PMC:7589389 / 32063-33736 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":856,"end":860},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A9","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456"}],"text":"4.4. Endogeneity Concerns\nTo address the endogeneity concerns, we apply a two-stage least squares (2SLS) instrumental variable approach. In the first-stage regression, we regress the continued increase of public health threats on two instrument variables (IMMIGRANT and EMIGRANT). Here, IMMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial immigrants to the national immigrants; and EMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial emigrants to national emigrants. The daily mobility data is collected from the Baidu Migration website. Based on Jia et al. [10] and Kraemer et al.’s [9] findings, we argue that when the provincial immigrant (emigrant) rate is increased, the new COVID-19 cases are more (less) likely to be confirmed for the out-in (in-out) human mobility, enhancing (decreasing) the likelihood to face the continued increasing public health threats. We report the first-stage regression results in Column (A) of Table 7, where we regression CIPHT on all two instruments and the control variables added in the second-stage regression. We find that the coefficient of EMIGRANT is negative and significant, which consistent with our conjecture. Columns (B) and (C) of Table 7 report the second-stage regression results. We find that the coefficient of Predicted_CIPHT, estimated from the first-stage regression, is negatively and significantly associated with CAR [−1, 1] and CAR [−2, 2], respectively. Accordingly, the robust results based on the 2SLS approach mitigate endogeneity concerns and strengthen the main inference that continued increasing public health threats significantly influence market performance."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":856,"end":860},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A14","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728"}],"text":"4.4. Endogeneity Concerns\nTo address the endogeneity concerns, we apply a two-stage least squares (2SLS) instrumental variable approach. In the first-stage regression, we regress the continued increase of public health threats on two instrument variables (IMMIGRANT and EMIGRANT). Here, IMMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial immigrants to the national immigrants; and EMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial emigrants to national emigrants. The daily mobility data is collected from the Baidu Migration website. Based on Jia et al. [10] and Kraemer et al.’s [9] findings, we argue that when the provincial immigrant (emigrant) rate is increased, the new COVID-19 cases are more (less) likely to be confirmed for the out-in (in-out) human mobility, enhancing (decreasing) the likelihood to face the continued increasing public health threats. We report the first-stage regression results in Column (A) of Table 7, where we regression CIPHT on all two instruments and the control variables added in the second-stage regression. We find that the coefficient of EMIGRANT is negative and significant, which consistent with our conjecture. Columns (B) and (C) of Table 7 report the second-stage regression results. We find that the coefficient of Predicted_CIPHT, estimated from the first-stage regression, is negatively and significantly associated with CAR [−1, 1] and CAR [−2, 2], respectively. Accordingly, the robust results based on the 2SLS approach mitigate endogeneity concerns and strengthen the main inference that continued increasing public health threats significantly influence market performance."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":721,"end":729},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A70","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T70","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"}],"text":"4.4. Endogeneity Concerns\nTo address the endogeneity concerns, we apply a two-stage least squares (2SLS) instrumental variable approach. In the first-stage regression, we regress the continued increase of public health threats on two instrument variables (IMMIGRANT and EMIGRANT). Here, IMMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial immigrants to the national immigrants; and EMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial emigrants to national emigrants. The daily mobility data is collected from the Baidu Migration website. Based on Jia et al. [10] and Kraemer et al.’s [9] findings, we argue that when the provincial immigrant (emigrant) rate is increased, the new COVID-19 cases are more (less) likely to be confirmed for the out-in (in-out) human mobility, enhancing (decreasing) the likelihood to face the continued increasing public health threats. We report the first-stage regression results in Column (A) of Table 7, where we regression CIPHT on all two instruments and the control variables added in the second-stage regression. We find that the coefficient of EMIGRANT is negative and significant, which consistent with our conjecture. Columns (B) and (C) of Table 7 report the second-stage regression results. We find that the coefficient of Predicted_CIPHT, estimated from the first-stage regression, is negatively and significantly associated with CAR [−1, 1] and CAR [−2, 2], respectively. Accordingly, the robust results based on the 2SLS approach mitigate endogeneity concerns and strengthen the main inference that continued increasing public health threats significantly influence market performance."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":72,"end":73},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":105,"end":117},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":234,"end":244},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":623,"end":627},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008935"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":799,"end":804},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":856,"end":860},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":965,"end":966},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":1017,"end":1028},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":1210,"end":1211},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":1416,"end":1423},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009955"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":1432,"end":1435},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002199"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":1438,"end":1442},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507"}],"text":"4.4. Endogeneity Concerns\nTo address the endogeneity concerns, we apply a two-stage least squares (2SLS) instrumental variable approach. In the first-stage regression, we regress the continued increase of public health threats on two instrument variables (IMMIGRANT and EMIGRANT). Here, IMMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial immigrants to the national immigrants; and EMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial emigrants to national emigrants. The daily mobility data is collected from the Baidu Migration website. Based on Jia et al. [10] and Kraemer et al.’s [9] findings, we argue that when the provincial immigrant (emigrant) rate is increased, the new COVID-19 cases are more (less) likely to be confirmed for the out-in (in-out) human mobility, enhancing (decreasing) the likelihood to face the continued increasing public health threats. We report the first-stage regression results in Column (A) of Table 7, where we regression CIPHT on all two instruments and the control variables added in the second-stage regression. We find that the coefficient of EMIGRANT is negative and significant, which consistent with our conjecture. Columns (B) and (C) of Table 7 report the second-stage regression results. We find that the coefficient of Predicted_CIPHT, estimated from the first-stage regression, is negatively and significantly associated with CAR [−1, 1] and CAR [−2, 2], respectively. Accordingly, the robust results based on the 2SLS approach mitigate endogeneity concerns and strengthen the main inference that continued increasing public health threats significantly influence market performance."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T230","span":{"begin":0,"end":4},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T231","span":{"begin":5,"end":25},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T232","span":{"begin":26,"end":136},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T233","span":{"begin":137,"end":280},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T234","span":{"begin":281,"end":507},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T235","span":{"begin":508,"end":578},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T236","span":{"begin":579,"end":908},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T237","span":{"begin":909,"end":1092},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T238","span":{"begin":1093,"end":1200},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T239","span":{"begin":1201,"end":1275},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T240","span":{"begin":1276,"end":1458},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T241","span":{"begin":1459,"end":1673},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"4.4. Endogeneity Concerns\nTo address the endogeneity concerns, we apply a two-stage least squares (2SLS) instrumental variable approach. In the first-stage regression, we regress the continued increase of public health threats on two instrument variables (IMMIGRANT and EMIGRANT). Here, IMMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial immigrants to the national immigrants; and EMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial emigrants to national emigrants. The daily mobility data is collected from the Baidu Migration website. Based on Jia et al. [10] and Kraemer et al.’s [9] findings, we argue that when the provincial immigrant (emigrant) rate is increased, the new COVID-19 cases are more (less) likely to be confirmed for the out-in (in-out) human mobility, enhancing (decreasing) the likelihood to face the continued increasing public health threats. We report the first-stage regression results in Column (A) of Table 7, where we regression CIPHT on all two instruments and the control variables added in the second-stage regression. We find that the coefficient of EMIGRANT is negative and significant, which consistent with our conjecture. Columns (B) and (C) of Table 7 report the second-stage regression results. We find that the coefficient of Predicted_CIPHT, estimated from the first-stage regression, is negatively and significantly associated with CAR [−1, 1] and CAR [−2, 2], respectively. Accordingly, the robust results based on the 2SLS approach mitigate endogeneity concerns and strengthen the main inference that continued increasing public health threats significantly influence market performance."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"205","span":{"begin":270,"end":278},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"206","span":{"begin":403,"end":411},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"207","span":{"begin":475,"end":484},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"208","span":{"begin":497,"end":506},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"209","span":{"begin":684,"end":692},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"210","span":{"begin":799,"end":804},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"211","span":{"begin":1125,"end":1133},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"212","span":{"begin":1000,"end":1005},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"213","span":{"begin":721,"end":729},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A205","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"205","obj":"Tax:320267"},{"id":"A206","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"206","obj":"Tax:320267"},{"id":"A207","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"207","obj":"Tax:320267"},{"id":"A208","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"208","obj":"Tax:320267"},{"id":"A209","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"209","obj":"Tax:320267"},{"id":"A210","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"210","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A211","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"211","obj":"Tax:320267"},{"id":"A213","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"213","obj":"MESH:C000657245"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"4.4. Endogeneity Concerns\nTo address the endogeneity concerns, we apply a two-stage least squares (2SLS) instrumental variable approach. In the first-stage regression, we regress the continued increase of public health threats on two instrument variables (IMMIGRANT and EMIGRANT). Here, IMMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial immigrants to the national immigrants; and EMIGRANT is the six-day mean value of the ratio of the daily provincial emigrants to national emigrants. The daily mobility data is collected from the Baidu Migration website. Based on Jia et al. [10] and Kraemer et al.’s [9] findings, we argue that when the provincial immigrant (emigrant) rate is increased, the new COVID-19 cases are more (less) likely to be confirmed for the out-in (in-out) human mobility, enhancing (decreasing) the likelihood to face the continued increasing public health threats. We report the first-stage regression results in Column (A) of Table 7, where we regression CIPHT on all two instruments and the control variables added in the second-stage regression. We find that the coefficient of EMIGRANT is negative and significant, which consistent with our conjecture. Columns (B) and (C) of Table 7 report the second-stage regression results. We find that the coefficient of Predicted_CIPHT, estimated from the first-stage regression, is negatively and significantly associated with CAR [−1, 1] and CAR [−2, 2], respectively. Accordingly, the robust results based on the 2SLS approach mitigate endogeneity concerns and strengthen the main inference that continued increasing public health threats significantly influence market performance."}