large amount of experimental and clinical studies assessing the effectiveness of antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2, we have seen the importance of this class of drugs in reducing the viral load peak at the beginning of the infection.
T426 714-944 Sentence denotes Evidence from laboratory, animal, and clinical studies demonstrate that the use of associated or isolated antivirals can delay the progression of lung lesions and decrease the possibility of respiratory transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
T427 945-1101 Sentence denotes In this study, we selected the following most promising treatment options: lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, ribavirin, remdesivir, favipiravir, and type I IFN.
T428 1102-1493 Sentence denotes In the context of discovering new drugs, it is efficient to test the efficacy of existing antiviral drugs regarding the treatment of related viral infections. After the emergence of SARS in 2003, the screening of approved drugs identified an effective SARS-CoV-2 antiviral-drug candidate: the combination of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir.
T429 1494-1649 Sentence denotes However, lopinavir has insufficient oral bioavailability for significant therapeutic activity due to rapid catabolism by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
T430 1650-1862 Sentence denotes Thus, ritonavir is a cytochrome P450 and glycoproteins inhibitor, which increases the lopinavir plasma half-life, enhancing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities against the viral HIV-protease (303).
T431 1863-2173 Sentence denotes Chu et al. (304) described the possible mechanism of action of these drugs on SARS-CoV-1, suggesting that they act by inhibiting intracellular viral multiplication, preventing the action of the protease enzyme, which leads to the formation of an immature and less infectious virus with no ability to replicate.
T432 2174-2319 Sentence denotes Choy et al. (305) were successful at demonstrating the antiviral effect of lopinavir against SARS-CoV-2, but this was not the case for ritonavir.
T433 2320-2485 Sentence denotes In turn, Kang et al. (306) found a lower viral load in infected SARS-CoV-2 Vero cells treated with lopinavir/ritonavir in relation to the untreated infected control.
T434 2486-2763 Sentence denotes Although no consensus has been reached on its efficacy, dosage, or administration period, the literature includes some case reports, case series, and observational studies reporting a protective effect of the lopinavir/ritonavir combination in COVID-19 patients (110, 307–312).
T435 2764-2994 Sentence denotes Conversely, Cao et al. (313) conducted a controlled open‐label study with 199 hospitalized severe COVID‐19 patients randomly divided into two groups: a standard care group and a lopinavir/ritonavir treatment group (400 mg/100 mg).
T436 2995-3181 Sentence denotes No benefit was observed in the lopinavir/ritonavir treatment group, showing no significant results for faster clinical improvement, lower mortality, or decreased viral RNA detectability.
T437 3182-3388 Sentence denotes Although there are 85 clinical trials in progress testing lopinavir/ritonavir associated with other drugs on SARS-CoV-2 and/or COVID-19, WHO stopped the study of lopinavir/ritonavir in the Solidarity Trial.
T438 3389-3606 Sentence denotes Deng et al. (312) have studied the association of lopinavir/ritonavir with arbidol treatment and demonstrated a significant improvement in COVID-19 patients compared with a group treated only with lopinavir/ritonavir.
T439 3607-3741 Sentence denotes Arbidol (umifenovir) is a broad-spectrum antiviral and immunomodulatory compound used to treat influenza and many other viruses (314).
T440 3742-4047 Sentence denotes Analyses of molecular dynamics and structure-guided drug-binding have suggested an efficiency of arbidol at blocking or hampering the trimerization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, in addition to inhibiting virus-cell interactions, which supports the potential use of arbidol to treat COVID-19 (315).
T441 4048-4284 Sentence denotes Chen et al. (316) demonstrated that arbidol therapy was able to shorten the course of the disease and promote clinical improvement, resulting in low fever and improvements in dry cough without side effects faster than the control group.
T442 4285-4416 Sentence denotes Zhu et al. (317) also demonstrated the effects of arbidol by retrospectively analyzing the clinical data from 50 COVID-19 patients.
T443 4417-4791 Sentence denotes The study demonstrated that the use of arbidol monotherapy, without association with other drugs, was more effective than the treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir, showing clinical improvement of the disease, presenting a total elimination of viral load over a shorter duration; in addition, no fever or ARDS were reported compared with those in the lopinavir/ritonavir group.
T444 4792-5006 Sentence denotes Ribavirin is another antiviral drug used in association with lopinavir/ritonavir to treat SARS-CoV-1 and was able to reduce viral load, risk of adverse clinical outcomes, ARDS, or death in SARS patients (304, 318).
T445 5007-5234 Sentence denotes Ribavirin has a broad antiviral spectrum as it is a nucleotide analog that competes for the active site of RdRp, a crucial enzyme in the life cycle of RNA viruses, inhibiting viral replication and transcription (221, 319, 320).
T446 5235-5441 Sentence denotes Elfiky (320) conducted an in silico study demonstrating that ribavirin and other antivirals such as sofosbuvir can strongly bind to coronavirus RdRp, preventing the transcription of new copies of viral RNA.
T447 5442-5652 Sentence denotes Only a few clinical studies have investigated the effect of ribavirin on COVID-19 patients, with the studies available generally focusing on the association of ribavirin and other therapeutic schemes (321–323).
T448 5653-5750 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, China’s government (324) has recommended the use of ribavirin in COVID-19 patients.
T449 5751-5842 Sentence denotes Remdesivir (RDV) is also among the several potential drugs tested for SARS-CoV-2 treatment.
T450 5843-6017 Sentence denotes Originally developed to treat Ebola virus infection, RDV is active against RNA viruses from different families, including Coronaviridae (e.g., SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) (325).
T451 6018-6095 Sentence denotes RDV showed an in vitro effective antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (326).
T452 6096-6321 Sentence denotes Grein et al. (327) conducted a cohort study with 53 COVID-19 patients treated with RDV and found that 68% of them had improved oxygen-support class, whereas 57% of the patients receiving mechanical ventilation were extubated.
T453 6322-6472 Sentence denotes Overall mortality reached 13% over a median follow-up of 18 days, however, viral load data were not collected to confirm the antiviral effects of RDV.
T454 6473-6699 Sentence denotes The biggest issue with this study is that the authors did not include a group without RDV, which hampers the performance of comparative statistical analyses to prove whether the data found resulted from the treatment with RDV.
T455 6700-6930 Sentence denotes Another double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous RDV conducted in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 with evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement was performed in different parts of the world (328).
T456 6931-7151 Sentence denotes The study of Beigel and colleagues (328) enrolled 1,063 COVID19 pneumonia patients, 538 of whom were assigned to the treatment with RDV and 521 to a placebo, showed the effectiveness of RDV in treating COVID-19 patients.
T457 7152-7364 Sentence denotes The drug was superior to the placebo in reducing the recovery time in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and decreased the mortality rate in the RDV group, however, this result did not reach statistical significance.
T458 7365-7623 Sentence denotes Antionori et al. (329), analyzing patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in an intensive care unit (ICU) who were treated for 10 days with RDV, found that on the 28th day, 38.9% showed improvement, 16.7% were still on mechanical ventilation, and 44.4% died.
T459 7624-7804 Sentence denotes The data suggest that this treatment can benefit hospitalized patients who are not in the ICU, where the clinical result was better and adverse events are observed less frequently.
T460 7805-8023 Sentence denotes Alternatively, the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial with 273 ill individuals performed by Wang et al. revealed that RDV intravenous administration was well-tolerated in COVID-19 patients.
T461 8024-8115 Sentence denotes However, the authors did not find any clinical improvement or significant antiviral effect.
T462 8116-8327 Sentence denotes Goldman et al. (330), in another phase 3 clinical trial on 397 patients with severe COVID-19 without mechanical ventilation support, also did not find differences between 5-day and 10-day courses of RDV therapy.
T463 8328-8535 Sentence denotes The RDV data currently available are still controversial, however, dozens of clinical studies are currently using this drug as an alternative treatment for COVID-19, possibly further elucidating its effects.
T464 8536-8712 Sentence denotes The efficiency of favipiravir, another anti-influenza RdRp inhibitor, has also been clinically assessed and was approved for COVID-19 treatment in China, March 2020 (331, 332).
T465 8713-8839 Sentence denotes An experimental study carried out with the VERO cell line showed that the drug has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 (326).
T466 8840-9156 Sentence denotes Aiming at comparing the effects of favipiravir and lopinavir/ritonavir, Cai et al. (333) conducted an open, non-randomized, before-after controlled study with 80 patients and found that favipiravir favored viral clearance and improved chest CT, having caused fewer adverse effects than the lopinavir/ritonavir group.
T467 9157-9225 Sentence denotes Currently, 31 clinical trials using this medication are in progress.
T468 9226-9434 Sentence denotes Regarding antivirals, type I IFN is a group of cytokines comprising the α and β subtypes, among others, with an important role in antiviral immunity that interferes with viral replication, as discussed above.
T469 9435-9722 Sentence denotes Many studies have shown the protective effect of type I IFN associated with antiviral therapies for patients with SARS and MERS [reviewed by Sallard et al. (334)], which arouses the interest of the scientific community in type I IFN as a potential treatment against SARS-CoV-2 (334–337).
T470 9723-9875 Sentence denotes Despite their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 (338, 339), the results of in vitro studies using IFN-α and -β to treat COVID-19 patients remain inconclusive.
T471 9876-10087 Sentence denotes Such uncertain nature of the results is associated with biases present in these studies, which include limited-size sample, heterogeneous experimental designs/clinical status, and the type of IFN isoform tested.
T472 10088-10282 Sentence denotes In addition, since COVID-19 treatments rarely involve monotherapy, it is difficult to assess whether the results derived from the tested IFN or the drugs used in combination (322, 323, 340–343).
T473 10283-10539 Sentence denotes It is also worth mentioning that, as discussed above, type I IFN appears to exacerbate inflammation in the progression to severe COVID-19; the timing of administration and subgroups targeted for treatment with type I IFN need to be considered with caution.
T474 10540-10896 Sentence denotes A recent retrospective multicenter cohort study of 446 Chinese patients with COVID-19 reported that among severe to critical COVID-19 patients, early administration (≤5 days after admission) of IFN-α2b decreased mortality in comparison with no admission of IFN-α2b, whereas no significant benefit was associated with IFN-α2b use in moderately ill patients.
T475 10897-11013 Sentence denotes However, late use of IFN-α2b increased mortality and delayed recovery of severe to critical COVID-19 patients (344).
T476 11014-11239 Sentence denotes Zhou et al. (341), investigated the isolated effect of IFN-α in a cohort study comparing 77 patients with moderate COVID-19 treated with nebulized IFN-α2b (5 mU b.i.d.), oral arbidol (200 mg t.i.d.), or a combination of both.
T477 11240-11521 Sentence denotes Although the study did not include a control group, the treatment with IFN-α2b, either containing arbidol or not, significantly reduced the duration of detectable virus in the upper respiratory tract and the circulating of inflammatory markers (IL-6 and C-reactive protein levels).
T478 11522-11851 Sentence denotes Still, in a retrospective multicenter cohort study with 141 mild COVID-19 patients by Xu et al. (342), the arbidol/IFN-α2b combination proved more effective in accelerating pneumonia recovery than IFN-α2b monotherapy, but this was not the case for viral clearance or reducing the length of hospital stay than IFN-α2b monotherapy.
T479 11852-12193 Sentence denotes Hung et al. (322) assessed the effect of IFN-β on COVID-19 patients and found that the triple combination of IFN-β1b, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin was safer and more effective than lopinavir/ritonavir alone at alleviating symptoms, shortening the duration of viral shedding and hospital stay in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.
T480 12194-12323 Sentence denotes Similarly, an open randomized clinical trial was carried out by Danoudi-Monfared et al. (345), analyzing treatment with IFN-β-1a.
T481 12324-12564 Sentence denotes The IFN group of COVID-19 patients (n=42) received IFN β-1a in addition to the protocol medications (hydroxychloroquine plus lopinavir-ritonavir or atazanavir-ritonavir) while the control group (n=39) received only the protocol medications.
T482 12565-12692 Sentence denotes The IFN-β-1a-treated patients showed a significantly increased discharge rate on day 14 and decreased mortality within 28 days.
T483 12693-12801 Sentence denotes A better survival rate was also observed when patients received IFN- β-1a in the early stage of the disease.
T484 12802-12898 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 treatment guidelines of many countries already recommend the use of IFNs α/β (335).
T485 12899-13025 Sentence denotes Currently, all over the world, more than 20 clinical trials are using IFN-α and/or β alone or in association with other drugs.
T486 13027-13061 Sentence denotes Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
T487 13062-13215 Sentence denotes Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been used worldwide for more than 70 years, and they are part of the WHO model list of essential medicines (346).
T488 13216-13554 Sentence denotes They were synthesized specifically for the treatment and chemoprevention of malaria, but their immunomodulatory activity led these drugs to be used against autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases; they also show broad-spectrum antiviral effects (347–349).
T489 13555-13741 Sentence denotes Regarding the chemical structure, hydroxychloroquine differs from chloroquine in the presence of a hydroxyl group at the end of the side chain: the N-ethyl substituent is β-hydroxylated.
T490 13742-13997 Sentence denotes Both drugs have similar pharmacokinetics, with rapid gastrointestinal absorption and renal elimination, but different clinical indications and toxic doses, in which hydroxychloroquine is less toxic and more clinically used in the malaria model (348, 350).
T491 13998-14126 Sentence denotes The action mechanism of these drugs has direct molecular effects on lysosomal activity, autophagy, and signaling pathways (347).
T492 14127-14325 Sentence denotes As antivirals, chloroquine is known to block SARS-CoV-1-infection by increasing endosomal pH required for virus entry, as well as interfering with the glycosylation of cellular receptors (351, 352).
T493 14326-14622 Sentence denotes The possible mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 is the inhibition of virus entry by altering the glycosylation of ACE2, reducing the binding efficiency between ACE2 in host cells and the S protein on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2, thus preventing the virus from binding to target cells (348, 351, 353).
T494 14623-14752 Sentence denotes In addition to a potent antiviral inhibition, the immunomodulatory activity of these drugs is well established in the literature.
T495 14753-15207 Sentence denotes Proposed effects of chloroquine on the immune system include increasing the export of soluble antigens into the cytosol of dendritic cells, the blocking of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling, thus reconstructing CD8+ cytotoxic viral response, and inhibiting and/or reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and IFN-α (347, 354–359), which has an important role in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, as previously reported in item 4.1.
T496 15208-15363 Sentence denotes In vitro studies on SARS-CoV-2 have demonstrated the low-dose action of these drugs, having found the lowest half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s).
T497 15364-15470 Sentence denotes In addition, their association with azithromycin significantly inhibited viral replication (326, 360–362).
T498 15471-15723 Sentence denotes In humans, a study by Gao, Tian, and Yang (363) showed that patients treated with chloroquine phosphate had inhibited exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promoting a virus-negative conversion, and shortening the COVID-19 course.
T499 15724-15966 Sentence denotes The association of hydroxychloroquine with other drugs is also suggested, with emphasis on studies using azithromycin, a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic primarily used to treat respiratory, enteric, and genitourinary bacterial infections.
T500 15967-16116 Sentence denotes Despite not yet being approved for antiviral therapy, it has been studied in vitro and in clinical trials for activity against several viruses (364).
T501 16117-16281 Sentence denotes Gautret et al. (365) demonstrated the effectiveness of the hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination in a non-randomized clinical trial with 36 COVID-19 patients.
T502 16282-16441 Sentence denotes A 57.1% rate of cure was attributed to the patients treated with hydroxychloroquine, however, when combined with azithromycin, 100% of the patients were cured.
T503 16442-16600 Sentence denotes The authors suggested a synergistic effect of the drug combination since both were reported to have antiviral and immunomodulatory activity in the literature.
T504 16601-16855 Sentence denotes Gautret et al. (366) conducted another analysis to provide evidence of a beneficial effect of co-administration of hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin in a non-comparative and uncontrolled observational study with 80 mildly infected SARS-CoV-2 patients.
T505 16856-17075 Sentence denotes The hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin treatment showed that 81.3% of the patients had a favorable result with a rapid decrease in nasopharyngeal viral load at day 8 (93%), reducing the mean length of stay in the hospital.
T506 17076-17179 Sentence denotes Arshad et al. (367) performed a multicenter observational study, which included 2541 COVID-19 patients.
T507 17180-17375 Sentence denotes Patients were separated into four groups: untreated (n = 409), treated with hydroxychloroquine (n = 1202), the association of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, and azithromycin only (n = 147).
T508 17376-17595 Sentence denotes The authors suggested that the treatment with hydroxychloroquine alone and in combination with azithromycin was associated with a reduction in the hazard ratio for death when compared with receipt of neither medication.
T509 17596-17801 Sentence denotes However, a lot of controversy has been raised about these data, and many important limitations of this study were considered by several authors (368–373), threatening the validity of the reported findings.
T510 17802-18093 Sentence denotes Among these, there is the potential for immortal time bias and selection bias, the administration of corticosteroids in most patients treated with hydroxychloroquine than in other groups, and a disproportionately high share of patients with cardiovascular comorbidity in the untreated group.
T511 18094-18282 Sentence denotes Seeking to analyze the efficacy of early treatment using hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, Million et al. (374) carried out a retrospective study with 1061 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.
T512 18283-18445 Sentence denotes In the study, 91.7% of the patients reached good clinical results and virological cure within 10 days, while 4.3% had a poor outcome associated with advanced age.
T513 18446-18551 Sentence denotes However, it is worth mentioning that the study did not include a control group to establish a comparison.
T514 18552-18794 Sentence denotes To assess the use of hydroxychloroquine as a prophylactic measure, Boulware et al. (375) performed a randomized, double-blind trial in adults who had been exposed to individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, either in the home or work environment.
T515 18795-18890 Sentence denotes The authors found that postexposure prophylaxis did not prevent the development of the disease.
T516 18891-19134 Sentence denotes An important question that may be considered about chloroquine and its derivate is the numerous adverse effects reported, such as nausea, pruritus, headache, hypoglycemia, neuropsychiatric effects, and idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reactions.
T517 19135-19299 Sentence denotes In long-term treatments, effects such as retinopathy, vacuolar myopathy, neuropathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and cardiac conduction disorders are also reported.
T518 19300-19443 Sentence denotes Furthermore, its concomitant use with azithromycin may predispose patients to arrhythmias (213), which represents a major negative implication.
T519 19444-19589 Sentence denotes Huang et al. (376) conducted a randomized clinical trial with 22 patients in China to compare the effects of chloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir.
T520 19590-19793 Sentence denotes Even though chloroquine led to some clinical improvement, half of the patients experienced adverse effects such as vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, cough, and shortness of breath.
T521 19794-20133 Sentence denotes Satlin et al. (377), Magagnoli et al. (378), Rosenberg et al. (379), and Ip et al. (380) reported that treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, or both were not associated with a survival benefit among patients and there were no significant differences in mortality for patients receiving hydroxychloroquine during hospitalization.
T522 20134-20346 Sentence denotes Similarly, Mahévas et al. (381) analyzed the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized with coronavirus pneumonia who needed oxygen but not intensive care, through a comparative observational study.
T523 20347-20414 Sentence denotes 181 patients were analyzed, 84 of whom received hydroxychloroquine.
T524 20415-20685 Sentence denotes Data showed there was no effect on reducing admissions to intensive care or deaths on day 21 after hospital admission and the hydroxychloroquine treatment did not have any effect on survival without acute respiratory distress syndrome on day 21 after hospital admission.
T525 20686-20902 Sentence denotes Tang et al. (382) carried out a multicenter, open, randomized, and controlled clinical trial evaluating 150 patients admitted with confirmed mild to severe COVID-19; of these, 75 were treated with hydroxychloroquine.
T526 20903-20995 Sentence denotes The authors demonstrated that treatment does not contribute to the elimination of the virus.
T527 20996-21268 Sentence denotes Borba et al. (383) conducted a phase IIb, double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of high doses (600 mg/twice daily for 10 days) and low doses (450 mg twice daily at day 1 and once daily for 4 days) of chloroquine in 81 and 40 patients, respectively.
T528 21269-21384 Sentence denotes The results did not evidence lower viral load in respiratory secretions, not even in combination with azithromycin.
T529 21385-21491 Sentence denotes The mortality rate for the high-dose group was over twice as high as the low-dose group (39.0% vs. 16.0%).
T530 21492-21717 Sentence denotes Additionally, some patients, mainly in the high-dose group, showed adverse effects, such as increased creatine phosphokinase (CK) and CK-MB, while the high-dosage group exhibited more corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation.
T531 21718-21773 Sentence denotes Neither of the dosages was able to influence lethality.
T532 21774-21870 Sentence denotes The authors concluded that critically ill patients should not receive chloroquine at high doses.
T533 21871-22109 Sentence denotes In the meantime, a cohort study with 201 patients showed that the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine combined with azithromycin generated a higher increase in QT prolongation than chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine monotherapy (384).
T534 22110-22307 Sentence denotes More recently, another large observational study involving 1376 cases of COVID-19 from New York found no significant association between the use of hydroxychloroquine and intubation or death (385).
T535 22308-22481 Sentence denotes Currently, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are the most largely studied compounds in the context of COVID-19 treatment, encompassing at least 320 ongoing clinical trials.
T536 22482-22682 Sentence denotes However, considering that more recent studies failed to prove any favorable effect of their use in COVID-19 patients, the WHO discontinued the study of hydroxychloroquine in the Solidarity Trial (13).
T537 22684-22699 Sentence denotes Antihelminthics
T538 22700-22990 Sentence denotes Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the search for active molecules against the coronavirus should use advanced tools of computational biology and artificial intelligence for the recognition of drugs already approved and commercialized with potential effects on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 (386).
T539 22991-23270 Sentence denotes In this context, over the past few years, research has shown the antiviral potential in vitro, especially against RNA viruses, of Ivermectin, the best known and most widely used antiparasitic drug in human and veterinary medicine, with promising results against SARS-CoV-2 (387).
T540 23271-23504 Sentence denotes The model of Vero/hSLAM cells infected with a SARS-CoV-2 isolate showed the ivermectin antiviral effect in which 24h-ivermectin treatment reduced 93% of RNA viral load in the cell supernatant and 99.8% of the intracellular viral RNA.
T541 23505-23727 Sentence denotes The authors hypothesized that its probable mechanism of action occurs through the inhibition of nuclear import of importin-α/β1–mediated the IMPα/β1 heterodimer of viral proteins, as shown for other RNA viruses (387, 388).
T542 23728-23982 Sentence denotes Corroborating, Lehrer and Rheinstein (389) identified the ivermectin docking site between the region of leucine 91 of viral spike and the histidine 378 of the ACE2 receptor, which may interfere with the attachment of the spike to the human cell membrane.
T543 23983-24335 Sentence denotes Although the in vitro proliferation inhibition effect of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2 has been shown, there is no evidence that the IC50 of ~ 2 µM determined by Caly and colleagues can be achieved in the clinic where pharmacokinetics studies showed that even the maximum tested dosage of 1700 μg/kg presented only 0.28μM of plasma concentration (390).
T544 24336-24577 Sentence denotes According to Navarro et al. (391), no adverse effects of high doses of ivermectin have so far been demonstrated in clinical studies with patients, with only a few transient ocular events in those who experienced high doses (up to 400 μg/kg).
T545 24578-24823 Sentence denotes However, Duthaler et al. (392) demonstrated that the adverse effects of ivermectin in the body can vary according to the patient’s nutritional status, and the effects of high doses can be harmful, especially in patients with malnutrition levels.
T546 24824-24992 Sentence denotes The general consensus of the authors is that further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivermectin administered in high doses against SARS-CoV-2.
T547 24993-25217 Sentence denotes Xu et al. (386) published a review article regarding niclosamide, an old anthelmintic used to treat tapeworm infections, showing promising antiviral activity against various viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV.
T548 25218-25323 Sentence denotes This drug has shown to act in vitro by enhancing autophagy and efficiently reducing MERS-CoV replication.
T549 25324-25519 Sentence denotes Originally developed as an antiprotozoal agent, nitazoxanide is another broad-spectrum antiviral agent that has been currently developed to treat influenza and other viral respiratory infections.
T550 25520-25705 Sentence denotes Nitazoxanide exhibited in vitro activity against MERS-CoV by inhibiting the expression of viral N protein, in addition to reducing the production of IL-6 in an in vivo model (393, 394).
T551 25706-26021 Sentence denotes Despite the lack of studies in the literature showing the effect of these anthelmintics on the COVID-19 model, clinical trials have currently included this type of antiviral agent in many countries; there are 37 clinical trials using ivermectin alone or associated with hydroxychloroquine, and 19 with nitazoxanide.
T552 26022-26124 Sentence denotes These studies are yet to be published and preliminary results are expected in the second half of 2020.
T553 26126-26140 Sentence denotes Anticoagulants
T554 26141-26310 Sentence denotes A high mortality risk in severe COVID-19 patients has been described, especially due to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and coagulopathy (395).
T555 26311-26489 Sentence denotes Patients with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation may develop thromboembolic complications or microvascular clot deposition, contributing to multiple organ failure.
T556 26490-26772 Sentence denotes In patients with severe pneumonia, the activation of vascular endothelium, platelets, and leukocytes results in the unregulated generation of thrombin, both locally, in the lungs, and systemically, leading to fibrin deposition and subsequent tissue damage and microangiopathy (396).
T557 26773-27002 Sentence denotes In COVID-19 patients, severe pulmonary inflammation is believed to be associated with the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can cause the dysfunction of endothelial cells and consequently higher thrombin production.
T558 27003-27095 Sentence denotes Therefore, the use of anticoagulant therapy could be beneficial for COVID-19 patients (397).
T559 27096-27356 Sentence denotes In a retrospective study with 449 patients with severe COVID-19, Tang et al. (395) observed a lower mortality rate in individuals treated with prophylactic heparin associated with coagulopathy compared with those who had not been treated with an anticoagulant.
T560 27357-27577 Sentence denotes The study associated the use of thrombosis prophylaxis with lower 28-day mortality in COVID-19 patients, but only for those presenting a high value of either sepsis-induced coagulopathy score (≥4) or D-dimer (≥3.0 mg/L).
T561 27578-27823 Sentence denotes Paranjpe et al. (398) carried out a large cohort analysis with 2773 COVID-19 patients in the United States, among which 28% received anticoagulant therapy, and also found an association of anticoagulant-based treatment with lower mortality risk.
T562 27824-27994 Sentence denotes The mortality rate in patients who required mechanical ventilation and received anticoagulant therapy was lower than those who had not been treated with an anticoagulant.
T563 27995-28219 Sentence denotes It is important to highlight that heparin has an anti-inflammatory effect that can bind to inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proinflammatory proteins, inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis and leukocyte migration (399–401).
T564 28220-28427 Sentence denotes In the current COVID-19 context, there are over 60 ongoing clinical trials covering the use of thromboprophylaxis, which will certainly clarify the potential role of anticoagulants in patients with COVID-19.
T565 28429-28442 Sentence denotes Dexamethasone
T566 28443-28838 Sentence denotes Recent studies have demonstrated great interest in the role of corticosteroids to attenuate the pulmonary and systemic damage in COVID-19 patients because of their potent anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties, especially dexamethasone, a synthetic corticosteroid which is on the list of essential medicines of the World Health Organization and is readily available worldwide at low cost.
T567 28839-28969 Sentence denotes This drug acts as a broad-spectrum immunosuppressor and has greater activity in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions (402, 403).
T568 28970-29188 Sentence denotes Recently, the randomized RECOVERY study, conducted by the University of Oxford, declared dexamethasone as the world’s first treatment proven effective in reducing the risk of death among severely ill COVID-19 patients.
T569 29189-29303 Sentence denotes The trial accompanied a total of 2104 patients treated with dexamethasone and 4321 who received conventional care.
T570 29304-29555 Sentence denotes The dexamethasone group showed reduced 28-day mortality in COVID-19 patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen therapy without invasive mechanical ventilation, but not in patients who were not receiving any respiratory support (404).
T571 29556-29745 Sentence denotes Similar results were published by Tomazini et al. (405) in a Brazilian multicenter, randomized, open-label, clinical trial involving 299 adults with moderate or severe ARDS due to COVID-19.
T572 29746-29954 Sentence denotes The study showed that 144 patients who received dexamethasone treatment plus the standard treatment showed a significant increase in the number of days without mechanical ventilation during the first 28 days.
T573 29955-30292 Sentence denotes In the same way, Villar et al. (406) also published a multicenter randomized clinical trial and showed that early administration of dexamethasone in COVID-19 patients who had moderate and severe ARDS presented an increased average number of days without mechanical ventilation, as well as reduced mortality compared to the control group.
T574 30293-30406 Sentence denotes There are currently 29 clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone in COVID-19 patients.
T575 30407-30702 Sentence denotes In the face of the huge amount of studies involving clinical trials to test drugs for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 treatment, in addition to the different research methodologies and criteria addressed, on March 22, 2020 the WHO and partners launched the “SOLIDARITY”, an international clinical trial.
T576 30703-30887 Sentence denotes The purpose is to help find an effective treatment for COVID-19, seeking to establish consistent endpoints, control arms, and inclusion-exclusion criteria for this umbrella trial (13).
T577 30888-31106 Sentence denotes The SOLIDARITY trial includes hospitalized patients with COVID-19 from more than 90 countries around the world to compare treatment options with standard care and assess their relative effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2.
T578 31107-31272 Sentence denotes By enrolling patients from multiple countries, the SOLIDARITY trial aims at rapidly discovering if any of the drugs mitigate disease progression or improve survival.
T579 31273-31410 Sentence denotes According to the WHO director-general, the study will dramatically cut the time needed to generate robust evidence on how the drugs work.
T580 31411-31517 Sentence denotes Thus, the two most promising treatment options selected were Remdesivir or Lopinavir/Ritonavir with IFN-β.
T581 31518-31575 Sentence denotes Other drugs can be added based on emerging evidence (13).

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
3138 387-389 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3139 304-306 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3140 107-109 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3141 59-61 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3142 83-93 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3143 320-328 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3144 427-434 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
3145 213-214 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3146 118-126 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3147 364-372 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3159 470-472 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3160 584-594 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3161 933-943 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3162 905-916 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
3163 1020-1039 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3164 1041-1048 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3165 1050-1059 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3166 1061-1071 Chemical denotes remdesivir MESH:C000606551
3167 1073-1084 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
3168 703-712 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
3169 860-872 Disease denotes lung lesions MESH:D008171
3183 1592-1594 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3184 1159-1161 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3185 1414-1442 Species denotes human immunodeficiency virus Tax:12721
3186 1354-1364 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3187 1444-1447 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
3188 1843-1846 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
3189 1669-1670 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3190 1469-1478 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
3191 1483-1492 Chemical denotes ritonavir MESH:D019438
3192 1503-1512 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
3193 1656-1665 Chemical denotes ritonavir MESH:D019438
3194 1736-1745 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
3195 1243-1259 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
3199 2160-2162 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3200 2086-2088 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3201 1941-1949 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
3214 2267-2277 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3215 2384-2394 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3216 2739-2747 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3217 2668-2669 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3218 2353-2354 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3219 2249-2258 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
3220 2309-2318 Chemical denotes ritonavir MESH:D019438
3221 2419-2438 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3222 2695-2714 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3223 2375-2383 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
3224 2468-2476 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
3225 2730-2738 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3238 2871-2879 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3239 3291-3301 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3240 2940-2941 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3241 2914-2915 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3242 2803-2804 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3243 2942-2961 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3244 3026-3045 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3245 3240-3259 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3246 3344-3363 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3247 2862-2870 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
3248 3133-3142 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3249 3309-3317 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3268 4023-4025 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3269 3940-3942 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3270 3693-3695 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3271 3537-3545 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3272 3897-3907 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3273 3702-3711 Species denotes influenza Tax:11309
3274 3631-3632 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3275 3560-3561 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3276 3499-3500 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3277 3439-3458 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3278 3464-3471 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3279 3586-3605 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3280 3607-3614 Chemical denotes Arbidol MESH:C086979
3281 3616-3626 Chemical denotes umifenovir MESH:C086979
3282 3839-3846 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3283 4015-4022 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3284 3528-3536 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3285 4032-4040 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3300 4109-4111 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3301 4407-4415 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3302 4674-4675 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3303 4635-4636 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3304 4084-4091 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3305 4335-4342 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3306 4456-4463 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3307 4558-4577 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3308 4765-4784 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3309 4193-4202 Disease denotes low fever MESH:D005334
3310 4223-4232 Disease denotes dry cough MESH:D003371
3311 4398-4406 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3312 4710-4715 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
3313 4719-4723 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
3326 4906-4908 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3327 4873-4875 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3328 4882-4890 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
3329 4986-4994 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3330 5120-5121 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3331 5057-5058 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3332 5021-5022 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3333 4792-4801 Chemical denotes Ribavirin MESH:D012254
3334 4853-4872 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3335 5007-5016 Chemical denotes Ribavirin MESH:D012254
3336 4963-4967 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
3337 4972-4977 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
3349 5367-5378 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
3350 5524-5532 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3351 5741-5749 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3352 5447-5448 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3353 5296-5305 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3354 5335-5345 Chemical denotes sofosbuvir MESH:D000069474
3355 5502-5511 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3356 5602-5611 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3357 5719-5728 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3358 5515-5523 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3359 5732-5740 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3385 6630-6632 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3386 6432-6434 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3387 5864-5866 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3388 5821-5831 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3389 5965-5978 Species denotes Coronaviridae Tax:11118
3390 5986-5994 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
3391 6001-6009 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
3392 6078-6088 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3393 6157-6165 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3394 6264-6272 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3395 6543-6544 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3396 6357-6358 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3397 6125-6126 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3398 5751-5761 Chemical denotes Remdesivir MESH:C000606551
3399 5763-5766 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3400 5896-5899 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3401 6018-6021 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3402 6179-6182 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3403 6223-6229 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
3404 6468-6471 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3405 6559-6562 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3406 6695-6698 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3407 5879-5894 Disease denotes virus infection MESH:D001102
3408 6148-6156 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3409 6330-6339 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3427 7174-7176 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3428 7075-7077 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3429 7041-7043 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3430 7005-7013 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3431 7142-7150 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3432 7244-7252 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3433 6848-6859 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
3434 7078-7079 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3435 6774-6777 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3436 7063-7066 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3437 7117-7120 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3438 7293-7296 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3439 6816-6824 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3440 6987-7004 Disease denotes COVID19 pneumonia MESH:C000657245
3441 7133-7141 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3442 7235-7243 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3443 7271-7280 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3448 7399-7407 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3449 7686-7694 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3450 7505-7508 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3451 7420-7438 Disease denotes COVID-19 pneumonia MESH:C000657245
3460 8014-8022 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3461 8179-8187 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3462 7952-7955 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3463 8315-8318 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3464 8332-8335 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3465 8005-8013 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3466 8200-8208 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3467 8484-8492 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3477 8822-8832 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3478 9002-9010 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3479 8580-8589 Species denotes influenza Tax:11309
3480 8554-8565 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
3481 8875-8886 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
3482 8891-8910 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3483 9026-9037 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
3484 9130-9149 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3485 8661-8669 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3495 9815-9827 Gene denotes IFN-α and -β Gene:3439
3496 9664-9667 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3497 9535-9543 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3498 9701-9711 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3499 9754-9764 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3500 9846-9854 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3501 9671-9672 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3502 9262-9263 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3503 9837-9845 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3515 10509-10511 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3516 10402-10404 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3517 10356-10358 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3518 10171-10173 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3519 10500-10503 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3520 10344-10347 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3521 10225-10228 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3522 10068-10071 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3523 10107-10115 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3524 10370-10382 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
3525 10412-10420 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3542 10734-10741 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3543 10797-10804 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3544 10857-10864 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3545 10918-10925 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3546 10977-10979 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3547 10653-10655 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3548 10603-10611 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3549 10674-10682 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3550 10887-10895 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3551 10998-11006 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3552 10540-10541 Gene denotes A Gene:351
3553 10617-10625 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3554 10665-10673 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3555 10752-10761 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3556 10936-10945 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3557 10989-10997 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3571 11069-11074 Gene denotes IFN-α Gene:3439
3572 11161-11168 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3573 11311-11318 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3574 11485-11489 Gene denotes IL-6 Gene:3569
3575 11494-11512 Gene denotes C-reactive protein Gene:1401
3576 11106-11114 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3577 11422-11433 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
3578 11275-11276 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3579 11217-11218 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3580 11078-11079 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3581 11189-11196 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3582 11338-11345 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3583 11129-11137 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3591 11637-11644 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3592 11719-11726 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3593 11831-11838 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3594 11596-11604 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3595 11532-11533 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3596 11587-11595 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3597 11695-11704 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
3617 11893-11898 Gene denotes IFN-β Gene:3439
3618 11911-11919 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3619 12153-12161 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3620 12350-12358 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3621 12586-12594 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3622 12739-12747 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3623 12693-12694 Gene denotes A Gene:351
3624 12602-12603 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3625 12328-12331 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3626 11970-11989 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3627 11995-12004 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3628 12039-12058 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3629 12425-12443 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3630 12449-12468 Chemical denotes lopinavir-ritonavir MESH:C558899
3631 12472-12492 Chemical denotes atazanavir-ritonavir
3632 11902-11910 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3633 12184-12192 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3634 12341-12349 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3635 12667-12676 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3639 12969-12974 Gene denotes IFN-α Gene:3439
3640 12888-12891 Gene denotes α/β Gene:351
3641 12806-12814 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3644 13027-13038 Chemical denotes Chloroquine MESH:D002738
3645 13043-13061 Chemical denotes Hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3654 13353-13355 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3655 13062-13073 Chemical denotes Chloroquine MESH:D002738
3656 13078-13096 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3657 13292-13299 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
3658 13372-13391 Disease denotes autoimmune diseases MESH:D001327
3659 13401-13421 Disease denotes rheumatoid arthritis MESH:D001172
3660 13423-13451 Disease denotes systemic lupus erythematosus MESH:D008180
3661 13476-13494 Disease denotes rheumatic diseases MESH:D012216
3667 13652-13653 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3668 13589-13607 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3669 13621-13632 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
3670 13907-13925 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3671 13972-13979 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
3692 14434-14438 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
3693 14480-14484 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
3694 14909-14913 Gene denotes TLR7 Gene:51284
3695 14918-14922 Gene denotes TLR9 Gene:54106
3696 14954-14957 Gene denotes CD8 Gene:925
3697 15062-15066 Gene denotes IL-1 Gene:3552
3698 15068-15072 Gene denotes IL-6 Gene:3569
3699 15074-15077 Gene denotes TNF Gene:7124
3700 15083-15088 Gene denotes IFN-α Gene:3439
3701 14507-14508 Gene denotes S Gene:43740568
3702 14635-14637 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3703 14590-14592 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3704 14163-14165 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3705 14357-14367 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3706 14539-14549 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3707 14638-14639 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3708 14142-14153 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
3709 14773-14784 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
3710 14172-14192 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-1-infection MESH:C000657245
3711 15162-15170 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3721 15228-15238 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3722 15474-15480 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
3723 15531-15539 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3724 15659-15660 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3725 15482-15483 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3726 15400-15412 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3727 15553-15574 Chemical denotes chloroquine phosphate MESH:C023676
3728 15605-15614 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
3729 15707-15715 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3737 15896-15898 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3738 15905-15916 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
3739 15843-15844 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3740 15743-15761 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3741 15829-15841 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3742 15860-15869 Chemical denotes macrolide MESH:D018942
3743 15945-15965 Disease denotes bacterial infections MESH:D001424
3757 16534-16536 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3758 16318-16320 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3759 16272-16280 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3760 16325-16333 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3761 16421-16429 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3762 16464-16465 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3763 16282-16283 Gene denotes A Gene:351
3764 16223-16224 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3765 16176-16194 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3766 16195-16207 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3767 16347-16365 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3768 16395-16407 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3769 16263-16271 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3783 16649-16651 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3784 16835-16845 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3785 16846-16854 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3786 16927-16935 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3787 16964-16965 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3788 16940-16941 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3789 16756-16757 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3790 16672-16673 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3791 16716-16734 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3792 16740-16752 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3793 16860-16878 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3794 16879-16891 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3795 16826-16834 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
3808 17170-17178 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3809 17180-17188 Species denotes Patients Tax:9606
3810 17504-17505 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3811 17106-17107 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3812 17256-17274 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3813 17306-17324 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3814 17329-17341 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3815 17347-17359 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3816 17422-17440 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3817 17471-17483 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3818 17161-17169 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3819 17540-17545 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
3825 17927-17935 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3826 18029-18037 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3827 17994-17995 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3828 17605-17606 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3829 17949-17967 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3841 18525-18527 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3842 18102-18104 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3843 18273-18281 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3844 18310-18318 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3845 18538-18539 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3846 18509-18510 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3847 18401-18402 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3848 18221-18222 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3849 18151-18169 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3850 18174-18186 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3851 18258-18272 Disease denotes CoV-2 infected MESH:C000657245
3858 18715-18717 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3859 18552-18554 Gene denotes To Gene:6999
3860 18651-18652 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3861 18595-18596 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3862 18573-18591 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3863 18745-18753 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3880 19375-19377 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3881 19366-19374 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3882 19414-19415 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3883 18942-18953 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
3884 19338-19350 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3885 19021-19027 Disease denotes nausea MESH:D009325
3886 19029-19037 Disease denotes pruritus MESH:D011537
3887 19039-19047 Disease denotes headache MESH:D006261
3888 19049-19061 Disease denotes hypoglycemia MESH:D007003
3889 19093-19133 Disease denotes idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reactions MESH:D004342
3890 19176-19187 Disease denotes retinopathy MESH:D012164
3891 19189-19206 Disease denotes vacuolar myopathy MESH:C536522
3892 19208-19218 Disease denotes neuropathy MESH:D009422
3893 19232-19246 Disease denotes cardiomyopathy MESH:D009202
3894 19252-19280 Disease denotes cardiac conduction disorders MESH:D001145
3895 19378-19389 Disease denotes arrhythmias MESH:D001145
3911 19618-19620 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3912 19527-19529 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3913 19509-19517 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3914 19660-19668 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3915 19473-19474 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3916 19553-19564 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
3917 19569-19588 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3918 19602-19613 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
3919 19705-19713 Disease denotes vomiting MESH:D014839
3920 19715-19729 Disease denotes abdominal pain MESH:D015746
3921 19731-19737 Disease denotes nausea MESH:D009325
3922 19739-19747 Disease denotes diarrhea MESH:D003967
3923 19749-19760 Disease denotes skin rashes MESH:D005076
3924 19762-19767 Disease denotes cough MESH:D003371
3925 19773-19792 Disease denotes shortness of breath MESH:D004417
3944 20470-20472 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3945 20004-20012 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3946 20072-20080 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3947 20213-20221 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3948 20351-20359 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3949 20312-20313 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3950 19979-19980 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3951 19912-19930 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3952 19932-19944 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3953 20091-20109 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3954 20191-20209 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3955 20273-20279 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
3956 20395-20413 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3957 20541-20559 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3958 20058-20067 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3959 20240-20261 Disease denotes coronavirus pneumonia MESH:D018352
3960 20491-20497 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
3961 20614-20649 Disease denotes acute respiratory distress syndrome MESH:D012128
3968 20963-20965 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3969 20832-20834 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3970 20794-20802 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3971 20716-20717 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3972 20883-20901 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3973 20842-20850 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3986 21750-21752 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3987 21245-21253 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3988 21511-21519 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3989 21816-21824 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3990 21318-21329 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
3991 21025-21026 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3992 21220-21231 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
3993 21371-21383 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
3994 21594-21602 Chemical denotes creatine MESH:D003401
3995 21844-21855 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
3996 21389-21398 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3997 21801-21815 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
4010 21912-21920 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4011 22015-22016 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4012 21888-21889 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4013 21944-21955 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
4014 21959-21977 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
4015 21992-22004 Chemical denotes azithromycin MESH:D017963
4016 22057-22068 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
4017 22072-22090 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
4018 22258-22276 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
4019 22036-22051 Disease denotes QT prolongation MESH:D008133
4020 22183-22191 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4021 22295-22300 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
4029 22535-22537 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4030 22590-22598 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4031 22319-22330 Chemical denotes chloroquine MESH:D002738
4032 22335-22353 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
4033 22634-22652 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
4034 22411-22419 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4035 22581-22589 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4039 22772-22783 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
4040 22973-22983 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
4041 22709-22717 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4056 23646-23653 Gene denotes IMPα/β1 Gene:3612
4057 23887-23891 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
4058 23949-23954 Gene denotes spike Gene:43740568
4059 23955-23957 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4060 23191-23196 Species denotes human Tax:9606
4061 23253-23263 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
4062 23317-23327 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
4063 23962-23967 Species denotes human Tax:9606
4064 23315-23316 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4065 23852-23857 Gene denotes spike Gene:43740568
4066 23384-23398 Chemical denotes 24h-ivermectin
4067 23832-23839 Chemical denotes leucine MESH:D007930
4068 23866-23875 Chemical denotes histidine MESH:D006639
4069 23301-23309 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
4072 24145-24149 Gene denotes Caly Gene:50632
4073 24059-24069 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
4085 24896-24898 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4086 24692-24694 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4087 24563-24565 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4088 24346-24348 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4089 24473-24481 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4090 24699-24706 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
4091 24789-24797 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4092 24981-24991 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
4093 24493-24494 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4094 24407-24417 Chemical denotes ivermectin MESH:D007559
4095 24935-24945 Chemical denotes ivermectin MESH:D007559
4105 25238-25240 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4106 25084-25086 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4107 25193-25201 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
4108 25208-25216 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
4109 25302-25310 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
4110 25019-25020 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4111 25046-25057 Chemical denotes niclosamide MESH:D009534
4112 25102-25112 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
4113 25167-25183 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
4122 25669-25673 Gene denotes IL-6 Gene:3569
4123 25639-25641 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4124 25461-25463 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4125 25569-25577 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
4126 25470-25479 Species denotes influenza Tax:11309
4127 25372-25384 Chemical denotes nitazoxanide MESH:C041747
4128 25520-25532 Chemical denotes Nitazoxanide MESH:C041747
4129 25490-25518 Disease denotes viral respiratory infections
4135 26044-26046 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4136 25940-25950 Chemical denotes ivermectin MESH:D007559
4137 25976-25994 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
4138 26008-26020 Chemical denotes nitazoxanide MESH:C041747
4139 25801-25809 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4165 26632-26640 Gene denotes thrombin Gene:2147
4166 26982-26990 Gene denotes thrombin Gene:2147
4167 26837-26839 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4168 26696-26698 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4169 26463-26465 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4170 26226-26228 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4171 26182-26190 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4172 26311-26319 Species denotes Patients Tax:9606
4173 26493-26501 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4174 26785-26793 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4175 27080-27088 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4176 26141-26142 Gene denotes A Gene:351
4177 26148-26157 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
4178 26173-26181 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4179 26248-26286 Disease denotes disseminated intravascular coagulation MESH:D004211
4180 26291-26303 Disease denotes coagulopathy MESH:D001778
4181 26325-26331 Disease denotes sepsis MESH:D018805
4182 26336-26374 Disease denotes disseminated intravascular coagulation MESH:D004211
4183 26387-26415 Disease denotes thromboembolic complications MESH:D013923
4184 26466-26488 Disease denotes multiple organ failure MESH:D009102
4185 26514-26523 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
4186 26750-26765 Disease denotes microangiopathy MESH:D000783
4187 26776-26784 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4188 26802-26824 Disease denotes pulmonary inflammation MESH:D011014
4189 27071-27079 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4204 27130-27138 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4205 27452-27460 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4206 27492-27493 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4207 27188-27189 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4208 27099-27100 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4209 27252-27259 Chemical denotes heparin MESH:D006493
4210 27151-27159 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4211 27196-27205 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
4212 27276-27288 Disease denotes coagulopathy MESH:D001778
4213 27389-27399 Disease denotes thrombosis MESH:D013927
4214 27430-27439 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
4215 27443-27451 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4216 27515-27521 Disease denotes sepsis MESH:D018805
4217 27530-27542 Disease denotes coagulopathy MESH:D001778
4224 27655-27663 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4225 27846-27854 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4226 27612-27613 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4227 27646-27654 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4228 27808-27817 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
4229 27828-27837 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
4236 28083-28085 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4237 28011-28013 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4238 28404-28412 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4239 28029-28036 Chemical denotes heparin MESH:D006493
4240 28235-28243 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4241 28418-28426 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4243 28429-28442 Chemical denotes Dexamethasone MESH:D003907
4250 28522-28524 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4251 28581-28589 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4252 28857-28858 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4253 28687-28688 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4254 28672-28685 Chemical denotes dexamethasone MESH:D003907
4255 28572-28580 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4270 29179-29187 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4271 29227-29235 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4272 29372-29380 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4273 29493-29501 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4274 29529-29540 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
4275 29211-29212 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4276 29059-29072 Chemical denotes dexamethasone MESH:D003907
4277 29249-29262 Chemical denotes dexamethasone MESH:D003907
4278 29308-29321 Chemical denotes dexamethasone MESH:D003907
4279 29426-29432 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
4280 29145-29150 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
4281 29170-29178 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4282 29350-29359 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
4283 29363-29371 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4301 30271-30273 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4302 29733-29735 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4303 29772-29780 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4304 30113-30121 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4305 30397-30405 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4306 30007-30008 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4307 29853-29854 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4308 29615-29616 Gene denotes a Gene:351
4309 29794-29807 Chemical denotes dexamethasone MESH:D003907
4310 30087-30100 Chemical denotes dexamethasone MESH:D003907
4311 30371-30384 Chemical denotes dexamethasone MESH:D003907
4312 29724-29728 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
4313 29736-29744 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4314 30104-30112 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4315 30150-30154 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
4316 30252-30261 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
4317 30388-30396 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4325 30776-30778 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4326 30718-30720 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4327 30540-30542 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4328 30475-30477 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4329 30493-30503 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
4330 30508-30516 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4331 30758-30766 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
4342 31511-31516 Gene denotes IFN-β Gene:3439
4343 31360-31362 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4344 31283-31285 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4345 30999-31001 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
4346 30931-30939 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4347 31095-31105 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
4348 31120-31128 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
4349 31472-31482 Chemical denotes Remdesivir MESH:C000606551
4350 31486-31505 Chemical denotes Lopinavir/Ritonavir MESH:C558899
4351 30945-30953 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245