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PMC:7652766 / 20405-26795 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T13 1759-1776 Phenotype denotes acute lung injury http://www.orpha.net/ORDO/Orphanet_178320
T14 2496-2512 Phenotype denotes pulmonary edemas http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100598
T15 2556-2575 Phenotype denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878
T16 4601-4613 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T17 4629-4666 Phenotype denotes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0006510
T18 4668-4672 Phenotype denotes COPD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0006510
T19 4791-4803 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T20 5449-5453 Phenotype denotes COPD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0006510
T21 5458-5464 Phenotype denotes asthma http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002099
T22 5613-5617 Phenotype denotes COPD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0006510
T23 5689-5698 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T24 6054-6058 Phenotype denotes COPD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0006510
T25 6289-6311 Phenotype denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T108 0-21 Sentence denotes Pathogenic Mechanisms
T109 22-176 Sentence denotes Considering the similarity between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, it is likely that their biochemical interactions and pathogenesis are also similar (80, 81).
T110 177-332 Sentence denotes Once SARS-CoV-2 was reported to use ACE2 to enter host cells, it is suggested that the virus may target a cell spectrum similar to SARS-CoV-1 (38, 82, 83).
T111 333-521 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-1 is known to mainly infect macrophages and pneumocytes in the lungs, as well as other extrapulmonary tissues that express ACE2, which can also be expected for SARS-CoV-2 (82–84).
T112 522-801 Sentence denotes However, the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 is 10–20-fold higher than that of SARS-CoV-1, which could explain its higher transmissibility and demonstrate that it can bind more efficiently to host cells, having a robust infection in ACE2+ cells in the upper respiratory tract (7).
T113 802-1040 Sentence denotes ACE2 is an enzyme belonging to the renin-angiotensin system, located on the cell surface of type II alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs and cells of other tissues, and plays a crucial role in controlling vasoactive effects in the body.
T114 1041-1193 Sentence denotes Despite their similarities, ACE and ACE2 have different substrate specificities with distinct functionalities that perform opposite actions in the body.
T115 1194-1389 Sentence denotes In brief, ACE cleaves angiotensin I to generate angiotensin II, the peptide that binds and activates angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) to constrict blood vessels, thereby raising blood pressure.
T116 1390-1573 Sentence denotes In contrast, ACE2 inactivates angiotensin II (Ang-II) while generating angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-1-7), a potent heptapeptide that acts in vasodilation and attenuation of inflammation (85).
T117 1574-1842 Sentence denotes Therefore, considering that SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 to enter cells, the main hypothesis of pulmonary pathology is that the increased activity of ACE (Ang-II) over ACE2 (Ang-1-7) may cause acute lung injury since the binding of the S protein to ACE2 leads to its blockage.
T118 1843-2070 Sentence denotes Thus, the suppression of ACE2 occurs due to the increased internalization and release of ACE2 from the cell surface, which leads to a decrease in tissue ACE2 and the generation of Ang-1-7, and consequently higher Ang-II levels.
T119 2071-2282 Sentence denotes Because of this, as shown in an experimental SARS-CoV-1 model, this process can drive an Ang II-AT1R-mediated inflammatory response in the lungs and potentially induce direct parenchymal injury (67, 80, 86, 87).
T120 2283-2576 Sentence denotes Another hypothesis states that SARS-CoV-2 infection blocks ACE2 function when binding to host cells, inhibiting its role of cleaving bradykinin and, as a consequence, bradykinin accumulates in the lung, promoting pulmonary edemas due to vasodilator activity and consequent respiratory failure.
T121 2577-2756 Sentence denotes The increased bradykinin activation in the pulmonary endothelium can also induce neutrophil migration, enhancing tissue damage caused by the respiratory burst of these cells (88).
T122 2757-2874 Sentence denotes ACE2 is also highly expressed and co-expressed with TMPRSS2 in nasal epithelial cells, chalices, and hair cells (89).
T123 2875-3223 Sentence denotes This finding is in accordance with the high detection of viral RNA in the upper airways present in nasal swabs and throats of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, demonstrating that the nasal epithelium is an important site for the infection to initiate and can represent an essential reservoir for viral dissemination and transmission (38).
T124 3224-3513 Sentence denotes Although the virus mainly affects the lungs, there are reports that SARS-CoV-2 also has organotropism, accompanied by dysfunction, in multiple organs, including the kidneys, liver, heart, and brain, which can influence the course of the disease and possibly worsen pre-existing conditions.
T125 3514-3695 Sentence denotes It has been reported that ACE2, TMPRSS2, and cathepsin L can be expressed on glial cells and neurons, cardiomyocytes, liver cells, bile duct cells, and renal tubular cells (90, 91).
T126 3696-3936 Sentence denotes Evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 “neuroinvasion” can establish a direct entry along the olfactory nerve, mainly through the nasal olfactory epithelium, which expresses ACE2 and TMPRSS2, allowing access to the central nervous system (CNS).
T127 3937-4251 Sentence denotes The spread of the virus through the hematogenous or transsynaptic pathway has also been widely discussed, however, it is known that the different levels of neurotropism and neurovirulence in patients with COVID-19 can be explained by a combination of viral factors and their interaction with the host (41, 92, 93).
T128 4252-4497 Sentence denotes Regarding the evolution of infected individuals, aging, comorbidities, and weakening of the immune system are factors that generally cause the infection to intensify at the acute phase, leading to the manifestation of more severe conditions (6).
T129 4498-4741 Sentence denotes Thus, according to epidemiological studies, it is known that patients with chronic conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are more likely to develop a critical form of the disease (94–96).
T130 4742-4941 Sentence denotes The risk of applying medication commonly used in hypertension treatments to COVID-19 patients (97, 98) has raised different hypotheses over the issue of invoking a higher expression of ACE2 (99–101).
T131 4942-5418 Sentence denotes A systematic review assessing the clinical outcomes for SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals regarding treatment using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) concluded that these types of drugs have no deleterious effects and should continue to be used in COVID-19 patients (102), reinforcing the recommendations of several medical societies, including the American Heart Association (103) and European Society of Cardiology (104).
T132 5419-5612 Sentence denotes Respiratory diseases, such as COPD and asthma, cause a reduced lung function and greater susceptibility to lung inflammation, and are expected to show a potentially critical course of COVID-19.
T133 5613-5981 Sentence denotes COPD patients are already considered more susceptible to the development of pneumonia based on the clinical characteristics exhibited, such as lung structural damage, alterations in local/systemic inflammatory response, impaired host immunity, microbiome imbalance, persistent mucus production, and the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the airways (105).
T134 5982-6122 Sentence denotes Additionally, in the scenario of COVID-19, smokers and individuals with COPD have shown to have increased airway expressions of ACE-2 (106).
T135 6123-6390 Sentence denotes It is still worth mentioning that patients who have this type of disorder often use corticosteroid immune-suppressing drugs, whose effect of reducing the immunity to respiratory infections may represent another contributing factor to a higher risk of infection (107).

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
760 213-217 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
761 465-469 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
762 561-565 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
763 754-758 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
764 710-712 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
765 558-560 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
766 353-355 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
767 305-307 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
768 218-220 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
769 206-208 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
770 57-65 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
771 72-82 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
772 182-192 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
773 308-316 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
774 333-341 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
775 502-512 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
776 547-557 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
777 600-608 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
778 779-790 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
779 732-733 Gene denotes a Gene:351
780 281-282 Gene denotes a Gene:351
781 741-750 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
800 802-806 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
801 1069-1072 Gene denotes ACE Gene:1636
802 1077-1081 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
803 1204-1207 Gene denotes ACE Gene:1636
804 1216-1229 Gene denotes angiotensin I Gene:183
805 1242-1256 Gene denotes angiotensin II Gene:183
806 1295-1322 Gene denotes angiotensin type 1 receptor Gene:185
807 1324-1328 Gene denotes AT1R Gene:185
808 1403-1407 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
809 1420-1434 Gene denotes angiotensin II Gene:183
810 1436-1442 Gene denotes Ang-II Gene:183
811 1478-1485 Gene denotes Ang-1-7 Gene:284
812 1330-1332 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
813 1230-1232 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
814 830-832 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
815 1488-1489 Gene denotes a Gene:351
816 979-980 Gene denotes a Gene:351
817 1555-1567 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
841 1618-1622 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
842 1716-1719 Gene denotes ACE Gene:1636
843 1721-1727 Gene denotes Ang-II Gene:183
844 1734-1738 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
845 1740-1747 Gene denotes Ang-1-7 Gene:284
846 1815-1819 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
847 1868-1872 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
848 1932-1936 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
849 1996-2000 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
850 2023-2030 Gene denotes Ang-1-7 Gene:284
851 2056-2062 Gene denotes Ang-II Gene:183
852 2167-2171 Gene denotes AT1R Gene:185
853 2160-2163 Gene denotes Ang Gene:283
854 1972-1974 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
855 1884-1886 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
856 1826-1828 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
857 1812-1814 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
858 1623-1625 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
859 1602-1612 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
860 2116-2124 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
861 1975-1976 Gene denotes a Gene:351
862 1759-1776 Disease denotes acute lung injury MESH:D055371
863 2246-2264 Disease denotes parenchymal injury MESH:D002543
875 2342-2346 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
876 2416-2426 Gene denotes bradykinin Gene:3827
877 2450-2460 Gene denotes bradykinin Gene:3827
878 2591-2601 Gene denotes bradykinin Gene:3827
879 2517-2519 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
880 2369-2371 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
881 2718-2729 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
882 2435-2436 Gene denotes a Gene:351
883 2314-2334 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
884 2496-2512 Disease denotes pulmonary edemas MESH:D011654
885 2556-2575 Disease denotes respiratory failure MESH:D012131
891 2757-2761 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
892 2809-2816 Gene denotes TMPRSS2 Gene:7113
893 3124-3126 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
894 3035-3043 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
895 3114-3123 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
901 3540-3544 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
902 3546-3553 Gene denotes TMPRSS2 Gene:7113
903 3559-3570 Gene denotes cathepsin L Gene:1514
904 3292-3302 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
905 3389-3396 Disease denotes kidneys MESH:D007674
915 3866-3870 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
916 3875-3882 Gene denotes TMPRSS2 Gene:7113
917 3900-3902 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
918 3720-3730 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
919 4128-4136 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
920 4171-4172 Gene denotes a Gene:351
921 3761-3762 Gene denotes a Gene:351
922 4093-4105 Disease denotes neurotropism
923 4142-4150 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
936 4691-4693 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
937 4514-4516 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
938 4446-4448 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
939 4405-4407 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
940 4559-4567 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
941 4702-4703 Gene denotes a Gene:351
942 4279-4287 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
943 4395-4404 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
944 4601-4613 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
945 4615-4623 Disease denotes diabetes MESH:D003920
946 4629-4666 Disease denotes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease MESH:D029424
947 4668-4672 Disease denotes COPD MESH:D029424
960 4927-4931 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
961 5056-5085 Gene denotes angiotensin-converting enzyme Gene:1636
962 5229-5231 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
963 4815-4817 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
964 4827-4835 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
965 5252-5260 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
966 4942-4943 Gene denotes A Gene:351
967 4904-4905 Gene denotes a Gene:351
968 4791-4803 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
969 4818-4826 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
970 4998-5017 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2-infected MESH:C000657245
971 5243-5251 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
996 6110-6115 Gene denotes ACE-2 Gene:59272
997 6354-6356 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
998 6286-6288 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
999 6070-6072 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
1000 5667-5669 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
1001 5562-5564 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
1002 5523-5525 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
1003 5618-5626 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1004 6157-6165 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1005 6357-6358 Gene denotes a Gene:351
1006 5570-5571 Gene denotes a Gene:351
1007 5472-5473 Gene denotes a Gene:351
1008 5419-5439 Disease denotes Respiratory diseases MESH:D012140
1009 5449-5453 Disease denotes COPD MESH:D029424
1010 5458-5464 Disease denotes asthma MESH:D001249
1011 5526-5543 Disease denotes lung inflammation MESH:D011014
1012 5603-5611 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1013 5613-5617 Disease denotes COPD MESH:D029424
1014 5689-5698 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
1015 5756-5778 Disease denotes lung structural damage MESH:D008171
1016 6015-6023 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1017 6054-6058 Disease denotes COPD MESH:D029424
1018 6289-6311 Disease denotes respiratory infections MESH:D012141
1019 6374-6383 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239