PMC:7589163 / 5068-7183 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7589163","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7589163","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7589163","text":"2. The Role of Micronutrients against Virus Infection\nMicronutrients, including several vitamins (vitamin A, B6, B12, folate, C, D, E) and trace elements (Zinc, Selenium, Copper, Magnesium), play important roles in supporting the immune system, and thus their deficiencies could increase the susceptibility of a host to infectious diseases [12]. Adequate levels of micronutrients are essential to ensure an effective function of each component of the immune system. Regarding the innate immunity, micronutrients play fundamental roles in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the physical barriers, such as skin and mucus membranes. Micronutrients are also involved in supporting activity of antimicrobial proteins and chemotaxis of innate cells. Furthermore, several vitamins and minerals contribute to the phagocytic and killing activities of neutrophils and macrophages [13]. Deficiencies of vitamins and select essential minerals also affect several aspects of the adaptive immunity, in particular the humoral response (antibody-mediated) and the cell-mediated immunity.\nIt is acknowledged that an impaired nutritional status increases the susceptibility and the severity of infections. In turn, serious or repeated infections increase the risk of malnutrition, by inducing anorexia with associated decreased intake of nutrients, causing a status of malabsorption, or altering the body’s metabolism and increasing demand for nutrients [14]. Therefore, it is essential to maintain adequate amounts of each micronutrient. A well-balanced diet is crucial to achieve an optimal intake of all these vitamins and essential elements. However, in the general population and also in developed countries, it can be difficult to obtain an adequate micronutrient intake versus the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), because of reduced intake, increased requirements for metabolism, and increased loss.\nWe reviewed some of the above-mentioned micronutrients that may play an important role in supporting immune functions (Figure 1), thus influencing risk and clinical course of viral respiratory infections.","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":53}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":54,"end":1091}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1092,"end":1910}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":230,"end":243},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":451,"end":464},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":624,"end":628},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":633,"end":638},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":723,"end":731},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":757,"end":762},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":862,"end":873},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":878,"end":889},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":1041,"end":1049},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1068,"end":1072},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A29","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825"},{"id":"A30","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825"},{"id":"A31","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7163"},{"id":"A32","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66938"},{"id":"A33","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A34","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A35","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T35","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62860"},{"id":"A36","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T36","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"},{"id":"A37","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T37","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A38","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"subj":"T29","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T30","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T31","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T32","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T33","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T34","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T35","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T36","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T37","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T38","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":230,"end":243},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":451,"end":464},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":624,"end":638},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":624,"end":628},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":633,"end":638},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A10","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405"},{"id":"A11","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405"},{"id":"A12","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0010152"},{"id":"A13","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014"},{"id":"A14","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000912"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":38,"end":53},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":44,"end":53},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":320,"end":330},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1196,"end":1206},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1237,"end":1247},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1269,"end":1281},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1371,"end":1384},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":2092,"end":2114},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A27","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108"},{"id":"A28","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A29","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A30","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A31","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A32","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006873"},{"id":"A33","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0020598"},{"id":"A34","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0024355"},{"subj":"T27","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T28","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T29","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-M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