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LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":263,"end":276},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":682,"end":697},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":1322,"end":1335},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":2091,"end":2100},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A108","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T108","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405"},{"id":"A109","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T109","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001555"},{"id":"A110","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T110","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405"},{"id":"A111","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T111","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000483"}],"text":"7.1. Metabolism and Functions, Recommended Daily Allowances\nZinc is an essential trace element for humans, required for the function of numerous enzymes and transcription factors. It plays a key role in regulating the function of both the adaptive and the innate immune system [14,228,229]. Dietary sources of zinc are animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, but it is also contained in whole grains, nuts, and legumes. Zinc from animal sources has higher bioavailability compared to zinc derived from plant products. Non-digestible plant ligands such as phytate, some dietary fibers, and lignin chelate zinc and inhibit its absorption.\nZinc is absorbed throughout the digestive tract through specific transporters, such as ZIP4 (SLC39A4), whose mutation is responsible for the rare, lethal autosomal-recessive inherited acrodermatitis enteropathica.\nZinc deficiency is estimated to affect billions of people worldwide, especially the elderly and children in developing countries, pregnant women, vegan, and vegetarians. Zinc is considered deficient if plasmatic levels are below 60 mcg/dL. In Italy, the recommended daily allowance for zinc is 3 mg/day for infants below 12 months of age, then it raises gradually to a recommended intake of 9–12 mg/day for adolescents and adults [230].\nZinc’s effect on the immune system is complex; it can both enhance and inhibit different immune functions to reach a correct balance between pro and anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms. A correct intake of zinc is essential to limit the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines: in vitro and human studies show that zinc deficiency is associated with an increased inflammatory response and excessive release of pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alfa, regulated through the NF-κB signaling pathway [230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237]. Zinc also enhances the number of inducible regulatory T cells [238,239,240,241]. Another important role played by zinc is the maintenance of membrane barrier integrity, which is essential in the pulmonary and intestinal epithelia that constitute the first barrier to protect the organism from pathogens. [242,243,244]. Zinc supplementation is also effective in decreasing oxidative stress [245,246], in shortening the duration of cold symptoms in adults [247], and was found to have a direct antiviral effect on RSV [248], Dengue virus [249], and coronaviruses [250]. Lastly, some authors suggested that a combination of chloroquine with zinc might enhance chloroquine’s toxicity on viruses [249,250,251,252]. Te Velthius et al. [249] reported that the combination of Zn2+ and zinc-ionophores like pyrithione can increase the intracellular Zn2+ concentration, and thus inhibits the replication of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and equine arteritis virus in cell culture."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T220","span":{"begin":834,"end":862},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T221","span":{"begin":834,"end":848},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T222","span":{"begin":2394,"end":2400},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T223","span":{"begin":2768,"end":2784},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T224","span":{"begin":2786,"end":2794},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T225","span":{"begin":2807,"end":2816},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A220","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T220","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008713"},{"id":"A221","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T221","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006523"},{"id":"A222","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T222","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502"},{"id":"A223","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T223","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A224","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T224","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A225","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T225","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0043494"}],"text":"7.1. Metabolism and Functions, Recommended Daily Allowances\nZinc is an essential trace element for humans, required for the function of numerous enzymes and transcription factors. It plays a key role in regulating the function of both the adaptive and the innate immune system [14,228,229]. Dietary sources of zinc are animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, but it is also contained in whole grains, nuts, and legumes. Zinc from animal sources has higher bioavailability compared to zinc derived from plant products. Non-digestible plant ligands such as phytate, some dietary fibers, and lignin chelate zinc and inhibit its absorption.\nZinc is absorbed throughout the digestive tract through specific transporters, such as ZIP4 (SLC39A4), whose mutation is responsible for the rare, lethal autosomal-recessive inherited acrodermatitis enteropathica.\nZinc deficiency is estimated to affect billions of people worldwide, especially the elderly and children in developing countries, pregnant women, vegan, and vegetarians. Zinc is considered deficient if plasmatic levels are below 60 mcg/dL. In Italy, the recommended daily allowance for zinc is 3 mg/day for infants below 12 months of age, then it raises gradually to a recommended intake of 9–12 mg/day for adolescents and adults [230].\nZinc’s effect on the immune system is complex; it can both enhance and inhibit different immune functions to reach a correct balance between pro and anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms. A correct intake of zinc is essential to limit the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines: in vitro and human studies show that zinc deficiency is associated with an increased inflammatory response and excessive release of pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alfa, regulated through the NF-κB signaling pathway [230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237]. Zinc also enhances the number of inducible regulatory T cells [238,239,240,241]. Another important role played by zinc is the maintenance of membrane barrier integrity, which is essential in the pulmonary and intestinal epithelia that constitute the first barrier to protect the organism from pathogens. [242,243,244]. Zinc supplementation is also effective in decreasing oxidative stress [245,246], in shortening the duration of cold symptoms in adults [247], and was found to have a direct antiviral effect on RSV [248], Dengue virus [249], and coronaviruses [250]. Lastly, some authors suggested that a combination of chloroquine with zinc might enhance chloroquine’s toxicity on viruses [249,250,251,252]. Te Velthius et al. [249] reported that the combination of Zn2+ and zinc-ionophores like pyrithione can increase the intracellular Zn2+ concentration, and thus inhibits the replication of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and equine arteritis virus in cell culture."}

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":5,"end":15},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008152"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":157,"end":178},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000981"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":157,"end":170},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":256,"end":269},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045087"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1703},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":1818,"end":1835},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":1818,"end":1827},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":2653,"end":2663},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022809"}],"text":"7.1. Metabolism and Functions, Recommended Daily Allowances\nZinc is an essential trace element for humans, required for the function of numerous enzymes and transcription factors. It plays a key role in regulating the function of both the adaptive and the innate immune system [14,228,229]. Dietary sources of zinc are animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, but it is also contained in whole grains, nuts, and legumes. Zinc from animal sources has higher bioavailability compared to zinc derived from plant products. Non-digestible plant ligands such as phytate, some dietary fibers, and lignin chelate zinc and inhibit its absorption.\nZinc is absorbed throughout the digestive tract through specific transporters, such as ZIP4 (SLC39A4), whose mutation is responsible for the rare, lethal autosomal-recessive inherited acrodermatitis enteropathica.\nZinc deficiency is estimated to affect billions of people worldwide, especially the elderly and children in developing countries, pregnant women, vegan, and vegetarians. Zinc is considered deficient if plasmatic levels are below 60 mcg/dL. In Italy, the recommended daily allowance for zinc is 3 mg/day for infants below 12 months of age, then it raises gradually to a recommended intake of 9–12 mg/day for adolescents and adults [230].\nZinc’s effect on the immune system is complex; it can both enhance and inhibit different immune functions to reach a correct balance between pro and anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms. A correct intake of zinc is essential to limit the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines: in vitro and human studies show that zinc deficiency is associated with an increased inflammatory response and excessive release of pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alfa, regulated through the NF-κB signaling pathway [230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237]. Zinc also enhances the number of inducible regulatory T cells [238,239,240,241]. Another important role played by zinc is the maintenance of membrane barrier integrity, which is essential in the pulmonary and intestinal epithelia that constitute the first barrier to protect the organism from pathogens. [242,243,244]. Zinc supplementation is also effective in decreasing oxidative stress [245,246], in shortening the duration of cold symptoms in adults [247], and was found to have a direct antiviral effect on RSV [248], Dengue virus [249], and coronaviruses [250]. Lastly, some authors suggested that a combination of chloroquine with zinc might enhance chloroquine’s toxicity on viruses [249,250,251,252]. Te Velthius et al. [249] reported that the combination of Zn2+ and zinc-ionophores like pyrithione can increase the intracellular Zn2+ concentration, and thus inhibits the replication of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and equine arteritis virus in cell culture."}

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":1672,"end":1703},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":2243,"end":2259},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":2807,"end":2816},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A106","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T106","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012649"},{"id":"A107","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T107","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025464"},{"id":"A108","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T108","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012089"}],"text":"7.1. Metabolism and Functions, Recommended Daily Allowances\nZinc is an essential trace element for humans, required for the function of numerous enzymes and transcription factors. It plays a key role in regulating the function of both the adaptive and the innate immune system [14,228,229]. Dietary sources of zinc are animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, but it is also contained in whole grains, nuts, and legumes. Zinc from animal sources has higher bioavailability compared to zinc derived from plant products. Non-digestible plant ligands such as phytate, some dietary fibers, and lignin chelate zinc and inhibit its absorption.\nZinc is absorbed throughout the digestive tract through specific transporters, such as ZIP4 (SLC39A4), whose mutation is responsible for the rare, lethal autosomal-recessive inherited acrodermatitis enteropathica.\nZinc deficiency is estimated to affect billions of people worldwide, especially the elderly and children in developing countries, pregnant women, vegan, and vegetarians. Zinc is considered deficient if plasmatic levels are below 60 mcg/dL. In Italy, the recommended daily allowance for zinc is 3 mg/day for infants below 12 months of age, then it raises gradually to a recommended intake of 9–12 mg/day for adolescents and adults [230].\nZinc’s effect on the immune system is complex; it can both enhance and inhibit different immune functions to reach a correct balance between pro and anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms. A correct intake of zinc is essential to limit the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines: in vitro and human studies show that zinc deficiency is associated with an increased inflammatory response and excessive release of pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alfa, regulated through the NF-κB signaling pathway [230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237]. Zinc also enhances the number of inducible regulatory T cells [238,239,240,241]. Another important role played by zinc is the maintenance of membrane barrier integrity, which is essential in the pulmonary and intestinal epithelia that constitute the first barrier to protect the organism from pathogens. [242,243,244]. Zinc supplementation is also effective in decreasing oxidative stress [245,246], in shortening the duration of cold symptoms in adults [247], and was found to have a direct antiviral effect on RSV [248], Dengue virus [249], and coronaviruses [250]. Lastly, some authors suggested that a combination of chloroquine with zinc might enhance chloroquine’s toxicity on viruses [249,250,251,252]. Te Velthius et al. [249] reported that the combination of Zn2+ and zinc-ionophores like pyrithione can increase the intracellular Zn2+ concentration, and thus inhibits the replication of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and equine arteritis virus in cell culture."}

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T340","span":{"begin":0,"end":4},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T341","span":{"begin":5,"end":59},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T342","span":{"begin":60,"end":179},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T343","span":{"begin":180,"end":290},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T344","span":{"begin":291,"end":432},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T345","span":{"begin":433,"end":530},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T346","span":{"begin":531,"end":649},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T347","span":{"begin":650,"end":863},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T348","span":{"begin":864,"end":1033},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T349","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1103},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T350","span":{"begin":1104,"end":1300},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T351","span":{"begin":1301,"end":1503},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T352","span":{"begin":1504,"end":1870},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T353","span":{"begin":1871,"end":1951},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T354","span":{"begin":1952,"end":2189},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T355","span":{"begin":2190,"end":2438},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T356","span":{"begin":2439,"end":2580},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T357","span":{"begin":2581,"end":2839},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"7.1. Metabolism and Functions, Recommended Daily Allowances\nZinc is an essential trace element for humans, required for the function of numerous enzymes and transcription factors. It plays a key role in regulating the function of both the adaptive and the innate immune system [14,228,229]. Dietary sources of zinc are animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, but it is also contained in whole grains, nuts, and legumes. Zinc from animal sources has higher bioavailability compared to zinc derived from plant products. Non-digestible plant ligands such as phytate, some dietary fibers, and lignin chelate zinc and inhibit its absorption.\nZinc is absorbed throughout the digestive tract through specific transporters, such as ZIP4 (SLC39A4), whose mutation is responsible for the rare, lethal autosomal-recessive inherited acrodermatitis enteropathica.\nZinc deficiency is estimated to affect billions of people worldwide, especially the elderly and children in developing countries, pregnant women, vegan, and vegetarians. Zinc is considered deficient if plasmatic levels are below 60 mcg/dL. In Italy, the recommended daily allowance for zinc is 3 mg/day for infants below 12 months of age, then it raises gradually to a recommended intake of 9–12 mg/day for adolescents and adults [230].\nZinc’s effect on the immune system is complex; it can both enhance and inhibit different immune functions to reach a correct balance between pro and anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms. A correct intake of zinc is essential to limit the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines: in vitro and human studies show that zinc deficiency is associated with an increased inflammatory response and excessive release of pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alfa, regulated through the NF-κB signaling pathway [230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237]. Zinc also enhances the number of inducible regulatory T cells [238,239,240,241]. Another important role played by zinc is the maintenance of membrane barrier integrity, which is essential in the pulmonary and intestinal epithelia that constitute the first barrier to protect the organism from pathogens. [242,243,244]. Zinc supplementation is also effective in decreasing oxidative stress [245,246], in shortening the duration of cold symptoms in adults [247], and was found to have a direct antiviral effect on RSV [248], Dengue virus [249], and coronaviruses [250]. Lastly, some authors suggested that a combination of chloroquine with zinc might enhance chloroquine’s toxicity on viruses [249,250,251,252]. Te Velthius et al. [249] reported that the combination of Zn2+ and zinc-ionophores like pyrithione can increase the intracellular Zn2+ concentration, and thus inhibits the replication of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and equine arteritis virus in cell culture."}

LitCovid-PubTator

PMC:7589163 / 56296-59135 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

PMC:7589163 / 56296-59135 JSON TXT