PMC:7589163 / 72202-77910 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T324","span":{"begin":1562,"end":1575},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T325","span":{"begin":2483,"end":2488},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T326","span":{"begin":2740,"end":2745},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T327","span":{"begin":2804,"end":2827},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T328","span":{"begin":3276,"end":3281},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T329","span":{"begin":3916,"end":3929},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T330","span":{"begin":4020,"end":4033},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T331","span":{"begin":4397,"end":4402},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T332","span":{"begin":4685,"end":4690},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T333","span":{"begin":4742,"end":4755},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T334","span":{"begin":4807,"end":4820},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T335","span":{"begin":4947,"end":4960},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T336","span":{"begin":5020,"end":5033},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T337","span":{"begin":5112,"end":5125},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T338","span":{"begin":5179,"end":5196},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T339","span":{"begin":5179,"end":5192},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T340","span":{"begin":5301,"end":5314},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T341","span":{"begin":5440,"end":5445},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A324","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T324","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A325","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T325","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A326","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T326","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A327","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T327","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45662"},{"id":"A328","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T328","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A329","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T329","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A330","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T330","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A331","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T331","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A332","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T332","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A333","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T333","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A334","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T334","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A335","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T335","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A336","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T336","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A337","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T337","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A338","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T338","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7410"},{"id":"A339","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T339","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A340","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T340","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76497"},{"id":"A341","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T341","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"}],"text":"Study Author Country Study Population Results\nCase-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":2483,"end":2488},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":2740,"end":2745},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":2804,"end":2827},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":2810,"end":2827},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":3276,"end":3281},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":4397,"end":4402},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":4685,"end":4690},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":5440,"end":5445},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A132","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T132","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A133","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T133","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A134","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T134","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001558"},{"id":"A135","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T135","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065"},{"id":"A136","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T136","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A137","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T137","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A138","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T138","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A139","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T139","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"}],"text":"Study Author Country Study Population Results\nCase-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}

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Author Country Study Population Results\nCase-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}

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Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}

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Author Country Study Population Results\nCase-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":2723,"end":2738},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032"}],"text":"Study Author Country Study Population Results\nCase-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}

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Author Country Study Population Results\nCase-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}

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Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}

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Author Country Study Population Results\nCase-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Muhe et al., 1997 [124] Ethiopia 500 children with pneumonia vs. 500 healthy controls Higher incidence of rickets in children with pneumonia.\nAssociation of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Wayse et al., 2004 [125] India Children with severe ALRI vs. controls Vitamin D levels \u003e22.5 nmol/L associated with lower risk of severe ALRI.\nThe frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. Najada et al., 2004 [126] Jordan 443 children hospitalized due to different causes Higher risk of being admitted due to LRTI and significantly more prolonged hospital stay in children with rickets.\nVitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. McNally et al., 2009 [127] Canada 105 children \u003c5 years with ALRI vs. healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D levels in children admitted to PICU.\nNutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency–association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Banajeh et al., 2009 [128] Yemen 152 children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia Significantly more frequent treatment failure in rachitic children; vitamin D deficiency associated with day 5 hypoxemia \u003c88%.\nVitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Roth et al., 2009 [129] Canada 64 children aged 1–25 months with ALRI vs. healthy controls Similar vitamin D concentrations among cases and controls.\nVitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Roth et al., 2010 [130] Bangladesh 25 children aged 1–18 months with ALRI vs. 25 healthy controls Significantly lower vitamin D in ALRI cases than in controls.\nFrequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Haider et al., 2010[131] Pakistan 137 children with severe pneumonia High frequency of rickets (74% of cases).\nRelationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children. Oduwole et al., 2010[132] Nigeria 24 children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls; increased complications frequency when lower vitamin D levels.\nLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children. Jartti et al., 2010[133] Finland children hospitalized for wheezing Lower vitamin D level linked to higher risk of having a viral infection.\nSerum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children. Inamo et al., 2011[134] Japan 28 children with ALRI Vitamin D deficiency (\u003c15 ng/mL) correlates to the need for supplementary oxygen and ventilator management.\nVitamin D intake in young children with acute lower respiratory infection. Leis et al., 2012 [135] Canada children with ALRI vs. controls Children reporting a lower vitamin D intake were more likely to have ALRI.s\nCorrelation between serum vitamin D level and severity of community acquired pneumonia in young children. Ren et al., 2013 [136] China 103 children with CAP vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in severe CAP cases than in mild CAP and controls.\nThe association between 25-dehydroxy vitamin D and lower respiratory infection in children aged less than 5 years in Imam Reza hospital, Bojnurd, Iran. Khakshour et al., 2015[137] Iran 90 children hospitalized either for acute LRTI or for other reasons Not significantly different vitamin D levels between the two groups.\nVitamin D Levels Are Unrelated to the Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Among Hospitalized Infants. Beigelman et al., 2015[138] USA Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Similar duration of hospitalization and severity of the disease in deficient and non-deficient children.\nAssociation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Toddlers. Narang et al., 2016 [139] India 50 children hospitalized with ALRI vs. 50 healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in cases than in controls (mean level 20.4 ng/mL).\nSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Was Not Associated with Influenza VirusInfection in Children and Adults in Hong Kong, 2009–2010. Xu et al., 2016[140] Hong Kong Over 3000 children and adults Vitamin D levels not significantly associated with frequency of influenza infections.\nEvaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis. Mahyar et al., 2017[141] Iran 57 children with bronchiolitis vs. 57 healthy controls No significant difference between the 2 groups.\nThe effect of vitamin D deficency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. Erol et al., 2017[142] Turkey Children with bronchiolitis Higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency in children with moderate or severe bronchiolitis.\nVitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Vo et al., 2018[143] USA Over 1000 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis Vitamin D deficiency correlates to increased risk of intensive care admission and longer hospital stay.\nAssociation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Li et al., 2018[144] China Children with pneumonia vs. healthy controls Lower vitamin D levels in the pneumonia group (mean 19 ng/mL), especially in the pneumonia induced sepsis subgroup."}