PMC:7601109 / 78059-80363 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7601109","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7601109","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7601109","text":"Multifactorial conditions such as sarcopenia should be addressed by multimodal interventions. Nutrition and physical exercise are key strategies that can preserve muscle mass and function in older adults both in clinical and community settings [21]. Thus, it might be helpful to compare the effect of combining bee products with other conventional treatments such as other dietary elements and exercise given that factors such as physical activity and diet can interfere with or promote the effect of bee products on muscle qualities and disorders that underlie muscle weakness [105,106]. Fat mass increases with age, especially after age-related hormonal decline (e.g., after menopause), and it activates inflammatory processes that disturb body physiology [172]. In this regard, supplementing obese rats with milk naturally enriched with PUFA and polyphenols from propolis increased gastrocnemius muscle mass and tended to increase the mass of the soleus muscle. It decreased the diameter of adipocytes and tended to decrease serum levels of low-density lipoprotein. These findings suggest a role of propolis-enriched milk in the mitigation of sarcopenic obesity, albeit it had no effect on body weight [105]. On the other side, many studies show that exercise has significantly improved muscle mass and strength in sarcopenic seniors [4,42,132,173]. Propolis treatment of undifferentiated L6 myoblast selectively stimulated IL-6 production and inhibited pathological cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and TNF-α [108]. This interesting in vitro investigation indicates that propolis can mimic the mechanism through which exercise induces skeletal muscle remodeling [23,114]. Evidence from preclinical studies shows that concurrent treatment of rats on endurance training with royal jelly enhanced mitochondrial adaptation in muscles that combine both type I and type II fibers such as the soleus muscle whereas neither royal jelly alone nor exercise alone could influence the activity of mitochondrial enzymes in that muscle [106]. Moreover, bee pollen and propolis treatment of rats on exhaustive exercise increased the production of antioxidant enzymes, blocked the production of free radicals, promoted glycogen use in the skeletal muscle and liver, and restored muscle fiber structure 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