PMC:7601109 / 51464-54885 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7601109","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7601109","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7601109","text":"4.5. Suppression of Catabolic Activity in Skeletal Muscle\nSkeletal muscle tissues represent the largest protein store in the human body (30–45% of total protein). Muscular mass, strength, and functions are greatly governed by the rates of muscle protein synthesis and turnover [124]. Muscle protein metabolism is regulated by the interaction of a wide range of genes. Aging is associated with various stresses, which increase the expression of catabolic genes such as E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and atrogin-1 (MAFbx). These genes heighten the occurrence of age-related muscular atrophy [97]. Oral consumption of royal jelly by aged HET mice resulted in lower levels of catabolic genes (e.g., MuRF1 and MAFbx), which were similar to those in young mice. In the meantime, the expression of these genes in the control mice was high indicating that royal jelly can delay age-related muscular apoptosis by suppressing the activity of catabolic genes [97]. Two other studies reported that CAPE suppressed catabolism that contributed to degenerative myopathy in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats undergoing eccentric exercising or femoral artery ligation as reflected by decreased serum levels of creatine kinase, a marker of muscular proteolysis [101,102,103]. Apart from skeletal muscle, CAPE was reported to protect heart muscle against age-related deteriorations such as accumulation of lipofuscin, nuclear irregularity, mitochondrial degeneration, and myofilament disorganization and disruption [33].\nThe molecular mechanism underling blockage of muscle proteolysis by bee products in sarcopenic rodents involves an interplay of various signaling pathways. Royal jelly and bee pollen activated mTOR and its substrate AKT, which are suggested to inhibit muscular proteolysis [36,96]. Similar to the effect of royal jelly on catabolic genes in HET mice, treating both L6 myoblasts and rats with propolis, CAPE, and kaempferide resulted in potent activation of AKT in a PI3K-dependent manner [111], in addition to phosphorylation of IR, PI3K, and AMPK [70]. AKT, a key substrate of mTORC2, is a conserved serine/threonine nutrient sensing protein kinase that belongs to the PI3k-related protein kinase family. Upon presence of growth factors, PI3k gets activated by IR substrate resulting in stimulation of a series of signaling cascades that involve activation of AKT, which leads to further activation of mTORC1. mTORC1 activates the phosphorylation of two main regulators of cap-dependent protein synthesis: S6K and eIF4E [2,140]. In addition, mTORC1 contributes to autophagy—a turnover process that involves clearance of dysfunctional organelles and long-lived protein aggregations with provision of energy and macromolecular precursors in return—by binding with AMPK resulting in phosphorylation of autophagy genes such as Unc51-like kinase 1 at different sites [140]. In fact, royal jelly is reported to fine-tune the transcriptional activity of the FOXO through modulating the activity of insulin/IGF-1 signaling [141]. FOXO plays a major role in the activation of AKT pathway, which implicates regulation of multiple stress–response pathways such as ROS detoxification and DNA repair and translation. In addition, the FOXOs family exerts a direct effect on certain muscle atrophy genes such as MUSA1 and a formerly uncharacterized ligase known as Specific of Muscle Atrophy and Regulated by Transcription (SMART) 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