PMC:7650537 / 13574-18439
Annnotations
LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":49,"end":52},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":62,"end":70},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":196,"end":199},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":209,"end":217},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":525,"end":530},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":652,"end":655},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":1405,"end":1408},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":1642,"end":1650},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":1831,"end":1834},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":1841,"end":1849},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":2052,"end":2055},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":2216,"end":2219},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":2226,"end":2234},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":2275,"end":2278},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":2317,"end":2319},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":2472,"end":2475},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":2687,"end":2689},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":2708,"end":2710},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T119","span":{"begin":2822,"end":2825},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":2842,"end":2845},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":2874,"end":2884},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":3178,"end":3181},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":3482,"end":3485},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":3620,"end":3623},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":3818,"end":3821},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":3956,"end":3959},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":4184,"end":4187},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":4335,"end":4338},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A98","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T98","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A99","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T99","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A100","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T100","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A101","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T101","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A102","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T102","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A103","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T103","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A104","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T104","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A105","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T105","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A106","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T106","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A107","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T107","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A108","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T108","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A109","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T109","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A110","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T110","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A111","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T111","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A112","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T112","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13444"},{"id":"A113","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T112","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68614"},{"id":"A114","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T114","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A115","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T115","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13444"},{"id":"A116","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T115","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68614"},{"id":"A117","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T117","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443"},{"id":"A118","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T117","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615"},{"id":"A119","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T119","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A120","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T120","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A121","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T121","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A122","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T122","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A123","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T123","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A124","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T124","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A125","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T125","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A126","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T126","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A127","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T127","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A128","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T128","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"}],"text":"3. Results\n\n3.1. Performance of Eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or Total Antibody Tests\nThirty-seven samples taken from patients with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed with eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody assays. Samples #1, #7, and #9 were taken nine days before to four days after PCR and were all found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by the assays. These samples were not considered for calculation of the sensitivity but demonstrated seroconversion (Figure 1). Out of the remaining 34 samples, only one serum (#20; Figure 1), which was obtained from patient no. 12 ten days after a positive RT-PCR, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in the eight assays. However, this sample exhibited a PRNT 1:10–1:20. All other samples were reactive in at least one assay (Figure 1). Twenty (76.9%) patients developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, as shown by a PRNT \u003e1:10 (Figure 1 and Figure S1). With respect to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR (reference 1) or the PRNT results (reference 2), assay sensitivities ranged from 80.8% to 96.3% (Table 1).\nSpecificity was calculated using 100 archived samples that should not contain SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A total of ten sera were reactive in one or more assays. None contained SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (Figure 2 and Figure S1). The residual 90 stored samples were not tested in the PRNT, as they were found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in all eight assays. Thus, assay specificities ranged from 96.0% to 100%, and accuracies varied from 93.7% to 99.2% (Table 1).\nTwelve routine samples obtained from individuals who were interested in their SARS-CoV-2 antibody status were re-evaluated by all eight assays (Figure 3). Six of them—including three family members of the SARS-CoV-2-infected patient no. 14 (Figure 1)—were classified SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody-positive by the majority of the tests. Isolated reactivity was observed in three sera (Figure 3).\nTwenty-four (92.3%) of the 26 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were reactive in one or both versions of the IgG recomLine assay; the test results differed only in three sera (Figure 1). One out of the ten archived sera that were reactive in at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody tests was also classified as SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive by the prototype immunoblot (v1) but was negative in the improved version 2. The underlying sample #7 was collected in the winter 2018/2019 and was found to be reactive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies by the Mikrogen (S/CO 1.33), Roche (S/CO 3.46), and Viramed (N antigen 125 ViraChip® Units) assays in parallel (Figure 2). The twelve routine samples were analyzed by both versions of the blot (v1: nine samples and v2: all samples), and results of the immunoassays were largely confirmed (Figure 3).\n\n3.2. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Development of IgG Avidities, and Neutralizing Antibodies\nIn the validation part of our study, the Abbott assay, which is based on the SARS-CoV-2 N as the epitope, and the Virion-Serion assay, which uses S as the antigen, proved to be the most sensitive and specific assays (Table 1). Therefore, both were selected to study the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in eleven patients and five individuals (including four family members of patient no. 14) from routine diagnostics. The median of the last sample submission was 153 days after the PCR, the range between 80 and 165 days. Results from the validation part of this study were also considered. N-specific IgG antibodies were detectable in all persons. Two groups of individuals were evident: one group of six patients showed relatively stable IgG levels over time, while the other showed a short-term decrease. Accordingly, the indices of six individuals fell below the limit of positivity during the observation period. A stable S-specific IgG response was demonstrated in almost all individuals (Figure 4). Only two subjects (patient no. 22 and routine no. 5) showed a drop in IgG below the limit of positivity. The routine sample no. 5 still possessed isolated reactivity against the N antigen in the improved line assay (data not shown). In the latter test, three patients developed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG of high avidity after 65–130 days, which was confirmed in consecutive samples. The pattern of reactivity differed slightly: Two patients developed IgG of high avidity against the RBD and S1 epitopes, while the third showed isolated reactivity against the N antigen (Figure S3).\nPresence of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies over several months was demonstrated in eight (72.7%) SARS-CoV-2 patients and a family member of patient no. 14 (R4). However, only one of them developed a stable titer \u003e1:40 (Figure 5 and Figure S2). Retests of sera that were already included in the validation part of this study showed an excellent reproducibility of the PRNT (R2 = 0.96, Figure S4)."}
LitCovid-PD-UBERON
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":525,"end":530},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A9","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"}],"text":"3. Results\n\n3.1. Performance of Eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or Total Antibody Tests\nThirty-seven samples taken from patients with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed with eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody assays. Samples #1, #7, and #9 were taken nine days before to four days after PCR and were all found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by the assays. These samples were not considered for calculation of the sensitivity but demonstrated seroconversion (Figure 1). Out of the remaining 34 samples, only one serum (#20; Figure 1), which was obtained from patient no. 12 ten days after a positive RT-PCR, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in the eight assays. However, this sample exhibited a PRNT 1:10–1:20. All other samples were reactive in at least one assay (Figure 1). Twenty (76.9%) patients developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, as shown by a PRNT \u003e1:10 (Figure 1 and Figure S1). With respect to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR (reference 1) or the PRNT results (reference 2), assay sensitivities ranged from 80.8% to 96.3% (Table 1).\nSpecificity was calculated using 100 archived samples that should not contain SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A total of ten sera were reactive in one or more assays. None contained SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (Figure 2 and Figure S1). The residual 90 stored samples were not tested in the PRNT, as they were found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in all eight assays. Thus, assay specificities ranged from 96.0% to 100%, and accuracies varied from 93.7% to 99.2% (Table 1).\nTwelve routine samples obtained from individuals who were interested in their SARS-CoV-2 antibody status were re-evaluated by all eight assays (Figure 3). Six of them—including three family members of the SARS-CoV-2-infected patient no. 14 (Figure 1)—were classified SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody-positive by the majority of the tests. Isolated reactivity was observed in three sera (Figure 3).\nTwenty-four (92.3%) of the 26 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were reactive in one or both versions of the IgG recomLine assay; the test results differed only in three sera (Figure 1). One out of the ten archived sera that were reactive in at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody tests was also classified as SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive by the prototype immunoblot (v1) but was negative in the improved version 2. The underlying sample #7 was collected in the winter 2018/2019 and was found to be reactive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies by the Mikrogen (S/CO 1.33), Roche (S/CO 3.46), and Viramed (N antigen 125 ViraChip® Units) assays in parallel (Figure 2). The twelve routine samples were analyzed by both versions of the blot (v1: nine samples and v2: all samples), and results of the immunoassays were largely confirmed (Figure 3).\n\n3.2. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Development of IgG Avidities, and Neutralizing Antibodies\nIn the validation part of our study, the Abbott assay, which is based on the SARS-CoV-2 N as the epitope, and the Virion-Serion assay, which uses S as the antigen, proved to be the most sensitive and specific assays (Table 1). Therefore, both were selected to study the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in eleven patients and five individuals (including four family members of patient no. 14) from routine diagnostics. The median of the last sample submission was 153 days after the PCR, the range between 80 and 165 days. Results from the validation part of this study were also considered. N-specific IgG antibodies were detectable in all persons. Two groups of individuals were evident: one group of six patients showed relatively stable IgG levels over time, while the other showed a short-term decrease. Accordingly, the indices of six individuals fell below the limit of positivity during the observation period. A stable S-specific IgG response was demonstrated in almost all individuals (Figure 4). Only two subjects (patient no. 22 and routine no. 5) showed a drop in IgG below the limit of positivity. The routine sample no. 5 still possessed isolated reactivity against the N antigen in the improved line assay (data not shown). In the latter test, three patients developed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG of high avidity after 65–130 days, which was confirmed in consecutive samples. The pattern of reactivity differed slightly: Two patients developed IgG of high avidity against the RBD and S1 epitopes, while the third showed isolated reactivity against the N antigen (Figure S3).\nPresence of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies over several months was demonstrated in eight (72.7%) SARS-CoV-2 patients and a family member of patient no. 14 (R4). However, only one of them developed a stable titer \u003e1:40 (Figure 5 and Figure S2). Retests of sera that were already included in the validation part of this study showed an excellent reproducibility of the PRNT (R2 = 0.96, Figure S4)."}
LitCovid-PD-MONDO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":38,"end":46},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":139,"end":147},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":150,"end":159},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":185,"end":193},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":333,"end":341},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":641,"end":649},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":945,"end":953},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":1145,"end":1153},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":1240,"end":1248},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":1394,"end":1402},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":1631,"end":1639},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":1758,"end":1766},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":1820,"end":1828},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":1978,"end":1986},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":2205,"end":2213},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":2264,"end":2272},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":2461,"end":2469},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":2811,"end":2819},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T83","span":{"begin":2962,"end":2970},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T84","span":{"begin":3167,"end":3175},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T85","span":{"begin":4164,"end":4172},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T86","span":{"begin":4478,"end":4486},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T87","span":{"begin":4567,"end":4575},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T88","span":{"begin":4626,"end":4628},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T89","span":{"begin":4843,"end":4845},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A65","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T65","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A66","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T66","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A67","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T67","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A68","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T68","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A69","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T69","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A70","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T70","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A71","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T71","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A72","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T72","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A73","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T73","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A74","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T74","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A75","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T75","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A76","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T76","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A77","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T77","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A78","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T78","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A79","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T79","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A80","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T80","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A81","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T81","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A82","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T82","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A83","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T83","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A84","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T84","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A85","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T85","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A86","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T86","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A87","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T87","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A88","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T88","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015439"},{"id":"A89","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T89","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019903"}],"text":"3. Results\n\n3.1. Performance of Eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or Total Antibody Tests\nThirty-seven samples taken from patients with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed with eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody assays. Samples #1, #7, and #9 were taken nine days before to four days after PCR and were all found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by the assays. These samples were not considered for calculation of the sensitivity but demonstrated seroconversion (Figure 1). Out of the remaining 34 samples, only one serum (#20; Figure 1), which was obtained from patient no. 12 ten days after a positive RT-PCR, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in the eight assays. However, this sample exhibited a PRNT 1:10–1:20. All other samples were reactive in at least one assay (Figure 1). Twenty (76.9%) patients developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, as shown by a PRNT \u003e1:10 (Figure 1 and Figure S1). With respect to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR (reference 1) or the PRNT results (reference 2), assay sensitivities ranged from 80.8% to 96.3% (Table 1).\nSpecificity was calculated using 100 archived samples that should not contain SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A total of ten sera were reactive in one or more assays. None contained SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (Figure 2 and Figure S1). The residual 90 stored samples were not tested in the PRNT, as they were found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in all eight assays. Thus, assay specificities ranged from 96.0% to 100%, and accuracies varied from 93.7% to 99.2% (Table 1).\nTwelve routine samples obtained from individuals who were interested in their SARS-CoV-2 antibody status were re-evaluated by all eight assays (Figure 3). Six of them—including three family members of the SARS-CoV-2-infected patient no. 14 (Figure 1)—were classified SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody-positive by the majority of the tests. Isolated reactivity was observed in three sera (Figure 3).\nTwenty-four (92.3%) of the 26 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were reactive in one or both versions of the IgG recomLine assay; the test results differed only in three sera (Figure 1). One out of the ten archived sera that were reactive in at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody tests was also classified as SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive by the prototype immunoblot (v1) but was negative in the improved version 2. The underlying sample #7 was collected in the winter 2018/2019 and was found to be reactive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies by the Mikrogen (S/CO 1.33), Roche (S/CO 3.46), and Viramed (N antigen 125 ViraChip® Units) assays in parallel (Figure 2). The twelve routine samples were analyzed by both versions of the blot (v1: nine samples and v2: all samples), and results of the immunoassays were largely confirmed (Figure 3).\n\n3.2. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Development of IgG Avidities, and Neutralizing Antibodies\nIn the validation part of our study, the Abbott assay, which is based on the SARS-CoV-2 N as the epitope, and the Virion-Serion assay, which uses S as the antigen, proved to be the most sensitive and specific assays (Table 1). Therefore, both were selected to study the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in eleven patients and five individuals (including four family members of patient no. 14) from routine diagnostics. The median of the last sample submission was 153 days after the PCR, the range between 80 and 165 days. Results from the validation part of this study were also considered. N-specific IgG antibodies were detectable in all persons. Two groups of individuals were evident: one group of six patients showed relatively stable IgG levels over time, while the other showed a short-term decrease. Accordingly, the indices of six individuals fell below the limit of positivity during the observation period. A stable S-specific IgG response was demonstrated in almost all individuals (Figure 4). Only two subjects (patient no. 22 and routine no. 5) showed a drop in IgG below the limit of positivity. The routine sample no. 5 still possessed isolated reactivity against the N antigen in the improved line assay (data not shown). In the latter test, three patients developed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG of high avidity after 65–130 days, which was confirmed in consecutive samples. The pattern of reactivity differed slightly: Two patients developed IgG of high avidity against the RBD and S1 epitopes, while the third showed isolated reactivity against the N antigen (Figure S3).\nPresence of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies over several months was demonstrated in eight (72.7%) SARS-CoV-2 patients and a family member of patient no. 14 (R4). However, only one of them developed a stable titer \u003e1:40 (Figure 5 and Figure S2). Retests of sera that were already included in the validation part of this study showed an excellent reproducibility of the PRNT (R2 = 0.96, Figure S4)."}
LitCovid-PD-CLO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":71,"end":76},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":123,"end":124},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":504,"end":506},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":587,"end":590},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050884"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":602,"end":603},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":621,"end":627},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":725,"end":726},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":843,"end":848},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":886,"end":887},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":920,"end":922},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1169},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":1179,"end":1182},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050884"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":1296,"end":1298},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":1341,"end":1347},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":1882,"end":1887},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":2077,"end":2081},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":2145,"end":2148},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050884"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":2235,"end":2240},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":2418,"end":2422},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185"},{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":3665,"end":3666},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":3798,"end":3799},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":3917,"end":3919},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":3946,"end":3947},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":4133,"end":4137},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":4375,"end":4377},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":4591,"end":4592},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":4667,"end":4668},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":4709,"end":4711},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008922"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":4709,"end":4711},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050052"}],"text":"3. Results\n\n3.1. Performance of Eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or Total Antibody Tests\nThirty-seven samples taken from patients with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed with eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody assays. Samples #1, #7, and #9 were taken nine days before to four days after PCR and were all found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by the assays. These samples were not considered for calculation of the sensitivity but demonstrated seroconversion (Figure 1). Out of the remaining 34 samples, only one serum (#20; Figure 1), which was obtained from patient no. 12 ten days after a positive RT-PCR, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in the eight assays. However, this sample exhibited a PRNT 1:10–1:20. All other samples were reactive in at least one assay (Figure 1). Twenty (76.9%) patients developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, as shown by a PRNT \u003e1:10 (Figure 1 and Figure S1). With respect to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR (reference 1) or the PRNT results (reference 2), assay sensitivities ranged from 80.8% to 96.3% (Table 1).\nSpecificity was calculated using 100 archived samples that should not contain SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A total of ten sera were reactive in one or more assays. None contained SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (Figure 2 and Figure S1). The residual 90 stored samples were not tested in the PRNT, as they were found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in all eight assays. Thus, assay specificities ranged from 96.0% to 100%, and accuracies varied from 93.7% to 99.2% (Table 1).\nTwelve routine samples obtained from individuals who were interested in their SARS-CoV-2 antibody status were re-evaluated by all eight assays (Figure 3). Six of them—including three family members of the SARS-CoV-2-infected patient no. 14 (Figure 1)—were classified SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody-positive by the majority of the tests. Isolated reactivity was observed in three sera (Figure 3).\nTwenty-four (92.3%) of the 26 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were reactive in one or both versions of the IgG recomLine assay; the test results differed only in three sera (Figure 1). One out of the ten archived sera that were reactive in at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody tests was also classified as SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive by the prototype immunoblot (v1) but was negative in the improved version 2. The underlying sample #7 was collected in the winter 2018/2019 and was found to be reactive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies by the Mikrogen (S/CO 1.33), Roche (S/CO 3.46), and Viramed (N antigen 125 ViraChip® Units) assays in parallel (Figure 2). The twelve routine samples were analyzed by both versions of the blot (v1: nine samples and v2: all samples), and results of the immunoassays were largely confirmed (Figure 3).\n\n3.2. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Development of IgG Avidities, and Neutralizing Antibodies\nIn the validation part of our study, the Abbott assay, which is based on the SARS-CoV-2 N as the epitope, and the Virion-Serion assay, which uses S as the antigen, proved to be the most sensitive and specific assays (Table 1). Therefore, both were selected to study the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in eleven patients and five individuals (including four family members of patient no. 14) from routine diagnostics. The median of the last sample submission was 153 days after the PCR, the range between 80 and 165 days. Results from the validation part of this study were also considered. N-specific IgG antibodies were detectable in all persons. Two groups of individuals were evident: one group of six patients showed relatively stable IgG levels over time, while the other showed a short-term decrease. Accordingly, the indices of six individuals fell below the limit of positivity during the observation period. A stable S-specific IgG response was demonstrated in almost all individuals (Figure 4). Only two subjects (patient no. 22 and routine no. 5) showed a drop in IgG below the limit of positivity. The routine sample no. 5 still possessed isolated reactivity against the N antigen in the improved line assay (data not shown). In the latter test, three patients developed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG of high avidity after 65–130 days, which was confirmed in consecutive samples. The pattern of reactivity differed slightly: Two patients developed IgG of high avidity against the RBD and S1 epitopes, while the third showed isolated reactivity against the N antigen (Figure S3).\nPresence of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies over several months was demonstrated in eight (72.7%) SARS-CoV-2 patients and a family member of patient no. 14 (R4). However, only one of them developed a stable titer \u003e1:40 (Figure 5 and Figure S2). Retests of sera that were already included in the validation part of this study showed an excellent reproducibility of the PRNT (R2 = 0.96, Figure S4)."}
LitCovid-PD-CHEBI
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":2512,"end":2514},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":2531,"end":2533},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":2556,"end":2563},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":2982,"end":2989},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":3040,"end":3047},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":3573,"end":3578},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":4066,"end":4073},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":4445,"end":4452},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":4461,"end":4463},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":4709,"end":4711},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":4861,"end":4863},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A67","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T67","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17245"},{"id":"A68","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T68","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17245"},{"id":"A69","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T69","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132"},{"id":"A70","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T70","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53000"},{"id":"A71","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T71","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132"},{"id":"A72","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T72","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433"},{"id":"A73","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T73","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132"},{"id":"A74","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T74","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132"},{"id":"A75","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T75","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29388"},{"id":"A76","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T76","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29387"},{"id":"A77","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T77","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29401"}],"text":"3. Results\n\n3.1. Performance of Eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or Total Antibody Tests\nThirty-seven samples taken from patients with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed with eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody assays. Samples #1, #7, and #9 were taken nine days before to four days after PCR and were all found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by the assays. These samples were not considered for calculation of the sensitivity but demonstrated seroconversion (Figure 1). Out of the remaining 34 samples, only one serum (#20; Figure 1), which was obtained from patient no. 12 ten days after a positive RT-PCR, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in the eight assays. However, this sample exhibited a PRNT 1:10–1:20. All other samples were reactive in at least one assay (Figure 1). Twenty (76.9%) patients developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, as shown by a PRNT \u003e1:10 (Figure 1 and Figure S1). With respect to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR (reference 1) or the PRNT results (reference 2), assay sensitivities ranged from 80.8% to 96.3% (Table 1).\nSpecificity was calculated using 100 archived samples that should not contain SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A total of ten sera were reactive in one or more assays. None contained SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (Figure 2 and Figure S1). The residual 90 stored samples were not tested in the PRNT, as they were found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in all eight assays. Thus, assay specificities ranged from 96.0% to 100%, and accuracies varied from 93.7% to 99.2% (Table 1).\nTwelve routine samples obtained from individuals who were interested in their SARS-CoV-2 antibody status were re-evaluated by all eight assays (Figure 3). Six of them—including three family members of the SARS-CoV-2-infected patient no. 14 (Figure 1)—were classified SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody-positive by the majority of the tests. Isolated reactivity was observed in three sera (Figure 3).\nTwenty-four (92.3%) of the 26 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were reactive in one or both versions of the IgG recomLine assay; the test results differed only in three sera (Figure 1). One out of the ten archived sera that were reactive in at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody tests was also classified as SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive by the prototype immunoblot (v1) but was negative in the improved version 2. The underlying sample #7 was collected in the winter 2018/2019 and was found to be reactive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies by the Mikrogen (S/CO 1.33), Roche (S/CO 3.46), and Viramed (N antigen 125 ViraChip® Units) assays in parallel (Figure 2). The twelve routine samples were analyzed by both versions of the blot (v1: nine samples and v2: all samples), and results of the immunoassays were largely confirmed (Figure 3).\n\n3.2. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Development of IgG Avidities, and Neutralizing Antibodies\nIn the validation part of our study, the Abbott assay, which is based on the SARS-CoV-2 N as the epitope, and the Virion-Serion assay, which uses S as the antigen, proved to be the most sensitive and specific assays (Table 1). Therefore, both were selected to study the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in eleven patients and five individuals (including four family members of patient no. 14) from routine diagnostics. The median of the last sample submission was 153 days after the PCR, the range between 80 and 165 days. Results from the validation part of this study were also considered. N-specific IgG antibodies were detectable in all persons. Two groups of individuals were evident: one group of six patients showed relatively stable IgG levels over time, while the other showed a short-term decrease. Accordingly, the indices of six individuals fell below the limit of positivity during the observation period. A stable S-specific IgG response was demonstrated in almost all individuals (Figure 4). Only two subjects (patient no. 22 and routine no. 5) showed a drop in IgG below the limit of positivity. The routine sample no. 5 still possessed isolated reactivity against the N antigen in the improved line assay (data not shown). In the latter test, three patients developed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG of high avidity after 65–130 days, which was confirmed in consecutive samples. The pattern of reactivity differed slightly: Two patients developed IgG of high avidity against the RBD and S1 epitopes, while the third showed isolated reactivity against the N antigen (Figure S3).\nPresence of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies over several months was demonstrated in eight (72.7%) SARS-CoV-2 patients and a family member of patient no. 14 (R4). However, only one of them developed a stable titer \u003e1:40 (Figure 5 and Figure S2). Retests of sera that were already included in the validation part of this study showed an excellent reproducibility of the PRNT (R2 = 0.96, Figure S4)."}
LitCovid-sentences
{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":0,"end":2},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":3,"end":10},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":12,"end":16},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":17,"end":76},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":77,"end":225},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":226,"end":369},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":370,"end":482},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":483,"end":583},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":584,"end":693},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":694,"end":742},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":743,"end":808},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":809,"end":924},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":925,"end":1066},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":1067,"end":1167},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1224},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":1225,"end":1300},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":1301,"end":1446},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1552},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T119","span":{"begin":1553,"end":1707},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":1708,"end":1789},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":1790,"end":1888},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":1889,"end":1947},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":1948,"end":2129},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":2130,"end":2364},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":2365,"end":2615},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":2616,"end":2792},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":2794,"end":2798},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":2799,"end":2884},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":2885,"end":3111},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":3112,"end":3267},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":3268,"end":3297},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":3298,"end":3401},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":3402,"end":3470},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":3471,"end":3528},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":3529,"end":3687},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":3688,"end":3797},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":3798,"end":3885},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":3886,"end":3916},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":3917,"end":3935},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":3936,"end":3990},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":3991,"end":4013},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":4014,"end":4118},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":4119,"end":4266},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":4267,"end":4311},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":4312,"end":4465},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":4466,"end":4621},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":4622,"end":4630},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":4631,"end":4713},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":4714,"end":4865},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"3. Results\n\n3.1. Performance of Eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or Total Antibody Tests\nThirty-seven samples taken from patients with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed with eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody assays. Samples #1, #7, and #9 were taken nine days before to four days after PCR and were all found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by the assays. These samples were not considered for calculation of the sensitivity but demonstrated seroconversion (Figure 1). Out of the remaining 34 samples, only one serum (#20; Figure 1), which was obtained from patient no. 12 ten days after a positive RT-PCR, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in the eight assays. However, this sample exhibited a PRNT 1:10–1:20. All other samples were reactive in at least one assay (Figure 1). Twenty (76.9%) patients developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, as shown by a PRNT \u003e1:10 (Figure 1 and Figure S1). With respect to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR (reference 1) or the PRNT results (reference 2), assay sensitivities ranged from 80.8% to 96.3% (Table 1).\nSpecificity was calculated using 100 archived samples that should not contain SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A total of ten sera were reactive in one or more assays. None contained SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (Figure 2 and Figure S1). The residual 90 stored samples were not tested in the PRNT, as they were found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in all eight assays. Thus, assay specificities ranged from 96.0% to 100%, and accuracies varied from 93.7% to 99.2% (Table 1).\nTwelve routine samples obtained from individuals who were interested in their SARS-CoV-2 antibody status were re-evaluated by all eight assays (Figure 3). Six of them—including three family members of the SARS-CoV-2-infected patient no. 14 (Figure 1)—were classified SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody-positive by the majority of the tests. Isolated reactivity was observed in three sera (Figure 3).\nTwenty-four (92.3%) of the 26 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were reactive in one or both versions of the IgG recomLine assay; the test results differed only in three sera (Figure 1). One out of the ten archived sera that were reactive in at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody tests was also classified as SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive by the prototype immunoblot (v1) but was negative in the improved version 2. The underlying sample #7 was collected in the winter 2018/2019 and was found to be reactive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies by the Mikrogen (S/CO 1.33), Roche (S/CO 3.46), and Viramed (N antigen 125 ViraChip® Units) assays in parallel (Figure 2). The twelve routine samples were analyzed by both versions of the blot (v1: nine samples and v2: all samples), and results of the immunoassays were largely confirmed (Figure 3).\n\n3.2. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Development of IgG Avidities, and Neutralizing Antibodies\nIn the validation part of our study, the Abbott assay, which is based on the SARS-CoV-2 N as the epitope, and the Virion-Serion assay, which uses S as the antigen, proved to be the most sensitive and specific assays (Table 1). Therefore, both were selected to study the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in eleven patients and five individuals (including four family members of patient no. 14) from routine diagnostics. The median of the last sample submission was 153 days after the PCR, the range between 80 and 165 days. Results from the validation part of this study were also considered. N-specific IgG antibodies were detectable in all persons. Two groups of individuals were evident: one group of six patients showed relatively stable IgG levels over time, while the other showed a short-term decrease. Accordingly, the indices of six individuals fell below the limit of positivity during the observation period. A stable S-specific IgG response was demonstrated in almost all individuals (Figure 4). Only two subjects (patient no. 22 and routine no. 5) showed a drop in IgG below the limit of positivity. The routine sample no. 5 still possessed isolated reactivity against the N antigen in the improved line assay (data not shown). In the latter test, three patients developed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG of high avidity after 65–130 days, which was confirmed in consecutive samples. The pattern of reactivity differed slightly: Two patients developed IgG of high avidity against the RBD and S1 epitopes, while the third showed isolated reactivity against the N antigen (Figure S3).\nPresence of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies over several months was demonstrated in eight (72.7%) SARS-CoV-2 patients and a family member of patient no. 14 (R4). However, only one of them developed a stable titer \u003e1:40 (Figure 5 and Figure S2). Retests of sera that were already included in the validation part of this study showed an excellent reproducibility of the PRNT (R2 = 0.96, Figure S4)."}
LitCovid-PubTator
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Results\n\n3.1. Performance of Eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or Total Antibody Tests\nThirty-seven samples taken from patients with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed with eight SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody assays. Samples #1, #7, and #9 were taken nine days before to four days after PCR and were all found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by the assays. These samples were not considered for calculation of the sensitivity but demonstrated seroconversion (Figure 1). Out of the remaining 34 samples, only one serum (#20; Figure 1), which was obtained from patient no. 12 ten days after a positive RT-PCR, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in the eight assays. However, this sample exhibited a PRNT 1:10–1:20. All other samples were reactive in at least one assay (Figure 1). Twenty (76.9%) patients developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, as shown by a PRNT \u003e1:10 (Figure 1 and Figure S1). With respect to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR (reference 1) or the PRNT results (reference 2), assay sensitivities ranged from 80.8% to 96.3% (Table 1).\nSpecificity was calculated using 100 archived samples that should not contain SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A total of ten sera were reactive in one or more assays. None contained SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (Figure 2 and Figure S1). The residual 90 stored samples were not tested in the PRNT, as they were found to be free of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies in all eight assays. Thus, assay specificities ranged from 96.0% to 100%, and accuracies varied from 93.7% to 99.2% (Table 1).\nTwelve routine samples obtained from individuals who were interested in their SARS-CoV-2 antibody status were re-evaluated by all eight assays (Figure 3). Six of them—including three family members of the SARS-CoV-2-infected patient no. 14 (Figure 1)—were classified SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody-positive by the majority of the tests. Isolated reactivity was observed in three sera (Figure 3).\nTwenty-four (92.3%) of the 26 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were reactive in one or both versions of the IgG recomLine assay; the test results differed only in three sera (Figure 1). One out of the ten archived sera that were reactive in at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibody tests was also classified as SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive by the prototype immunoblot (v1) but was negative in the improved version 2. The underlying sample #7 was collected in the winter 2018/2019 and was found to be reactive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies by the Mikrogen (S/CO 1.33), Roche (S/CO 3.46), and Viramed (N antigen 125 ViraChip® Units) assays in parallel (Figure 2). The twelve routine samples were analyzed by both versions of the blot (v1: nine samples and v2: all samples), and results of the immunoassays were largely confirmed (Figure 3).\n\n3.2. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Development of IgG Avidities, and Neutralizing Antibodies\nIn the validation part of our study, the Abbott assay, which is based on the SARS-CoV-2 N as the epitope, and the Virion-Serion assay, which uses S as the antigen, proved to be the most sensitive and specific assays (Table 1). Therefore, both were selected to study the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in eleven patients and five individuals (including four family members of patient no. 14) from routine diagnostics. The median of the last sample submission was 153 days after the PCR, the range between 80 and 165 days. Results from the validation part of this study were also considered. N-specific IgG antibodies were detectable in all persons. Two groups of individuals were evident: one group of six patients showed relatively stable IgG levels over time, while the other showed a short-term decrease. Accordingly, the indices of six individuals fell below the limit of positivity during the observation period. A stable S-specific IgG response was demonstrated in almost all individuals (Figure 4). Only two subjects (patient no. 22 and routine no. 5) showed a drop in IgG below the limit of positivity. The routine sample no. 5 still possessed isolated reactivity against the N antigen in the improved line assay (data not shown). In the latter test, three patients developed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG of high avidity after 65–130 days, which was confirmed in consecutive samples. The pattern of reactivity differed slightly: Two patients developed IgG of high avidity against the RBD and S1 epitopes, while the third showed isolated reactivity against the N antigen (Figure S3).\nPresence of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies over several months was demonstrated in eight (72.7%) SARS-CoV-2 patients and a family member of patient no. 14 (R4). However, only one of them developed a stable titer \u003e1:40 (Figure 5 and Figure S2). Retests of sera that were already included in the validation part of this study showed an excellent reproducibility of the PRNT (R2 = 0.96, Figure S4)."}