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PMC:7598148 / 5697-10398 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
123 749-777 Species denotes Human immunodeficiency virus Tax:12721
124 876-886 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
125 77-85 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
126 467-476 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
127 501-513 Disease denotes organ injury MESH:D009102
128 678-688 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
129 803-810 Disease denotes Rubella MESH:D012409
133 1709-1719 Species denotes Zika virus Tax:64320
134 1590-1600 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
135 1734-1757 Disease denotes congenital microcephaly MESH:D008831
147 2084-2115 Gene denotes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Gene:59272
148 2117-2121 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
149 2270-2274 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
150 2385-2389 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
151 2787-2791 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
152 1957-1967 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
153 2040-2050 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
154 2652-2697 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Tax:694009
155 2760-2770 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
156 2605-2620 Disease denotes fetal infection MESH:D005315
157 2749-2758 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
165 2910-2914 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
166 3329-3339 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
167 3573-3583 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
168 3675-3685 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
169 3132-3142 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
170 3240-3249 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
171 3742-3751 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
179 3951-3961 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
180 4269-4279 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
181 3862-3870 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
182 4054-4074 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
183 4314-4322 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
184 4367-4376 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
185 4600-4609 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T13 544-575 Phenotype denotes intrauterine growth restriction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001511
T14 755-771 Phenotype denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002721
T15 1734-1757 Phenotype denotes congenital microcephaly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011451

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T55 0-10 Sentence denotes Discussion
T56 11-110 Sentence denotes Vertical transmission is the passage of infectious agents from an infected mother to her offspring.
T57 111-216 Sentence denotes This may occur across the placenta, through breastmilk, or from direct contact during or after birth [8].
T58 217-419 Sentence denotes Concerning transplacental vertical transmission, disease-causing organisms overcome the protective barrier to infect the offspring during the antenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods of gestation [8].
T59 420-611 Sentence denotes The result often increases fetal morbidity and mortality from complications like organ injury, morphological abnormalities, intrauterine growth restriction, and intrauterine fetal demise [9].
T60 612-722 Sentence denotes As a result, trimester-specific pregnancy screenings are done for infections with known vertical transmission.
T61 723-853 Sentence denotes These include Parvovirus, Human immunodeficiency virus, Zika, Varicella-zoster, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Toxoplasmosis [8,9].
T62 854-964 Sentence denotes Due to the novelty of SARS-CoV-2, there is insufficient evidence on transplacental transmission of this virus.
T63 965-1035 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, there are proposed mechanisms by which it may take place.
T64 1036-1165 Sentence denotes Understanding the structure and function of the placenta is essential when considering mechanisms of transplacental transmission.
T65 1166-1368 Sentence denotes The placenta is the interface between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems and is composed of fetal-derived progenitor cells which differentiate into cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts [8].
T66 1369-1485 Sentence denotes It is needed for fetal nourishment and protection against pathogens that may be present in the maternal circulation.
T67 1486-1605 Sentence denotes It is believed that the syncytiotropho-blast layer confers a broad non-specific resistance to microbial infections [8].
T68 1606-1690 Sentence denotes However, some pathogens are able to overcome this barrier through unique mechanisms.
T69 1691-1909 Sentence denotes For instance, the Zika virus, which causes congenital microcephaly, may be able to penetrate the placenta due to its ability to infect different cells of the placenta as well as cells of the maternal immune system [8].
T70 1910-2039 Sentence denotes With regards to transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2, it is essential to understand how the virus infects cells of the body.
T71 2040-2164 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a membrane-bound aminopeptidase [10,11].
T72 2165-2263 Sentence denotes This leads to receptor-mediated endocytosis of the virus, which is necessary for replication [11].
T73 2264-2455 Sentence denotes While ACE2 is predominantly expressed in the heart, lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract, recent studies uncovered ACE2 expression in various placental tissues and fetal organs [10–12].
T74 2456-2621 Sentence denotes While this expression is low in early gestational ages, it increases significantly in later stages of pregnancy [11], thereby increasing the risk of fetal infection.
T75 2622-2887 Sentence denotes Although similar viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 have not demonstrated the ability to cause fetal infection, SARS-CoV-2 is able to bind ACE2 with much higher affinity [11], thus increasing the probability of transplacental transmission.
T76 2888-3059 Sentence denotes While the presence of ACE2 in the placenta provides a plausible mechanism for transplacental transmission, only 3 studies have found evidence in support of its occurrence.
T77 3060-3187 Sentence denotes Dong et al. described a case of a newborn that tested positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) 2 h after birth [13].
T78 3188-3286 Sentence denotes This class of antibody dominates the early phase of infection and is unable to cross the placenta.
T79 3287-3412 Sentence denotes Although this neonate tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, the positive IgM antibodies suggest an immune response of fetal origin.
T80 3413-3535 Sentence denotes Furthermore, intrapartum exposure was unlikely to be the cause since IgM may take up to 3 to 7 days to be detectable [13].
T81 3536-3646 Sentence denotes Additionally, other studies detected SARS-CoV-2 in placental tissue using electron microscopy and PCR [14,15].
T82 3647-3752 Sentence denotes This provides evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect the placenta and possibly cause fetal infection.
T83 3753-3884 Sentence denotes However, in a recent study, researchers were unable to detect viral particles in products of conception from infected mothers [16].
T84 3885-3962 Sentence denotes Furthermore, all babies born to these mothers tested negative for SARS-CoV-2.
T85 3963-4075 Sentence denotes These findings suggest that, in most cases, the placenta is able to protect the fetus from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T86 4076-4181 Sentence denotes This also explains the paucity of reported cases suspicious for transplacental transmission of SARSCoV-2.
T87 4182-4336 Sentence denotes At this time, the literature identifies 3 other cases of neonates testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 as early as 16 h after birth from infected mothers [17].
T88 4337-4458 Sentence denotes Similar to our case, a strict infection control protocol was followed and the babies were delivered via cesarean section.
T89 4459-4701 Sentence denotes Although no products of conception in these cases were tested for viral particles, the positive PCR results within the first 24 h and strict infection control protocol make transplacental transmission more likely than peripartum transmission.