PMC:7600245 / 71527-73243 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T307","span":{"begin":275,"end":279},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T308","span":{"begin":504,"end":509},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T309","span":{"begin":537,"end":543},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T310","span":{"begin":638,"end":641},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T311","span":{"begin":649,"end":654},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T312","span":{"begin":808,"end":814},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T313","span":{"begin":822,"end":830},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A307","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T307","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056"},{"id":"A308","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T308","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670"},{"id":"A309","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T309","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970"},{"id":"A310","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T310","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683"},{"id":"A311","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T311","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670"},{"id":"A312","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T312","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970"},{"id":"A313","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T313","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62851"}],"text":"Methylene blue is disubstituted phenothiazine derivative (Figure S6) that was approved by the U.S. FDA for the parenteral treatment of methemoglobinemia. It acts by forming leukomethylene blue complex within RBCs. The product is a reducing agent that converts the ferric ion back to the ferrous ion state [256]. Methylene blue has antiviral activity [257,258,259,260,261,262]. A recent study showed that photochemical treatment in conjunction with methylene blue can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and in convalescent plasma therapy [257]. Methylene blue is also known to kill coronavirus (specifically SARS-CoV-2) and HIV in the blood supply when combined with photo-biomodulation [258,259]. Methylene blue and UV/visible light have also been reported to inactivate different viruses, in plasma and in platelet concentrates, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Nipah virus [260,261]. A mice model study also demonstrated the ability of methylene blue plus fluorescent light to inactivate West Nile Virus [262]. It is also effective against septic shock [263]. Furthermore, methylene blue is a potent inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and thus, it improves the arterial pressure and cardiac function in septic shock [264]. It also improves systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure while decreases vasopressor requirements in septic shock [265]. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects because it can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation [266]. The drug is currently being tested in the context of COVID-19 in a few trials alone (NCT04376788; n = 15) or in combination with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NCT04370288; n = 20)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":504,"end":509},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":649,"end":654},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A38","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"},{"id":"A39","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T39","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"}],"text":"Methylene blue is disubstituted phenothiazine derivative (Figure S6) that was approved by the U.S. FDA for the parenteral treatment of methemoglobinemia. It acts by forming leukomethylene blue complex within RBCs. The product is a reducing agent that converts the ferric ion back to the ferrous ion state [256]. Methylene blue has antiviral activity [257,258,259,260,261,262]. A recent study showed that photochemical treatment in conjunction with methylene blue can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and in convalescent plasma therapy [257]. Methylene blue is also known to kill coronavirus (specifically SARS-CoV-2) and HIV in the blood supply when combined with photo-biomodulation [258,259]. Methylene blue and UV/visible light have also been reported to inactivate different viruses, in plasma and in platelet concentrates, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Nipah virus [260,261]. A mice model study also demonstrated the ability of methylene blue plus fluorescent light to inactivate West Nile Virus [262]. It is also effective against septic shock [263]. Furthermore, methylene blue is a potent inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and thus, it improves the arterial pressure and cardiac function in septic shock [264]. It also improves systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure while decreases vasopressor requirements in septic shock [265]. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects because it can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation [266]. The drug is currently being tested in the context of COVID-19 in a few trials alone (NCT04376788; n = 15) or in combination with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NCT04370288; n = 20)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T336","span":{"begin":135,"end":152},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T337","span":{"begin":489,"end":497},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T338","span":{"begin":622,"end":630},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T339","span":{"begin":855,"end":863},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T340","span":{"begin":875,"end":880},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T341","span":{"begin":888,"end":919},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T342","span":{"begin":1587,"end":1595},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A336","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T336","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001117"},{"id":"A337","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T337","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A338","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T338","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A339","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T339","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A340","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T340","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005737"},{"id":"A341","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T341","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0020501"},{"id":"A342","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T342","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"}],"text":"Methylene blue is disubstituted phenothiazine derivative (Figure S6) that was approved by the U.S. FDA for the parenteral treatment of methemoglobinemia. It acts by forming leukomethylene blue complex within RBCs. The product is a reducing agent that converts the ferric ion back to the ferrous ion state [256]. Methylene blue has antiviral activity [257,258,259,260,261,262]. A recent study showed that photochemical treatment in conjunction with methylene blue can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and in convalescent plasma therapy [257]. Methylene blue is also known to kill coronavirus (specifically SARS-CoV-2) and HIV in the blood supply when combined with photo-biomodulation [258,259]. Methylene blue and UV/visible light have also been reported to inactivate different viruses, in plasma and in platelet concentrates, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Nipah virus [260,261]. A mice model study also demonstrated the ability of methylene blue plus fluorescent light to inactivate West Nile Virus [262]. It is also effective against septic shock [263]. Furthermore, methylene blue is a potent inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and thus, it improves the arterial pressure and cardiac function in septic shock [264]. It also improves systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure while decreases vasopressor requirements in septic shock [265]. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects because it can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation [266]. The drug is currently being tested in the context of COVID-19 in a few trials alone (NCT04376788; n = 15) or in combination with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NCT04370288; n = 20)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T732","span":{"begin":229,"end":230},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T733","span":{"begin":327,"end":330},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T734","span":{"begin":341,"end":349},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T735","span":{"begin":377,"end":378},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T736","span":{"begin":504,"end":509},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"},{"id":"T737","span":{"begin":504,"end":509},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296"},{"id":"T738","span":{"begin":537,"end":543},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969"},{"id":"T739","span":{"begin":649,"end":654},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"},{"id":"T740","span":{"begin":649,"end":654},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296"},{"id":"T741","span":{"begin":796,"end":803},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T742","span":{"begin":808,"end":814},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969"},{"id":"T743","span":{"begin":881,"end":886},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T744","span":{"begin":920,"end":925},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T745","span":{"begin":937,"end":942},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T746","span":{"begin":954,"end":955},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T747","span":{"begin":1068,"end":1073},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T748","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1162},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T749","span":{"begin":1228,"end":1236},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001637"},{"id":"T750","span":{"begin":1228,"end":1236},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000814"},{"id":"T751","span":{"begin":1345,"end":1353},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001637"},{"id":"T752","span":{"begin":1345,"end":1353},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000814"},{"id":"T753","span":{"begin":1516,"end":1526},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T754","span":{"begin":1562,"end":1568},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T755","span":{"begin":1599,"end":1600},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"Methylene blue is disubstituted phenothiazine derivative (Figure S6) that was approved by the U.S. FDA for the parenteral treatment of methemoglobinemia. It acts by forming leukomethylene blue complex within RBCs. The product is a reducing agent that converts the ferric ion back to the ferrous ion state [256]. Methylene blue has antiviral activity [257,258,259,260,261,262]. A recent study showed that photochemical treatment in conjunction with methylene blue can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and in convalescent plasma therapy [257]. Methylene blue is also known to kill coronavirus (specifically SARS-CoV-2) and HIV in the blood supply when combined with photo-biomodulation [258,259]. Methylene blue and UV/visible light have also been reported to inactivate different viruses, in plasma and in platelet concentrates, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Nipah virus [260,261]. A mice model study also demonstrated the ability of methylene blue plus fluorescent light to inactivate West Nile Virus [262]. It is also effective against septic shock [263]. Furthermore, methylene blue is a potent inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and thus, it improves the arterial pressure and cardiac function in septic shock [264]. It also improves systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure while decreases vasopressor requirements in septic shock [265]. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects because it can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation [266]. The drug is currently being tested in the context of COVID-19 in a few trials alone (NCT04376788; n = 15) or in combination with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NCT04370288; n = 20)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T265","span":{"begin":0,"end":14},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T96808","span":{"begin":32,"end":45},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T89685","span":{"begin":231,"end":245},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T48085","span":{"begin":271,"end":274},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T270","span":{"begin":295,"end":298},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T271","span":{"begin":312,"end":326},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6002","span":{"begin":331,"end":340},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9440","span":{"begin":448,"end":462},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T72350","span":{"begin":448,"end":457},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T87870","span":{"begin":559,"end":573},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T43682","span":{"begin":712,"end":726},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T49062","span":{"begin":1006,"end":1020},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21560","span":{"begin":1006,"end":1015},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T42688","span":{"begin":1143,"end":1157},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T27137","span":{"begin":1143,"end":1152},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T64293","span":{"begin":1170,"end":1179},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T82162","span":{"begin":1538,"end":1542},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7126","span":{"begin":1663,"end":1672},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T88414","span":{"begin":1663,"end":1670},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2973","span":{"begin":1677,"end":1693},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15455","span":{"begin":1679,"end":1693},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A9774","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T265","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6872"},{"id":"A70833","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T96808","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37931"},{"id":"A99097","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T96808","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37932"},{"id":"A68184","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T89685","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63247"},{"id":"A23144","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T48085","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870"},{"id":"A43840","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T270","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870"},{"id":"A73847","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T271","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6872"},{"id":"A12610","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T6002","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A46037","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T9440","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6872"},{"id":"A78981","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T72350","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29357"},{"id":"A7867","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T72350","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29358"},{"id":"A19034","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T72350","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50728"},{"id":"A52058","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T87870","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6872"},{"id":"A49084","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T43682","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6872"},{"id":"A69879","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T49062","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6872"},{"id":"A46164","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T21560","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29357"},{"id":"A24602","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T21560","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29358"},{"id":"A37490","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T21560","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50728"},{"id":"A63177","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T42688","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6872"},{"id":"A24658","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T27137","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29357"},{"id":"A26085","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T27137","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29358"},{"id":"A46657","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T27137","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50728"},{"id":"A94800","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T64293","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222"},{"id":"A54819","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T82162","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A20297","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T7126","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_21241"},{"id":"A91252","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T88414","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33229"},{"id":"A23219","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T2973","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28939"},{"id":"A46776","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T15455","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22198"}],"text":"Methylene blue is disubstituted phenothiazine derivative (Figure S6) that was approved by the U.S. FDA for the parenteral treatment of methemoglobinemia. It acts by forming leukomethylene blue complex within RBCs. The product is a reducing agent that converts the ferric ion back to the ferrous ion state [256]. Methylene blue has antiviral activity [257,258,259,260,261,262]. A recent study showed that photochemical treatment in conjunction with methylene blue can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and in convalescent plasma therapy [257]. Methylene blue is also known to kill coronavirus (specifically SARS-CoV-2) and HIV in the blood supply when combined with photo-biomodulation [258,259]. Methylene blue and UV/visible light have also been reported to inactivate different viruses, in plasma and in platelet concentrates, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Nipah virus [260,261]. A mice model study also demonstrated the ability of methylene blue plus fluorescent light to inactivate West Nile Virus [262]. It is also effective against septic shock [263]. Furthermore, methylene blue is a potent inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and thus, it improves the arterial pressure and cardiac function in septic shock [264]. It also improves systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure while decreases vasopressor requirements in septic shock [265]. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects because it can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation [266]. The drug is currently being tested in the context of COVID-19 in a few trials alone (NCT04376788; n = 15) or in combination with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NCT04370288; n = 20)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":1489,"end":1526},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_1900226"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":1497,"end":1526},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0044546"}],"text":"Methylene blue is disubstituted phenothiazine derivative (Figure S6) that was approved by the U.S. FDA for the parenteral treatment of methemoglobinemia. It acts by forming leukomethylene blue complex within RBCs. The product is a reducing agent that converts the ferric ion back to the ferrous ion state [256]. Methylene blue has antiviral activity [257,258,259,260,261,262]. A recent study showed that photochemical treatment in conjunction with methylene blue can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and in convalescent plasma therapy [257]. Methylene blue is also known to kill coronavirus (specifically SARS-CoV-2) and HIV in the blood supply when combined with photo-biomodulation [258,259]. Methylene blue and UV/visible light have also been reported to inactivate different viruses, in plasma and in platelet concentrates, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Nipah virus [260,261]. A mice model study also demonstrated the ability of methylene blue plus fluorescent light to inactivate West Nile Virus [262]. It is also effective against septic shock [263]. Furthermore, methylene blue is a potent inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and thus, it improves the arterial pressure and cardiac function in septic shock [264]. It also improves systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure while decreases vasopressor requirements in septic shock [265]. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects because it can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation [266]. The drug is currently being tested in the context of COVID-19 in a few trials alone (NCT04376788; n = 15) or in combination with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NCT04370288; n = 20)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":135,"end":152},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":914,"end":919},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":1117,"end":1122},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":1277,"end":1282},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":1414,"end":1419},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A91","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T91","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012119"},{"id":"A92","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T92","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A93","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T93","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031273"},{"id":"A94","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T94","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031273"},{"id":"A95","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T95","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031273"}],"text":"Methylene blue is disubstituted phenothiazine derivative (Figure S6) that was approved by the U.S. FDA for the parenteral treatment of methemoglobinemia. It acts by forming leukomethylene blue complex within RBCs. The product is a reducing agent that converts the ferric ion back to the ferrous ion state [256]. Methylene blue has antiviral activity [257,258,259,260,261,262]. A recent study showed that photochemical treatment in conjunction with methylene blue can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and in convalescent plasma therapy [257]. Methylene blue is also known to kill coronavirus (specifically SARS-CoV-2) and HIV in the blood supply when combined with photo-biomodulation [258,259]. Methylene blue and UV/visible light have also been reported to inactivate different viruses, in plasma and in platelet concentrates, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Nipah virus [260,261]. A mice model study also demonstrated the ability of methylene blue plus fluorescent light to inactivate West Nile Virus [262]. It is also effective against septic shock [263]. Furthermore, methylene blue is a potent inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and thus, it improves the arterial pressure and cardiac function in septic shock [264]. It also improves systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure while decreases vasopressor requirements in septic shock [265]. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects because it can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation [266]. The drug is currently being tested in the context of COVID-19 in a few trials alone (NCT04376788; n = 15) or in combination with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NCT04370288; n = 20)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T558","span":{"begin":0,"end":98},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T559","span":{"begin":99,"end":153},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T560","span":{"begin":154,"end":213},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T561","span":{"begin":214,"end":311},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T562","span":{"begin":312,"end":376},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T563","span":{"begin":377,"end":558},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T564","span":{"begin":559,"end":711},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T565","span":{"begin":712,"end":953},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T566","span":{"begin":954,"end":1080},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T567","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1129},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T568","span":{"begin":1130,"end":1289},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T569","span":{"begin":1290,"end":1426},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T570","span":{"begin":1427,"end":1533},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T571","span":{"begin":1534,"end":1716},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Methylene blue is disubstituted phenothiazine derivative (Figure S6) that was approved by the U.S. FDA for the parenteral treatment of methemoglobinemia. It acts by forming leukomethylene blue complex within RBCs. The product is a reducing agent that converts the ferric ion back to the ferrous ion state [256]. Methylene blue has antiviral activity [257,258,259,260,261,262]. A recent study showed that photochemical treatment in conjunction with methylene blue can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and in convalescent plasma therapy [257]. Methylene blue is also known to kill coronavirus (specifically SARS-CoV-2) and HIV in the blood supply when combined with photo-biomodulation [258,259]. Methylene blue and UV/visible light have also been reported to inactivate different viruses, in plasma and in platelet concentrates, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Nipah virus [260,261]. A mice model study also demonstrated the ability of methylene blue plus fluorescent light to inactivate West Nile Virus [262]. It is also effective against septic shock [263]. Furthermore, methylene blue is a potent inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and thus, it improves the arterial pressure and cardiac function in septic shock [264]. It also improves systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure while decreases vasopressor requirements in septic shock [265]. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects because it can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation [266]. The drug is currently being tested in the context of COVID-19 in a few trials alone (NCT04376788; n = 15) or in combination with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NCT04370288; n = 20)."}

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